Help on Tele2, tariffs, questions

Rules and examples of declension of male and female names, patronymics, surnames.

Competent speech and writing distinguish people who have received a good education, from the illiterate representatives of humanity.

Knowing the rules of your native language will definitely help you when addressing people by their first names, patronymics, and surnames.

Let's talk in more detail about the features of their declension for male and female options.

Correct declension of a masculine surname: rule, example

the student is looking in the book for examples of the correct declension of surnames

Depending on the origin, the presence / absence of a vowel at the end of a word or a consonant of the letters of the surname male have a set of rules for declension.

Globally, we divide them into 2 large groups:

• changing endings
• remaining unchanged

The first group of rules includes:

• -ov, -in for Russian and borrowed variants are inclined according to classical scheme. For example, the work of Ivanov, the painting belongs to Sanin, I am waiting for Sidorov, to talk with Fonvizin about Krysin.
• Surnames of foreigners on -in, -ov in instrumental acquire the ending -om. Example: the role is played by Chaplin, the hero is voiced by Green.
• When the bearer of the surname is Russian and it comes from Russian homonyms, the rule with the ending -y in the instrumental case works.
  Example: from the word krona - we go with Cronin, from the dialect variant of chaplya - skating with Chaplin.
• Unstressed endings -a, -i tend to general rules.
  For example, Globa's notebook, Shegda's car, Okudzhava's production.
• Georgian na-ia change endings, For example, the merits of Beria.
• -a shock at the end of surnames of Slavic origin suggest a change in endings, For example, with Kvasha and Skovoroda.
• A hard or soft consonant at the end of a surname turns into combinations with vowels when declined.
  For example, Blok's poems, an interview with Gaft, to transfer to Mickiewicz.
• In the adjectival form, it is declined according to the general rules.
  For example, the victory of Lyuty, a campaign to Tolstoy.

The second group of rules includes the following:

• foreign ones in -ia remain unchanged,
• -a, -i drums of French origin are not inclined, for example, Dumas' carriage, letters about Zola,
• -ko do not bow at the end,
• with endings in -o, -y, -i, -e, -yu remain unchanged during declension,
• -yh at the end keeps the surname unchanged when declined.

Correct declension of a male name: rule, example

the wise owl from the cartoon explains the rule of declension of male names

Male names also come in different origins. However, the rules for their declination are the same:

• at the end of the name with a solid consonant or soft letter or on the -th changes occur by general principle declensions of nouns.
  The stress remains unchanged, but moves in single-syllables.
  Examples: Alexander - Alexandra - Alexander, Peter - Peter - Peter, Timothy - Timothy - Timothy.
• -iya, -я, -я, -еа are similar to the peculiarities of the declension of nouns with a similar ending.
  Example: Ilya - Elijah - Ilya, Zechariah - Zechariah - Zechariah.
• -a - changing the ending corresponds to the rule of declension of ordinary nouns with -a at the end.
  Example: Nikita - Nikita - Nikita.

Since the Russian language has a lot foreign words and the names of people of other nationalities, the latter in some cases do not fall under the rules of declension and remain unchanged. These are names ending in:

• vowels -yu, -u, -s, -i, -e, -e, -о. Example, Jose, Aibu
• two vowels, except -iya, -ey. Example, François, Kachaa

Correct declension of masculine patronymic: rule, example

child school age looks through the rules and examples of the declension of the male patronymic on the tablet

We note a number of features before moving on to the declension of male patronymics:

• Classical endings, namely -evich, -ovich.
  Example, Alexander Alexandrovich, Timofey - Timofeevich.
• Adding a soft sign before the end if the father's name ends in -y, that is, -yevich.
  Example, Valery - Valerievich.
• If the father's name ends in -a, then -ich is added to the patronymic. Example, Luka - Lukich, Nikita - Nikitich.

Let's add a table with changes in endings in male patronymics when they are declined by cases:

declension table of male patronymics by cases

Correct declension of a feminine surname: rule, example

a stack of open books with examples of the correct declension of female surnames

Women's surnames have a number of differences from men's in declension.

