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Modern fasteners

IN last decade New construction technologies have come to us from abroad and, along with them, modern construction, cladding and insulating materials. Unfortunately, much less is known about modern fasteners in our country.

General purpose fasteners

Designed for fastening to any building structures made of concrete and brick - solid and hollow (from hollow brick to hollow aerated concrete blocks). The fasteners include a dowel and a screw for wood or chipboard.

Hollow material fasteners

Used for fastening light elements - lamps, shelves, baseboards, switches, cornices, hangers, pictures, etc. to hollow (thin-walled) structures, such as plasterboard, gypsum fiber sheets (GVL), chipboard, sheet steel, hollow profiles , ceilings with voids, hollow doors, etc. The fastener consists of a special dowel for hollow materials and a screw.

Dowels for insulating materials

Designed for mechanical fastening of hard and soft insulating materials in the form of a panel or sheet ( stone wool, glass wool, polystyrene, polyurethane, polystyrene foam, fiberboard boards, coconut fiber mats, cork, etc.) on a plane of concrete, lightweight concrete, natural stone, solid and hollow bricks, hollow blocks and aerated concrete. For installation of some models of such dowels, additional nails and screws are not required. Other models come complete with a steel expansion nail. Leading fastener manufacturers use for these purposes only galvanized and passivated (with additional coating) steel nails with increased bending strength.

Dowels for aerated concrete

Already from the name itself it is clear that they are designed specifically for attaching windows, doors, grilles, consoles, pipelines, to building structures made of aerated concrete. suspended ceilings, structures made of wood and metal, cable routes, plumbing equipment, etc. They are used complete with a locking screw made of galvanized and passivated or stainless steel.

This is the most modern class of fastening systems. They are intended for mounting parts on structures made of heavy concrete, dense natural stone and other dense materials of equal strength in cases where an increased level of reliability and safety is required (including for fastening facade cladding And load-bearing elements structures - traverses, consoles, etc.). Operating principle chemical systems fastening is based on filling the prepared hole with a special two-component mixture, which, when hardened, “tightly” fixes an anchor or threaded rod in the hole (the end of the rod extending outward looks like an ordinary threaded rod). The mixture is in a glass cartridge, which is inserted into the hole. After this, a rod is screwed in, which crushes the glass, and the mixture fills the entire volume of the hole.

Injection fastening systems

They are a type of chemical fastening system. The difference lies in the method of filling the hole - in this case, by directly squeezing the mixture out of the cartridge, similar to the use of sealants. Such fasteners are used for the installation of gratings, fences and railings, pipelines, plumbing fixtures, etc. Depending on the material of the building structure - hollow or solid - the system is used with or without an anchor sleeve, respectively.

Used for fastening sinks, urinals, bidets, wall hung toilets, water heaters for wall structures made of concrete, natural stone, solid solid brick gypsum boards, hollow blocks, aerated concrete (there are special models designed for fastening to walls made of plasterboard, gypsum fiber boards, chipboard). This fastener includes a dowel, a galvanized and passivated steel stud, a nylon flange nut and a metal decorative cap. Toilet fasteners are designed for attaching toilets to concrete floor. It consists of a dowel, a brass screw, a locking sleeve and a decorative cap.

Fasteners for balcony structures

Designed for fastening balcony cladding made of wood, polymeric materials and metal, general cladding, small pieces of equipment, wire ties, building elements, etc. To structural elements balconies. Simply put, such fasteners are designed for fastening to thin-walled metal elements, from which the balcony fence is assembled (pipes, profiles, sheets, panels and slabs several millimeters thick). The fastening consists of a nylon spacer with a collar, a brass screw and a decorative cap.

Frame fasteners

Designed for fastening frames, connecting wall and plaster profiles, wooden parts(including lathing for plaster), skirting boards, wall corners, cable channels, clamps for cables and pipes, etc. The fastener consists of a special frame dowel and an expansion screw.

Designed for invisible fastening of wooden steps to concrete or metal profiles, solid brick, natural stone. The fasteners include: a nylon dowel with a shoulder for fastening to solid materials or a nylon spacer cartridge with a shoulder for fastening to thin-walled structural elements, a brass or galvanized and passivated steel screw, a core for accurately marking holes in the board. Such fasteners can be used not only for stair steps, but also for invisible fastening of any other wooden elements.

Dowel clamp

Designed for securing individual cables, flexible pipes or cable harnesses for building structures made of concrete, solid silicate and clinker bricks, natural stone, lightweight concrete and aerated concrete.

