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Let's consider other cases of continuous writing that are not described in the above paragraphs.

Continuous spelling of complex nouns

They write together:

• compound nouns with a second part -grad , -city , For example: Leningrad, Belgorod;
• compound nouns with a verb part And : adonis, hold the tree, keep your mouth, daredevil(But: percati-field);
• compound nouns with the first part consisting of foreign elements air (part of a word aviation, therefore it is written A ), auto- , agro- ,aero- , bio- , bicycle , hydro- , zoo- , movie- , meteo- , micro- , neo- , motorcycle , television , photo- etc., for example: air communications, tanker truck, agro-minimum(But: agriculture), snowmobile, biomechanics, sea ​​airport, pet Shop, studio etc.
  

  Note

  If in complex nouns with the same last word the first two parts are connected by a conjunction And , then a hyphen is placed after the first element, for example: radio and television studio; Also: ball and roller bearings, auto, motorcycle and bicycle racing(car and motorcycle racing).

• compound nouns different types, For example: ATS, college, local committee, party meeting, head of department. (Dots are not placed inside compound words).

Spelling compound nouns with a hyphen

With a hyphen it is written:

• compound nouns denoting political parties, their members (or supporters): social democracy, social democrat and so on.;
• compound nouns denoting units of measurement: man-day, gram-molecule, kilowatt-hour etc. (but: workday);
• compound nouns denoting intermediate cardinal directions: northeast, southwest;
• nouns with foreign language elements in the first part vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex-, For example: Vice President, Chief Master, Life Guards, Non-Commissioned Officer, Headquarters, Ex-Champion. A noun is written with a hyphen rear admiral(Here counter-"against" does not matter);
• compound nouns formed from whole, separately used nouns, for example: prime minister, diesel engine, raincoat, miracle heroes, would-be hunters, corresponding member. Also compound surnames: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Shchepkina-Kupernik.

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Spelling

II. Nouns

§ 78. Written together:

1. Compound nouns formed with connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electro-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, For example: plumbing, farmer, flax harvesting, steam locomotive repair, airport, aircraft, motor rally, motorcycle race, velodrome, film director, photo report, stereo tube, weather report, electric motor, hydraulic structures, agricultural technology, livestock specialist, biostation, micro-reduction, macrocosm, neo-Lamarckism, bicycle racing, aerial photography.

For hyphenated writing of nouns formed with connecting vowels, see § 79, paragraphs. 3, 4.

2. Names of cities, second integral part which is -grad or -city , For example: Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Belgorod, Uzhgorod, Ivangorod.

15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns, consisting of the beginning and end of a word, for example: about(society), dr(doctor), t-vo(partnership), b-ka(library).

16. A hyphen is written after the first part of a compound noun when combining two compound nouns with the same second part, if in the first of the nouns this a common part omitted, for example: ball and roller bearings(instead of ball bearings and roller bearings), steam, electric and diesel locomotives(instead of steam locomotives, electric locomotives and diesel locomotives), party and trade union organizations, north and southeast.

The Russian language uses many complex nouns, the spelling of which can be questionable. The rules governing the writing of this part of speech together or with a hyphen are as follows:

The following groups of nouns are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from two independent nouns, denoting one concept and not connected by vowels “o” or “e”, for example:

• firebird, miracle stove, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, etc. (with declension, only the second word changes);
• hut-reading room, purchase and sale, fish-saw, Moscow River (both words change with declension);

2. Indicating the name political parties and consisting of two names, for example, as well as naming adherents of these parties:

• social democracy, radical revolutionary, etc.

3. Naming complex units of measurement, and such nouns are written with a hyphen, even if they contain connecting vowels “o” or “e”, for example:

• child-day, man-hours, ton-kilometer, BUT: workday

4. Naming intermediate cardinal directions. This rule applies to both Russian-language names and foreign ones, for example:

• Northeast, northeast;

5. Formed from phrases that name an object in real life(i.e., those phrases that have become stable and received the status of a noun). This group includes the following:

• Having in their composition the personal form of the verb: don’t-touch-me (flower);
• Containing the union: Ivan-da-Marya (flower)
• Containing a preposition: Rostov-on-Don, Kamen-on-Obi;

6. Being essentially compound surnames formed from two others, For example:

• Rimsky-Korsakov, Mamin-Sibiryak;

7. Those that are foreign-language surnames with the first part “Sen-”, “Saint-”. For example:

• Saint-Exupéry, Saint-Just.