• With the ending in -ina, -ova change in cases. For example, Shukshina, Ivanova.
• Depending on the characteristics of the declension of male surnames, there is a difference for female options. For example, Currant, Pearl. In this case, the declension in female variants is the arrival of Nadia Smorodina and Lina Zhemchuzhina. If the male versions of Smorodin and Zhemchuzhin, then the female ones, respectively - the arrival of Zoya Smorodina and Katya Zhemchuzhina.
• Unstressed -а and -я change the ending when declining. Example, Valentina Globa, Katerina Okudzhava.
• Adjectives similar to adjectives change the ending according to the adjective declension principle. Example: Lena the Great, Tatyana Svetlaya.

Absence of declensions for surnames:

• French descent
• ending in -ko, -o, -e, -i, -u, -u, -х, and also with a consonant

Correct declension of a female name: rule, example

a girl with glasses peeks out from behind books in which she was looking for the rules for declensing female names

In general, female names change their ending when declension. There are a number of rules that govern this:

• ending in -a, except for g, k, c, x. Example:

declension table for female names ending in -a

• the same ending after g, k, x and separately after c

declension table for female names ending in -a after g. k, x

declension table for female names ending in -a after c

• two-syllable names ending in -я, as well as those that have this unstressed letter, change their endings according to cases like this:

declension table for female names ending in -я

• ending in -iya, except for disyllabic ones. Example below:

an example of the declension of female names into -iya in the table

• ending in soft sign and hissing - change as follows:

declension tables of female names ending in the nominative case with a soft sign and hissing letter

Exceptions are a number of female names of foreign origin. They often don't bend.

Examples are the same names that were presented in the table above, which have a hissing letter at the end.

Correct declension of feminine patronymic: rule, example

a tired schoolboy at his desk covered himself with an open textbook with the rules of declension of patronymics female

There are a number of rules for declension of female patronymics, depending on their formation from male names. Namely:

• names ending in unstressed -a form patronymics with -ichna. If the last syllable of a male name is accented, then -inichna. Example: Nikita - Nitichna, Ilya - Ilyinichna.
• If the basis is the names of the second declension with zero and ending in -y, then -ovna, -evna are added in the patronymic. Example: Eugene - Evgenievna, Vladimir - Vladimirovna.

For clarity, we insert a table of declension of female patronymics:

table of changes in endings in female patronymics when they are declined by cases

So, we have considered a number of rules for declension of surnames, names and patronymics for men and women. And also studied them with examples.

Practice the rules by inflecting the names, patronymics and surnames of your relatives. Then all the rules will be remembered to you faster.

Good luck!

Video: how to decline surnames in cases?

P.1. Foreign names and surnames are inclined, naming males, ending in a consonant and an unstressed vowel - A.

foreign language female surnames do not bow.

Ashot Petrosyan - Ashot Petrosyan's opinion ( But: Galina Petrosyan); George Byron - poems by George Byron(But: Ady Byron); Anatoly Belaga - textbook Anatoly Belaga.

Foreign surnames ending in vowels are not inclined (except for an unstressed vowel - A; Eugene Delacroix- drawings by Eugene Delacroà, Alphonse Daudet - novel by Alphonse Daudet, Giuseppe Verdi - music by Giuseppe Verdi, Jorge Amado - the talent of Jorge Amado, Sergo Zakariadze - the role of Sergo Zakariadze.

Notes. Declension of male surnames ending in a consonant or unstressed vowel -A, is explained by the analogy of these foreign-language surnames with Russian surnames ending in a consonant (Smirnov, Sinitsyn), as well as in an unstressed vowel - A(Smirnova, Sinitsyna).

The invariability of surnames in the feminine gender is explained by the tendency to dissimilarize males and females when naming them by their surnames.

Nevertheless, there is a tendency to decline foreign female names and surnames ending in an unstressed vowel -A: Mariet Chikobava – the role of Mariet Chikobava and the role of Mariet Chikobava. Songs of Edita Piekha.

P.2. Foreign declinable surnames and names in the instrumental case have an ending - ohm, -eat. Meeting with President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Ogaryov's friendship with Herzen.