Cable and pipe clamp

Designed for rational fastening of cables and pipelines to building structures. The clamps themselves are attached to the structures using dowels and screws. These clamps are available in various sizes, each equipped with a special element that allows the clamps to be fastened together.

Fastener selection

When choosing fasteners, you need to remember that this is a very serious and responsible matter. After all, pieces of furniture lighting, technical structures that are attached to walls and ceilings are usually located higher than human height (in any case, higher than a child’s height). Moreover, even not the heaviest of them (say, a picture or a sconce), if it breaks from its fastening, can cause very serious injuries. What can we say about someone who fell off the wall? hanging cabinet or bookshelf. Therefore, the main advice: if you want to feel calm and safe in your own home, use only fasteners from the world's leading manufacturers. Installation is a responsible matter, and the quality of your repair depends on how it is carried out. In order to choose the right fasteners (with the help of tables you can easily select fasteners, depending on the material used) and learn about new fastening systems, you can view catalog of Fischer fastening systems 2014.

Modern fastening systems are a guarantee of high-quality and reliable fastening

At the end of June 2017 in Germany, the Fischer Group, a world leader in the field, received the “Special Trust” award (“Stein im Brett”), becoming No. 1 in the field of construction fasteners. The main criteria for receiving a high rating were product quality, price, ease of installation, and the desire to recommend the product to others. The award was awarded based on the results of a survey of builders and sales representatives. The questionnaire included 297 suppliers construction equipment in 26 product categories.

The ease of installation of Fischer products was especially noted. This is most recognized important aspect in the daily work of builders and one of the main reasons why craftsmen recommend to each other fasteners of this particular type German manufacturer. In order to continuously improve products and simplify the installation process, Fischer specialists regularly organize meetings with installers and builders, as well as with representatives of trading companies. “After all, only those who work with our products every day help to find solutions to various construction problems on various sites and can truly judge the quality of products and services, as well as the level of the manufacturer,” comments Ralf Haefele, Managing Director of FischerGermany Sales GmbH.

The study was carried out during 3000 master classes by the ibau information center. The purpose of the survey was to determine the “particularly revered” brand and the best manufacturer V construction industry. “This survey is the largest and most significant in German trade,” said Sven Homann, Managing Director of ibau. The study was carried out with the support of the marketing agency Heinze and the online platform Helden am Bau.

What kind of fasteners should be used for lumber? Wood is enough soft material, especially when you compare it with other types of arrays. However physical properties wooden parts used in construction can vary greatly depending on the percentage of their moisture content, the species used, the growing conditions of the trees... The structure is not uniform even in different areas of the same log. In any case, the fastening element must adhere well to the fibers and reliably fix any parts. To increase the friction force, nails are often knurled or roughened, and self-tapping screws have coarse threads.

Reliability of wood fasteners

Most wood fasteners in Moscow are made from galvanized and phosphated steel or metals that do not rust (for example, there are nails made of aluminum and copper). Only some types of products are made of ferrous metal, but only those that are used in rough structures - construction nails, hardened roofing staples. Protective covering allows you to significantly increase the service life of fasteners, but, in addition, the aesthetic properties of the product are improved by an order of magnitude, because red spots and streaks from rust will be excluded.

The design of modern fasteners is thought out to the smallest detail. So, there are dozens of types of self-tapping screws that are designed for certain jobs, each of them has its own characteristics. Let's say a roofing fastener has a drill on the tip that can be used to drill through sheet metal, and a large rubberized washer. And structural yellow self-tapping screws have complex body threads (sometimes incomplete) and a special tip. The finishing nail has a very small head, while the galvanized nail for fastening OSB, on the contrary, has a rather large head. There are fastening products with a conical head, and others with a flat one. Lots of length options available.

Almost all of these fasteners (including perforated ones) are used under load, so they must be resistant to bending and shearing forces. High-quality wood fasteners do not break; in extreme cases, they can only bend. You can choose products for certain jobs different thicknesses, this applies to both nails/screws and perforated plates/corners.

Types of fasteners for wood

Nails

This is perhaps one of the most famous and proven types of components for construction work. This wood fastener has the most affordable price, but it is practical and functional. A nail is a metal rod cut from wire, which has a point at one end and a flat head at the other.

When used, the product is hammered with a regular hammer, or can be combined into strips and loaded into a nailer gun. Nails can be used alone or in combination with perforated fasteners.

The size of the head differs in size, depending on whether the nail should be recessed or press the part more reliably. The rod may have notches to increase friction forces, because it is with their help that the nails are held in the wood. The length (as well as the thickness) of the nail is selected according to the nature of the connection and the type of loads experienced by the unit.