Eastern surnames are also written in the same way, reflecting family relationships. For example:

• Ibn-Khottab (son of Hottab), Kor-ogly (daughter of Kor), etc.

Note 1. Proper names that contain “don-” are written with a hyphen only if their second component in Russian it is not used independently (Don Juan, Don Quixote), while the word “don” is written with a capital letter. However, if this word is used in the meaning of “master”, and the next one after it can be used independently, then the hyphen is not placed and “don” is written with a small letter (Don Pedro, Don Gustavo), etc.

Note 2. All articles and particles characteristic of foreign names and surnames are written separately, with a small letter and without a hyphen:

• von Bismarck, le Chapelier, de Coster, etc., BUT: Van-Dyck (written with a hyphen, since a surname of this type is not used without an article).

It happens that in Russian the surname and articles are written together, although in the corresponding foreign language version the spelling will be separate: Fonvizin, Lafontaine.

Note 3. If names are used in a person's full name different categories, then no signs are placed between them, and they are all written with a capital letter:

• Erich Maria Remarque, Gaius Julius Caesar, Gabriel Garcia Marquez (this corresponds to the Russian version of the first name, patronymic and last name).

Note 4. Personal names and surnames, next to which nicknames are used, are written separately from the nicknames:

• Ilya Muromets, Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko, Yaroslav the Mudry, Muravyov the Hangman (in this case, both personal names and nicknames are written with a capital letter;

8. Naming geographical objects. This includes the following subgroups:

• Consisting of two nouns: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone;
• Consisting of a noun and an adjective: Gus-Khrustalny;
• Representing a combination of an article or particle with a significant part of speech: Le Creusot (city), De Castries (bay).

Note. The following subgroups of geographical names are written separately:

• Consisting of an adjective and a noun in position after the adjective (or of a numeral and a noun in position after the numeral): White church, Nizhny Tagil, Velikiye Luki, Seven Brothers, etc.
• Consisting of personal first and patronymic or first and last names: Erofey Pavlovich, village Lev Tolstoy, etc.

9. Designating names settlements with the first part “ust-”, “top-”, “sol-”, etc., as well as “old-”, “new-”, “upper-”, “lower-”, but they are not always written with a hyphen. For example:

• Ust-Abakan, Sol-Iletsk, Verkh-Irmen, Novo-Vyazniki, BUT: Novosibirsk, Novorossiysk, Maloarkhangelsk, etc.

10. Denoting compound geographical names. Moreover, they can be written with a hyphen, regardless of whether there are connecting main “o” or “e” or not:

• Austria-Hungary, BUT: Czechoslovakia.

11. Calling foreign proper names or inanimate objects:

• Amu Darya, Alma-Ata, Grand Hotel, etc.

12. Containing the word “pol” (= “half”) and a noun in the genitive case, if it begins with a capital letter, vowel or “l”, for example:

• Half Moscow, half a lemon, half an orange, BUT: half a cheesecake, half a penny, half a river.

Nouns starting with “semi” are always written together: stop.

13. Denoting ranks, the first part of which includes foreign prefixes “non-commissioned-”, “ober-”, “staff-”, “vice-”, “life-”, “ex-”:

• vice-chancellor, staff captain, non-commissioned officer, ex-champion, etc.

14. Representing a defined word with the following application:

• mother-old woman, Anika-warrior, etc.

Note 1. If the appendix can be replaced by an agreed definition, then the hyphen is not inserted: handsome son (handsome son).

Note 2. If the word being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then there is no hyphen between it and the appendix: Social Democrats are Mensheviks.

Note 3. The hyphen is not placed if the following combinations occur:

• common noun + proper: city of Novosibirsk, Ob River;
• generic concept + specific concept: hummingbird bird, beetle insect, birch tree;
• the word “citizen”, “mister”, “comrade”, etc. + noun: citizen chief, Mr. policeman, etc.

15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns:

• island (island), state (state), kol-vo (quantity), etc.

16. if the text uses two (or more) compound nouns, the second part of which is the same, and the first part of the first nouns is deliberately omitted:

• auto and motorcycle equipment; steam, electric and diesel locomotives.

Written together:

1. Nouns formed with the connecting vowels “o” or “e”, as well as all nouns whose first parts are: aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electric-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, for example:

• photo studio, macrocosm, weather station, shrew, water supply, reinforced concrete, etc.

2. Names of cities with the second part “grad” (“city”):

• Leningrad, Novgorod, Kaliningrad, etc.

3. Declinables complex names nouns with the first part formed from a verb:

• daredevil, adonis, whirligig, etc.