P.3. Slavic surnames in general bow down.

bow down male and female surnames ending in -th(according to the type of declension of adjectives): Met Vasily Zadorozhny – Anna Zadorozhnaya; opinion Alexander Pshenichny – Lyudmila Wheat.

bow down male surnames ending in a consonant: Andrey Marchuk is acquainted with Andrey Marchuk(But: familiar with Alena Marchuk).

bow down male and female surnames ending in an unstressed vowel -A. Composer Mayboroda - music by Mayboroda, figure skater Padalka - performance by Padalka. Vasily Yarga, Olga Yarga - the story of Vasily Yarga, Olga Yarga.

Don't bow down Slavic surnames ending in

-ago, -yago (opinion of Dr. Dubyago);

-oh, -them (Peter Sedykh's letter);

-ko, -o (poems by Taras Shevchenko, works by Professor Nikolay Durnovo).

P.4. Problems of declension / non-declension of Slavic surnames arise when Slavic (and some foreign-language) surnames coincide with common nouns ( Andrey Selezen, Alla Muzyka, Stanislav Pupil, Andre Stahl).

Note. Linguists point out the need for such surnames incline. In particular, in the Handbook of Practical Stylistics of the Modern Russian Language, Dr. philological sciences, Professor of Moscow State University Yu.A. Belchikov points out: non-declination masculine surnames Sheremet, Hare, Wolfconsidered a mistake, violation of the norm. And further: “Surnames coinciding in spelling with common nouns, as well as with personal names and toponyms, are perceived as a deviation from the norm that has developed in the Russian language and in the linguistic consciousness of its speakers. In accordance with this norm, in order to avoid unwanted homonymy and inappropriate associations, the surname, if possible, should somehow differ from words denoting specific objects, body parts, abstract concepts, living beings, the profession of a person, his position, rank, social status, etc. .p., as well as from personal names (both passport and informal, for example. Pavlik, Lyubochka). The carriers of such surnames - as required by the norm - seek to separate them from homonymous common nouns and proper names by formal features.

change the accent in the surname. Alexei Bèrlin – city of Berlin, Irina Verbà – blooming willow;

when declining surnames, leave the letter composition unchanged (in cases where letters fall out when declining a common noun). Pyotr Kren - kren, no Pyotr Kren - no kren.

Note.“When declensing surnames of the named types in order to reduce the possibility of inappropriate associations, unwanted homonymy, a noun or a phrase with nouns is placed in front of the surname as the main word denoting the position, rank, profession, social status of the bearer of this surname. The book of the writer Pyotr Sokol. Interview with the laureate of the singing competition Boris Pavlik, visiting the composer Andrey Melnik ”(quoted. Recommendation by Yu.A. Belchikov);

“In documents, business papers, in the information genres of the media (especially in news materials, in chronicles), in general in official situations in order to preserve, for the accuracy of information, the original (passport) form of the surname of the given person (in the nominative case of the singular) male surnames of the type in question do not bow. In such situations and contexts, it is recommended to use the designation of the official, social status of the bearer of this surname and / or his first name before the surname. In connection with the anniversary of the Institute of Linguistics, to award a certificate of honor to the head of the laboratory of applied linguistics, Professor A.V. Marshal. The conference was attended by a group of French scientists headed by Academician Albert Cot. Thesis defense by Robert Sheriff. Discussion of the story of Stefan Korzh. (Cit. Recommendation by Yu.A. Belchikov);

Surnames that can cause ridicule, and therefore disrespect for the bearers of these surnames, for ethical reasons or in accordance with the family traditions of the bearers of the problematic surname, may don't bow. I do not hear the answer of Seryozha Poganets. Misha Sliznyak was not at the lesson today.

P.5. Female surnames of Slavic origin, coinciding with common nouns, are not inclined to a consonant (including -y). T phone of Irina Rekemchuk, role of Elena Solovey, address of Alla Zaigray.