Depending on the purpose for which nails are intended, they are divided into several main types. If we talk about construction, then this is:

• Black construction nails,
• Galvanized with a large head,
• Ruffed,
• Screw,
• Finishing,
• Tolevye,
• Slate.

Self-tapping screws

This is a modern fastener, has high efficiency and at the same time very practical. The cost of fasteners for this type of wood is higher than that of nails, but it also has many advantages.
The beauty of a self-tapping screw is that it takes advantage of the plasticity of wood. That is, it allows screwing in without preliminary drilling. Thanks to the wide thread pitch and increased height (for example, metal screws have more frequent and lower threads), this fastener fits tightly into any wood fibers and stays there perfectly. At the same time, such a connection remains dismountable, while wooden parts nailed down with nails can be separated without damage very rarely.

The design of the thread and tip is designed for easy entry into wood. A drill at the end of wood screws is usually not used. The cap is made with a cone for recessing, or flat, for the “press washer” and “roofing screw” types. The thread can be continuous or partial. There are many options for thickness and length of products.

To use self-tapping screws, you need a drill or screwdriver, although, theoretically, small items in small quantities can be screwed in with a screwdriver. To transmit rotation from the tool, there are slots on the head of the self-tapping screw. The shape of the slots may vary. As a rule, PH or PZ formats are used - this must be taken into account when choosing a bit.

Among the many types of wood screws, the most popular are:

• phosphated (black);
• galvanized (yellow);
• roofing (white and painted);
• screws with a hexagonal or profile head (including: capercaillie, with a ring, with a hook, L-shaped crutch screw, capercaillie with a spring).

Threaded metric connection types

Nails and screws are not the only components that can be used to assemble wooden structures. The most loaded or most voluminous units are twisted using bolts and studs. Together with nuts and washers, these hardware allow you to obtain the most reliable fixation, because you can press the parts very tightly against each other, use rods of increased diameter (and therefore very strong). An obvious advantage is the ability to disassemble and reassemble structures several times.

Studs and bolts are installed through a through hole, which must be drilled in each of the parts being fastened. Direct fixation is carried out by tightening the nuts. Large washers increase the bearing area and prevent the nuts/heads from sinking into the wood.

Perforated fasteners

This type of fasteners is designed to speed up the installation of wooden building elements. Thanks to such products, it became possible to avoid the technically complex (and labor-intensive) production of mortises and locks in wood. If cutting wood actually underestimated the cross-section of parts, then perforated products made it possible to perform end-to-end assembly, and with an increase in the reliability of the assembly. Therefore, there is no need to increase the cross-section of lumber, as before. Accordingly, it will be possible to unload the house and save money, although before making calculations it seems that buying perforated fasteners for wood is a rather expensive solution.

Another advantage of such products lies in the increase in construction speed. Connections using angles and plates can be easily made by non-professionals, because all that is needed is to cut the beam or board more or less exactly to length.

Perforated fasteners are available in a wide range. They are combined into a system and cover all the needs of modern wooden and general construction. They are made from sheet metal thickness from one and a half to 5 mm, which contains a large number of holes (small round, large for anchors, long slots for sliding fixations). All products are galvanized and completely ready for use. Among all the fasteners with perforation, there are several types according to their design and scope of use, first of all, these are corners, plates, supports, and tapes.

Price list

Prices for wood fasteners

Just a few years ago we would have said with confidence that it could be a nail or a screw, but both the first and second have their own advantages and disadvantages. A nail is used for quick installation, but it does not provide strength to the structure and over time it may simply fall apart. The screw adds strength to the structure, but due to inconvenience during installation, it reduces the speed of work. Therefore, this problem is solved by self-tapping screws, anchors, dowels and screws. They combine both installation speed and fastening force, since a specially selected thread pitch and angle, as well as the tip, provide them with quick fit and a reliable, durable connection. In addition, they have an anti-corrosion coating, which allows several times to increase the service life of the fastening, and therefore the reliability and durability of the entire structure.

Frame fasteners are intended for fastening bars, wooden and structural planks, building facades, window frames and metal profiles.

Fasteners general purpose used for light fastenings, as well as various types hooks for fastening scaffolding, ropes, cables, chains. In addition, the retail chain has fasteners for plumbing equipment, light and heavy building structures, for insulating materials, etc.

Self-drilling screws used for fastening sheet steel to heavy load-bearing structures and sheet metal to each other (overlapping), as well as for steel and wooden bases, installation finishing works. Can be used in furniture production.

Screws for roofing coverings used for fastening profile sheet metal to wood, to light steel structures or between. by yourself (overlapping).

Hardened self-tapping screws Designed for joining wood, particle boards and plasterboards, as well as thin sheet metal.