The formation of complex nouns occurs by combining several (usually two) independent parts into one semantic whole. Their role can be played by various parts of speech, both independent and auxiliary. Their display in writing has its own characteristics. Today we will talk about how to write such words.

First, let's talk about what options exist. A compound noun in Russian can be written either with a hyphen, or together, or separately. The principle behind distinguishing these options is highlighting words in writing. Words are separated by spaces, and their parts are written together. However, the application of this rule has its own characteristics. The fact is that in language, whole words and their combinations are not always clearly opposed. Therefore, in addition to separate and continuous writing, there is a semi-continuous, or hyphen. A hyphen serves to separate words into parts (for example, firebird), or connects parts of a phrase into one whole (science fiction writer). After reading this article, you will learn how to correctly write this or that complex noun.

Continuous writing

Words that are formed using connecting consonants are written together. This also includes all formations with auto-, aero-, air-, cinema-, motorcycle-, photo-, auto-, electro-, meteo-, stereo-, agro-, hydro, micro-, bio-, zoo-, neo-, macro. There are many examples, here are just a few: flax harvesting, farmer, water supply, airport, motorcycle racing, motor rally, photo report, electric motor, bicycle racing, macrocosm.

Compound nouns are written together if they are inflected and their first verb part ends in -i. Examples: holding the tree, adonis, whirling neck, holding the muzzle, hoarder, spinning tail, daredevil.

Hyphenation

A compound noun should be written with a hyphen if it has the meaning of one word and it consists of 2 nouns, used independently, connected by the vowels e or o. Examples: boy-baba, firebird, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, major general, prime minister, Buryat-Mongolia. Note that in this case, when the word is declined, only the second noun changes.

The following examples apply to this rule: purchase and sale, hut-reading room, saw-fish, good boy, Moscow River. However, in these cases both nouns are modified by declension.

In addition, the names of political movements and parties that are constituent parts, as well as their supporters, should be written with a hyphen. Examples are as follows: social democrat, social democracy,

Complex units of measurement

Hyphenation is correct if we are dealing with complex units of measurement. It does not matter whether this complex noun is formed with the help of a connecting vowel or not. Examples: kilowatt-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day. However, there is an exception to this rule - this word workday, which should be written together.

Other cases of hyphenation

Let's continue to look at the spelling of compound nouns. A hyphen should be used when naming foreign and Russian intermediate cardinal points. Examples: northeast, northeast etc.

Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns are written through a hyphen if these combinations include:

a) verb used in personal form (flower love-not-love, plant Dont touch me);

b) union (plant ivan-da-marya);

c) preposition ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Rostov-on-Don, Frankfurt-on-Main).

Foreign language elements often have their own characteristics. Using them in different rules often specified separately. In our case, the hyphenated spelling of complex nouns is correct if their first component is foreign language elements non-commissioned, chief, vice, headquarters, ex-. Examples include the following: life physician, ex-champion, vice president, headquarters.

Spelling of compound nouns, the first part of which is half-

If the first part of a compound word is floor-(meaning “half”), and then follows a noun in R. p., which begins with the consonant " l" or with a vowel, the correct spelling would be a hyphen. Examples: half an apple, half a turn, half a lemon. In other cases, complex nouns are written together. Examples: half an hour, half a meter, half a room. However, if after floor- It would be appropriate to use a hyphen if you have complex nouns. Examples: half of Europe, half of Moscow. Words that begin with semi-. Examples: semicircle, stop, half a mile from the city.

Features of app highlighting

If the word being defined is immediately followed by a one-word clause, a hyphen should be placed between them. Examples: Anika the warrior, Masha the playful one, the old mother.

If a one-word application, which in meaning can be equated to an adjective, follows the word being defined, the hyphen is not inserted. Example: handsome son.

If the application or the word being defined is itself written with a hyphen, it is not placed between them. Example: Social Democrats Mensheviks.

Russian compound surnames

Compound surnames that were formed by adding two personal names should be written with a hyphen, that is, when they are combined to form compound nouns. Examples: Skvortsov-Stepanov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Andersen-Nexe, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, etc..

Personal surnames and given names associated with nicknames are written separately with them. Examples: Muravyov the Hanger, Vanka Cain, Ilya Muromets.

Foreign language compound surnames

It is necessary to put a dash between parts of the word if we are dealing with foreign-language compound surnames in which the first part St. or Sen-. Examples: Saint-Saens, Saint-Just, Saint-Simon etc. Oriental personal names (Arabic, Turkic, etc.) should also be written with a final or initial component indicating social status, family relationships, etc. Examples: Osman Pasha, Izbail Bey, Tursun Zade, Ibn Fadlan and etc.