P.6. Double names and surnames. In double names and surnames, both parts are declined if they are independent proper nouns. Novels by Mamin-Sibiryak, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, book by Pierre-Henri Simon. If the first part of the name or surname is not perceived as an independent proper name, then it is not declined. Meeting with Bonch-Bruevich. Laugh at Gogol's mayor Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky.

Note. In Korean, Vietnamese compound names and surnames, only the last part. Kim Il Sung - speech by Kim Il Sung. Also, the first part of double type names is not inflected. Ahmad Shah, Zakir Khan. Negotiations with Ahmad-Shah Masud, come to Zahir_Khan Mammadov.

P.7. Surnames denoting several persons.

If non-Russian surnames refer to two or more persons, it is possible to use the surname in the singular and in the plural.

Form only plural with words father And son: father and son Schlegel.

Singular only form with word sisters: sisters fisher.

In other cases, both singular and plural variants are used. Goncourt and Goncourt Brothers Prize. Reception of the Nixon and Nixon spouses. Album with coats of arms of Friesengoff and Friesengoff.

Note.Preference is given singular forms and invariability of surnames denoting females, including in combination with males. Spouses Mariengof, Husband and wife Rosenberg. Father and daughter Ulrich.

P.8. When declensed in the form of the instrumental singular, foreign names and surnames have an ending - om, uh: Be friends with Karel Gott, with Bill Clinton, with George Bush.

(Compare with Russian surnames: Be friends with Ivanov, Pavlov).

1. Names (Slavic) on -O such as Levko, Marko, Pavlo, Petro are inclined according to the pattern of declension of masculine neuter nouns, for example: in front of Levko, at Mark; in M. Gorky, the name Danko is not inclined (“... she told about the burning heart of Danko”).

Names that have parallel forms on -O – -A(Gavrilo - Gavrila, Mikhail - Mikhaila), usually declined according to the type of nouns feminine declension: at Gavrila, to Gavrila, with Gavrila. Other endings (at Gavril, to Gavril, with Gavril) are formed from another original form of Gavril.

2. Foreign names are inclined towards a consonant regardless of whether they are used alone or together with a surname, for example: novels by Jules Verne (not “Jules Verne”), stories by Mark Twain, plays by John Boynton Priestley, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, book by Pierre - Henri Simon. Partial deviations are observed with double French names, for example: the philosophical views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an evening in memory of Jean-Richard Blok (the first name is not declined, see § 13, paragraph 3).

3. When declining Slavic names and surnames, Russian declension forms are used (in particular, fluent vowels are preserved in indirect forms), for example: Edek, Vladek (Polish names) - Edek, Vladek (not “Edka”, “Vladka”); Karel Capek - Karel Capek, (not "Chapka"); Vaclav Havel - Vaclav Havel (not "Havl").

4. Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are declined if they refer to men, and do not decline if they refer to women. Compare: student Kulik - student Kulik, George W. Bush - Barbara Bush. Frequent deviations from the rule (the inflexibility of Russian male surnames ending in a consonant sound) are observed in cases where the surname is consonant with the name of an animal or inanimate object (Goose, Belt), in order to avoid unusual or curious combinations, for example: “At Mr. Goose”, "Citizen Belt". Often in such cases, especially in official business speech, they keep the surname in initial form(cf .: train with Stanislav Zhuk) or make changes to this type of declension, for example, retain a fluent vowel in the forms of indirect cases (cf .: highly appreciate the courage of Konstantin Kobets).

5. Surnames are not inclined to -ago, -ako, -yago, -yh, -them, -ovo: Shambinago, Plevako, Dubyago, Red, Long, Durnovo. Only in vernacular are there forms like “at Ivan Sedykh”.

6. Foreign surnames ending in a vowel (except for unstressed -and I, with a preceding consonant) are not declined, for example: Zola's novels, Hugo's poems, Bizet's operas, Punchini's music, Shaw's plays, Salman Rushdie's poems.

Often Slavic (Polish and Czech) surnames are also brought under this rule. -ski And -s: opinions of Zbigniew Brzezinski (American public and political figure), Pokorny's Dictionary (Czech linguist). However, it should be borne in mind that the tendency to transfer such surnames in accordance with their sound in the source language (cf. the spelling of the Polish surnames Gliński, Leszczynska - with the letter b before sk) is combined with the tradition of their transmission according to the Russian model in writing and declension: works by the Polish writer Krasiński, performances by the singer Ewa Bandrowska-Turska, a concert by the pianist Czerny-Stefanska, an article by Octavia Opulska-Danetska, etc. To avoid difficulties in the functioning of such surnames in the Russian language, it is advisable to arrange them according to the pattern of the declension of Russian male and female surnames in -sky, -sky, -th, -th. Polish combinations are inclined similarly, for example: Home Army, Home Army, etc.

From surnames to stressed -A only Slavic ones incline: The writer Mayboroda, the philosopher Skovoroda, the films of Alexander Mitta.

Non-Russian surnames on unstressed -oh, -i(mostly Slavic and Romanesque) are inclined, for example: the work of Jan Neruda, the poems of Pablo Neruda, the works of the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Campanella's utopianism, Torquemada's cruelty, a film starring Giulietta Mazina; but movies with Henry Fonda and Jane Fonda. Finnish surnames also do not decline to -a: a meeting with Kuusela. Foreign surnames do not decline to -ia, for example: Heredia's sonnets, Gulia's stories; in -iya - they are inclined, for example: the atrocities of Beria.

Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian, Japanese and some other surnames; compare: aria performed by Zurab Sotkilava, Okudzhava's songs, Ardzinba's government, 100th anniversary of the birth of Saint-Katayama, policy of General Tanaka, works by Ryunosuke Akutagawa. IN last years there is a clear trend towards declension of such surnames.

7. Ukrainian surnames on -ko (-enko) V fiction usually inclined, although different type declensions (as masculine or neuter words), for example: an order to the head of Yevtukh Makogonenok; a poem dedicated to Rodzyanka M.V. In the modern press, such surnames, as a rule, are not declined, for example: the anniversary of Taras Shevchenko, memories of V.G. Korolenko. In some cases, however, their variability is appropriate for introducing clarity into the text, cf.: letter from V.G. Korolenko A.V. Lunacharsky - a letter addressed to V.G. Korolenka. Wed also in Chekhov: “Toward evening, Belikov ... trudged to Kovalenki.” Surnames do not bow to -ko percussion: the Franko Theater, Lyashko's stories.

8. In compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, the last part is inclined (if it ends in a consonant sound), for example: Choi Hen's speech, Pham Van Dong's statement, conversation with U Ku Ling.

9. In Russian double surnames, the first part is declined if it is used as a surname in itself, for example: songs by Solovyov-Sedoy, paintings by Sokolov-Skaly. If the first part does not form a surname, then it does not decline, for example: research by Grum-Grzhimailo, in the role of Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky.

10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two or more persons are put in the plural form in some cases, in the singular form in others:

1) if the surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form, for example: Heinrich and Thomas Mann, August and Jean Picard, Adolf and Michael Gottlieb; also father and son of Oistrakhi;
- 2) with two female names, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: Irina and Tamara Press (compare the inclination of surnames to a consonant sound related to women);
- 3) if the surname is accompanied by male and female names, then it retains the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Ariadne and Peter Tur, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;
- 4) the surname is also put in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns indicating a different gender, for example: Mr. and Mrs. Clinton, Lord and Lady Hamilton; however, with combinations of husband and wife, brother and sister, the surname is more often used in the plural: husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Niringa;
- 5) at the word of the spouse, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: spouses Kent, spouses Major;
- 6) with the word brothers, the surname is also usually put in the singular, for example: the Grimm brothers, the Spiegel brothers, the Schellenberg brothers, the Pokrass brothers; the same with the word sister: sisters Koch;
- 7) with the word family, the surname is usually put in the singular form, for example: the Oppenheim family, the Hoffman-steel family.

11. In combinations of Russian surnames with numerals, the following forms are used: two Petrovs, both Petrovs, two Petrovs, both Petrov brothers, two Petrov friends; two (both) Zhukovskys; two (both) Zhukovsky. Combinations of numerals with foreign-language surnames are also brought under this rule: both Schlegels, two brothers of Manna.