However, it should be clarified that compound names with a hyphen, the first part of which is Don-, are written only in cases where the main part of the name is not used separately in Russian. Examples: Don Quixote, Don Juan. However, if the word “don” means “master”, it should be written separately. Examples: Don Basilio, Don Pedro.

It is also necessary to take into account that particles and articles, which are parts of foreign language surnames, are written without a hyphen, that is, separately. Examples: le Chapelier, von Bismarck, de Valera, de Coster, Lope de Vega, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, Baudouin de Courtenay. Particles and articles, without which surnames of this type are not used, must be written with a hyphen. Example: Van Dyck.

It should be said that some other foreign-language surnames have their own characteristics in the Russian transmission. The particles and articles in them are written together, so their spelling can be separate in the corresponding languages. Examples: Delisle, Decandolle, Laharpe, Lafontaine. Writing compound nouns that are proper nouns foreign language origin, as you can see, has many nuances. We have looked at the main ones, it remains only to talk about the last one.

It must be taken into account that names of different categories are not connected by hyphens, like Russian surnames, first names and patronymics. Example: Gaius Julius Caesar.

Let us now turn to the features of displaying geographical names in writing.

Place names consisting of two nouns

They are written with a hyphen if they consist of two nouns. Examples: Kamenets-Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone. The same applies to words consisting of a noun and an adjective following it. Examples: Gus-Khrustalny,

Other cases of hyphenated geographical names

Combinations consisting of a particle or article with a significant part of speech should also be written through a hyphen. The following examples can be given: Bay of De Castries, the city of La Carolina, the city of Le Creusot.

The names of settlements are written with a hyphen if they include as the first part: top-, salt-, ust- etc. The same applies to some titles with the first part lower-, upper-, old-, new- etc., except in cases where geographical maps or fixed in reference publications continuous writing. Examples: Verkh-Irmen, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Abakan, Novo-Vyazniki, But: Maloarkhangelsk, Novosibirsk, Novoalekseevka, Starobelsk.

If geographical names, which are composite, are formed from the names of parts of one or another geographical feature using a connecting vowel or without it, then in this case a dash is also placed. Examples: Alsace-Lorraine, Austria-Hungary. Exception - Czechoslovakia.

Separate spelling of geographical names

However, in some cases geographical names should be written separately. This applies primarily to words consisting of an adjective followed by a noun; or if a noun follows a numeral. Examples: Nizhny Tagil, White Church, Seven Brothers, Yasnaya Polyana.

You also need to write nouns separately if they are surnames. Examples: Erofey Pavlovich station, Lev Tolstoy village.

Names of cities with the second part -grad or -city

The names of cities are written together if their second component is -city or -grad. Examples: Ivangorod, Uzhgorod, Belgorod, Kaliningrad, Leningrad.

Spelling variations

It should be noted that in the writing of some difficult words, which appeared in the language recently, fluctuations are observed. Examples: parking space and parking space, tonne-kilometre and tonne-kilometre, tonage-day and tonage-day. These spelling variations are explained by the presence of connecting vowels ( ton-o-kilometer, car-o-place). Thus they are influenced general rules writing It is preferable to write them together.

So, we looked at the continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex nouns. Of course, we have examined only the main cases. There are many nuances in this topic, so it can take a long time to improve in it. However, we have presented the basic information, and in most cases it is quite enough to write complex nouns correctly.

1. Complex nouns with elements are written together auto-, agro-, aero-, bio-, bicycle-, helio-, geo-, hydro-, zoo-, iso-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, mono-, motor-, neo- , paleo-, radio-, stereo-, television-, photo-, electro- etc., regardless of the number of named elements or other words in the base. For example: auto case, automotovelo race, agro technique, aero sled, bio station, bicycle sport, helio therapy, geo botany, hydro Mechanics, hydro zhergoresources, zoo veterinary center, zoo hygiene, isophoto reportage, film script, macrocosm, weather report, microradio waves, mono culture, moto parts, neo positivism, paleo asians, radio staging, stereo movie, body movie, thermoelectro central, thermohydro dynamics, photo art, electro the wire, electro light therapy

Note 1. When hesitating between the hyphenated and continuous spelling of words of foreign language origin, the second is preferred, if in Russian the component parts with their inherent meaning are not distinguished in the word, for example: blitzkrieg - blitzkrieg, water machine - water machine, water polo - water polo, gum arabic - gum arabic, maitre d'o-tel - head waiter, table "from - table d'hôte. Wed. Also: crepe de chine, faide chine, fildecos, fildepers (the words do not have two components with French pretext between them) - crepe georgette, crepe marroquin, crepe satin, crepe chiffon. Or continuous spelling of inflected words padegras, padecatr, padepatiner, padespan and hyphenated spelling of indeclinable words of the same semantic group pas de deux, pas de trois.