12. Female patronymics are inclined according to the type of declension of nouns, not adjectives, for example: Anna Ivanovna, Anna Ivanovna, Anna Ivanovna.

When filling out documents, forms, title pages control works people often wonder how to inflect surnames and whether they are inflected at all. It is necessary to dwell on this issue in more detail and figure out how to properly decline surnames.

The spelling of the endings of surnames and their declension mainly depend on the family affiliation. First, let's look at how to decline male surnames.

Russian male surnames

If the surname is of primordially Russian origin and ends in -ev, -ov, -in, then it is inclined according to the same principle as masculine second-declension nouns and possessive adjectives with suffixes -in, -ov. The only difference is that in the instrumental case of nouns the ending is -om, and in surnames -ym. Surnames also differ from adjectives in prepositional(in surnames ending -e, in adjectives -om).

For example:

• I.p. Ivanov (fathers, island)
• R.p. Ivanov (father, islands)
• D.p. Ivanov (father, island)
• V.p. Ivanova (father, island)
• etc. Ivanov (father, island)
• P.p. Ivanovo (father, island)

Surnames foreign origin on -in, -ov are inclined according to the same principle, the only difference is in the end of the instrumental case, it will be -om (Kuzmin - Darwin). Women's surnames are also inclined.

For example:

• I. p. Ivanova
• R. p. Ivanova
• D. p. Ivanova
• V. p. Ivanov
• T. p. Ivanova
• P. p. Ivanova

The difference in the declension of female and male surnames

1. Female and male surnames of foreign origin with an unstressed ending -a (Globa, Shcherba, etc.) and Russian surnames with a stressed ending -a (Kvasha, Skovoroda, etc.) are declined. For example: Maria Globa - Pavel Globa, Svetlana Kvasha - Vladimir Kvasha.
2. French surnames with a stressed ending -а (-я) are not declined, whether masculine or feminine. For example: a novel by Emile Zola.
3. Both female and male surnames are not inclined to -ko of Ukrainian origin (Kovalenko, Lukashenko, Shevchenko, etc.). For example: I saw Yuri Kovalenko (Maria Kovalenko).
4. Foreign surnames on -o, -e, -i, -y, -y, both female and male, are not inclined. For example: poems by Yuri Zhivago (Antonina Zhivago).
5. Male surnames ending in a consonant (Rozembaum, Blok, Stirlitz, etc.) are declined, unlike female surnames similar to them. For example: poems by Alexander Blok, but Alexander is the husband of Lyubov Blok.
6. Both male and female surnames ending in –s (Kruchenykh, Chernykh, etc.) do not decline equally. For example: I talked with Alexander (Alexandra) Chernykh.
7. Russian-speaking surnames that have endings similar to the endings of full adjectives are declined, moreover, similarly to these same adjectives. It doesn't matter if the surname is male or female. For example: Evgeny Bely, Maria Belaya.

If you have any doubts about how to properly decline surnames, it is better to seek help from a spelling dictionary, in the application of which the basic rules of the Russian language are often written, including the norms for declension of surnames.

From school, many have learned the rule that when pronouncing and writing, female surnames do not decline in cases, and male ones, on the contrary, like similar adjectives or nouns. Is everything so simple, and are male foreign surnames inclined in Russian - this article is devoted to this, based on the monograph by L.P. Kalakutskaya, published in 1984.

Importance of the problem

There are many situations in which the correct spelling and correct pronunciation of surnames in different cases is very important:

• The child began to study at school, and he needs to correctly sign a notebook or diary.
• A young man or an adult man is awarded a diploma or a letter of thanks.
• At a serious event, they announce the exit or performance of a man with a complex surname. It's not nice if it gets distorted.
• When preparing important documents (certificate, diploma) or preparing case materials to establish family ties (in court, at a notary).
• Knowing whether male surnames are inclined is necessary for people of many professions who deal with the execution of personal files or other business papers.

Russian surnames

The most common surnames in Russia - with suffixes - sk (-ck), ov (-ev), in (-yn) People: Razumovsky, Slutsky, Ivanov, Turgenev, Mukhin, Sinitsyn. All of them are easily inclined, like ordinary adjectives, both in the feminine and in the masculine. Exception - surnames on -ov, -in, the ending of which in the prepositional case is somewhat different from the traditional one.

Foreign surnames with suffix -in (-yn) also have a mismatch with Russians in the instrumental case. Let's look at an example:

Do male surnames tend to th without suffix - sk, which are also found in Russia (Tolstoy, Berezhnaya, Sukhoi)? Few (in scientific works on philology there is a complete list of them), they easily change in cases similar to adjectives with a similar ending.

Ukrainian surnames

The most famous Ukrainian surnames - on -enko And -ko: Bondarenko, Luchko, Molodyko. If you look at Russian literature, then in works of art (A.P. Chekhov, for example), writers are quite free with their spelling in the masculine version and in the plural: “Let's go visit the Bondarenkos”.

This is not true, because official spelling different from works of art and colloquial speech. The answer to the question whether Ukrainian male surnames tend to - enko And -ko, unequivocal - no. Example:

• I am writing a letter to Oleg Bondarenko.
• She has an affair with Ivan Luchko.

And this applies to all surnames of Ukrainian origin, even such rare ones as Alekhno, Rushailo, Soap, Tolokno. Surnames are never inclined to -ago, -ovo, -yago: Vodolago, Durnovo, Dubyago. But what about those that end in consonants?

Surnames beginning with -k

Historically, suffixes -uk (-uk) they indicated either a kindred or a semantic affiliation: Ivan's son - Ivanchuk, cooper's assistant - Bondarchuk. To a greater extent, they are inherent in the western part of Ukraine, but are widespread among all Slavic peoples. Do male surnames tend to - uk?

According to the laws of the Russian language, female surnames do not change by case, but male surnames ending in a consonant (the exception is the ending -their,-s), decline without fail:

• I wrote a letter to Olga Dimitryuk.
• I was invited to visit Igor Shevchuk.
• I recently saw Sergei Ignatyuk.

All surnames expressed by nouns are subject to change in cases: Mole, Wolf, Wind, Pillar. There is one subtlety here: if the surname is Slavic, then the existing fluent vowel is not always preserved in the root. In jurisdictions, its spelling is important, although many sources do not consider the pronunciation to be incorrect without it. As an example, consider the surname Hare. More often pronounced: "She called Ivan Zayets." This is acceptable, but more correct: "She called Ivan Zayats."

Common in Ukraine and surnames in -ok, -ik: Pochinok, Gorelik. Knowing the rule that all male surnames with a consonant at the end change by case, it is easy to answer the question: do male surnames tend to -To:

• She came to the house of Ilya Pochinok (here the fluent vowel disappears).
• He knew Larisa Petrik well.

Exception to the rule

The Slavs often have family endings in -their(s): Chernykh, Ilyinsky. In the first half of the 20th century, male surnames with similar endings were often changed by case. According to the norms of the Russian language today, this is wrong.

The origin of these surnames from the plural adjective requires the preservation of their individuality:

• He greeted Peter Bela X.

Although there is a consonant at the end, this is an exception to the rule that you need to be aware of when answering the question of whether male surnames are declined.

Quite common is the ending in -h: Stoikovich, Rabinovich, Gorbach. The general rule applies here:

• Waiting for Semyon Rabinovich to visit.
• He liked Anna Porkhach's exhibition very much.

Armenian surnames

Armenia is a small country with a population of just over 3 million people. But about 8.5 million representatives of the diaspora live in other countries, so they are very widespread. They can often be identified by their traditional ending - an(-yang): Avjan, Dzhigarkhanyan. In ancient times, there was a more archaic family form: -ants (-yants), -oz, which is still common in the south of Armenia: Kurants, Sarkisyants, Tonunts. Is the Armenian male surname inflected?