Note 2. About writing words with an element air see § 41, paragraph 4.

2. Compound nouns with a verbal first part are written together. - And, For example: vert And neck, mountains And color, holding And muzzle, osprey And house, disruption And head, noise And head. Exception: roll And-field.

3. Complex abbreviated words of all types are written together, for example state committee, trade union committee, Uralmash, Central Bank.
Hyphenation

4. As a rule, complex nouns without a connecting vowel are written with a hyphen, denoting the names of mechanisms, as well as scientific, technical, socio-political terms, for example: automatic stacker, automatic leveler, vacuum device (vacuum pump, vacuum dryer, vacuum shield and so on.), diesel electric ship, dynamo, cable crane, beam crane, motor generator, stop valve, filter press, syringe machine; chair-bed, raincoat-tent; sawfish; Prime Minister, Lieutenant General, Captain Engineer, Lord Chancellor.

Note 1. Complex words are written together:
a) with the first part board-: flight engineer, board mechanic;
b) with the second part - meter: vacuum meter, dose meter, millivolt meter.

Note 2. Words with the first part are written with a hyphen block- And press-: blocking device, block- diagram, block- mechanism, block- signal, block- system(But block notes, block gauz); P res- attaché, press- secretary, press- conference, press- center; P res- cliche, press- conveyor, press- papier.

5. Complex units of measurement are written with a hyphen, for example: gram-atom (gram-calorie, gram-molecule and so on.), kilogram-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day, man-bed.
Exceptions: workday, labor hour.

6. The compound names of political movements, as well as their supporters, are written with a hyphen, for example: anarcho-syndicalism, national socialism, radical socialist, social revolutionaries, social democrats.

7. The names of intermediate countries of the world are written with a hyphen, for example: southeast, northwest, south-southeast.

8. Words with foreign language elements are written with a hyphen vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex- in the first part, for example: vice admiral, life- guard, Ober- conductor, non-commissioned officer Officer, headquarters- doctor, the ex- champion, ex-vice- prime minister(with two hyphens).

9. Complex plant names that contain a personal verb or conjunction are written with a hyphen, for example: love-not- you love, Not- touch-me, Ivan- Yes-Marya, mother- And-stepmother.

10. Compound words are written with a hyphen, in which a word with an evaluative meaning is added to the main word, for example: the battle-woman, hon- company, grief supervisor, good boy- boy, miracle- fish, hooray- patriotism.

11. Scientific and technical terms are written with a hyphen, which include the names of letters or letters (most often of the Greek and Latin alphabets), for example: alpha- particle, gamma- radiation, X- rays ( X- rays), To- particle, pi- meson.

12. Adjectives derived from hyphenated geographical names retain the hyphen in their spelling, for example: Almaty - Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevo - Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Los Angeles - Los Angeles. Puerto Rico - Puerto Rican, and nouns formed from this chain are written together, for example: NY - New York, New Yorkers, Costa Rica - Costa Rican, Costa Ricans, Kurgan-Tube - Kurgan-Tube, Kurgantyube residents. The chain follows the same rule Ku Klux Klan - Ku Klux Klan- Ku Klux Klansman.

Note 1. For hyphenated writing of complex proper names of persons, see § 13, paragraphs 2–5, geographical names § 17, paragraph 4.
Note 2. About writing complex words like truth-truth, purchase-sale, first name-patronymic see § 83, paragraph 1, note. 2.

13. When combined using a conjunction and two or more compound nouns with the same second part, this part can be given only with the last word, and with the preceding words, a so-called hanging hyphen is written instead. For example: gas- and electric welding(cf. gas welding And electric welding); water and gas supply; radio- and TV shows; auto, motorcycle and bicycle racing(but in the absence of a union And - continuous writing, see above, paragraph 1).

The spelling of compound nouns and especially adjectives is one of the tense points of modern spelling. This reference book in this matter is based on the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation of 1956”, as well as on the normative “ orthographic dictionary Russian language". There is also a slightly different approach to writing these words, for example, in the book “Together or Separately?” (experience of a reference dictionary) B.3. Bukchina and L.P. Kalakutskaya (see appendix at the end of the book).