It is subject to the rules of the Russian language, which have already been mentioned in the article. Male surnames with a consonant at the end are subject to case declension:

• together with Armen Avjan ( wherein "together with Anush Avjan");
• watched a movie with Georg Tonunts ( wherein "Film starring Lili Tonunts").

Ending in vowels

Male surnames remain unchanged if they, regardless of origin and belonging to a particular country, end in the following vowels: and, s, y, u, e, e. Example: Gandhi, Dzhusoyty, Shoigu, Camus, Maigret, Manet. It does not matter at all whether the stress falls on the first or last syllable. This includes Moldovan, Indian, French, Georgian, Italian and Example: " He recently read the poems of Shota Rustaveli". But do male surnames tend to - and I)?

Both options meet here, so it's better to present them in a table:

	bow down	Don't bow down
Letters -and I) not under stress	The last letters follow the consonants: Pied Ha, cafe ka. He went to a concert by Stas Piekha. She was a fan of Franz Kafka.	If the last letters follow a vowel - And: Mor ia, Gars and I. He liked to listen to Paul Mauriat's orchestra. He met footballer Raul Garcia.
Letters -and I) are under stress	The last letters follow the consonants, but have Slavic roots: Loza, Mitta. Yuri Loza has a wonderful song "The Raft". I admire the director	The last letters follow consonants or vowels and are of French origin: Dumas, Benoist, Delacroix, Zola. She was friends with Alexandre Dumas. He began painting thanks to Eugene Delacroix.

To consolidate knowledge, do male surnames tend to - A, we offer you an algorithm that can always be at hand.

German surnames

The origin of Germanic surnames is similar to their history in other states: most are derived from personal names, place names, nicknames or occupations of their bearers.

The settlement of the Volga region by Germans in the 18th century led to the fact that their spelling in Russia was often carried out with errors, so there are many similar surnames with a discrepancy in one or two letters. But in fact, all of them, with rare exceptions, end in a consonant, so when answering the question of whether male German surnames are inclined, we can state with confidence: yes. Exceptions are: Goethe, Heine, Otto and others, ending in

Since German surnames change by case, they should be distinguished from Slavic ones. In addition to the common ones, such as Müller, Hoffman, Wittgenstein, Wolf, there are ending in -their: Dietrich, Freindlich, Ulrich. In Russian surnames before -their rarely are soft consonants with hard pairs. This is due to the fact that there are almost no adjectives with similar stems in the language. Slavic surnames, unlike German ones, do not decline (Fifth, Borovsky).

If at the end -ь or -й

The rule by which male surnames are inclined, having consonants without an ending as a basis, also applies to those cases where at the end is put -b or th. They change in cases like second declension nouns. However, in the instrumental case they have a special ending - ohm (em). They are perceived as foreign. To answer the question of whether male surnames tend to -b And th, consider an example:

• Nominative (who?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
• Genitive (of whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
• Dative (to whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
• Accusative (of whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
• Creative (by whom?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
• Prepositional (about whom?): about Vrubel, about Gaidai.

There are exceptions to the rule. So, dissonant surnames (Pelmen), as well as those coinciding with a geographical name (Uruguay, Taiwan), do not decline. Even if it stands after the hissing (Night, Mouse), the surname is inclined according to the male version.

Double and compound surnames

China, Vietnam and Korea are distinguished by the fact that their inhabitants have compound surnames consisting of several words. If they end in a consonant, then they are declined according to the general rules, but only their last part. Example:

• We listened to Kim Jong Il's speech.

Russian double surnames are inclined in both parts according to the general rules:

• painting by Petrov-Vodkin;
• theater Nemirovich-Danchenko.

If the first part is not a surname, but serves integral part, it does not change in cases:

• Ter-Hovhannisyan's jump;
• work by Demuth-Malinovsky.

Do male surnames of others decline foreign states, completely depends on the rules of Russian grammar, which were discussed in the article. The question of the use of the plural or singular when listing two persons remained unclear.

singular and plural

In what cases is the plural used, and in what singular, best seen from the table:

Male surnames, unlike female ones, are declined, but there are many cases discussed in the article when they are also not subject to change. The main criteria are the ending of the word and the country of origin of the surname.