Screws for installation of plasterboard boards, they are used for attaching plasterboard to sheet metal profiles, to wood elements, as well as for twisting sheet metal profiles.

Self-tapping screws for installation of window profiles used for fastening plastic and wooden profiles and other installation work.

Fastening wood

The strength and stability of any product or structure depends on the kind of fastening used that connects its parts into one. Wood occupies an exceptional place due to the ease with which elements made from it can be connected to each other with a variety of fastenings - nails, spikes, adhesives, bolts, staples, dowels, screws, etc.

For fastening strength, the product or connection design must not be selected randomly, but must correspond to the properties and purpose of the product, taking into account fastening along or across the fibers, as well as changes in size due to fluctuations in humidity.

Nails. Nails are the most common type of fastening in building structures and wood products. I produce construction nails of two types: with a flat and conical head.

Nails are made from light-colored, low-carbon, non-hardened steel wire by cold stamping.

Construction nails of round (less often square) cross-section in carpentry are used with a length of 7 to 90 mm and a thickness of 0.7-3.5 mm.

Round nails are used when installing carpentry partitions and barrier panels. Pins are also used - thin nails without heads, which are used to attach the lining, layout, and posts. The connection of the main parts of these products is done with glue, less often with screws.

Tar paper nails length from 9 to 40 mm, thickness from 0.8 to 2 mm are used for upholstering with roofing felt assembled window and door blocks, cones of beams, wooden building structures in places of their contact with walls.

Decorative nails intended for the front surfaces of furniture, mainly upholstered. They are available with round, square and shaped heads, which can be smooth with embossed or molded designs. The sizes of the heads by diameter or side of the square are 6,8,10 and 12 mm. The length of the rod of these nails is no more than 30 mm. When driving nails into wood ( wooden hammer) their heads should not jump off the rod, there should be no dents, distortions or peeling of the decorative layer.

Nails resist pull-out and lateral (shear) loads or the combined action of two types of loads. Resistance depends on the properties of the wood and nail and the conditions of their use. Nails, like other fasteners such as staples and T-nails, should be positioned so that the connection is primarily in shear rather than pull-out mode, so that the nails experience primarily lateral loads and not pull-out forces. The resistance of a nail shank to being pulled out of wood depends on the density of the wood, the diameter of the nail and the depth of its penetration.

The pull-out resistance of nails is greatly influenced by factors such as point type, shank type, nail coating, time the nails remain in the wood, and changes in wood moisture content.

Nails driven perpendicular to the grain of the wood have the greatest resistance to pulling out. When a nail is driven along the grain, i.e., at the end, the pullout resistance for softwood is 75 or even 50% of the resistance when driven across the grain.

Crutches. Regular wire crutches are made in the same way as wire nails. Their tip has the shape of a tetrahedral pyramid, length 76-305 mm, with this length their diameter is larger than that of ordinary wire nails.

Bolts They are used to connect parts; they are especially widely used in bent furniture. To protect the wood from crushing when screwing the bolt, washers are placed under its head.

Screws made from low-carbon steel or brass wire. Screw sizes: length - from 6 to 120 mm, rod diameter - from 1.5 to 10 mm, head diameter - from 3 to 20 mm, the threaded part of the rod must be at least 0.6 of the screw length. Screws are used to connect parts of products when the area for gluing is insufficient in size, for example, in bent furniture, screws are used to fasten metal devices and fittings to furniture and to carpentry and construction products. For ease of screwing, its head has a spline groove (slot). Screws are distinguished with countersunk, semi-countersunk and semicircular heads.

For screwing flush to the surface of the wood, screws with flat heads are most often used. Screws with oval or round heads are used in cases where it is necessary to give the surface of wood beautiful view or if it is undesirable to screw the screws in countersunk. The main parts of a screw are the screw thread and the shank.

Modern trends in the development of wood fastening include the use of screws with thread cutting along the entire length of the rod. Commercially available self-tapping screws have certain advantages in some cases.

Pins. Pins driven into pre-drilled holes that are 3.2mm smaller in diameter than the pin are expected to make a good connection. The lateral load on a pin driven across the wood grain should not exceed maximum load cutting a rod of the same diameter. To compensate for the lack of washers and nuts, the pins are longer than regular bolts.

Staples. There are several types of staples, differing in the shape of the tip, the processing of the rod, the type of coating, caliber, length and diameter. These fasteners are available for use in pneumatically operated installations with clamps or cassettes. They are used for upholstery of furniture.

"Capercaillie"- large screws with a length of 35 mm and a thickness of 6.0 mm with a square or hexagonal head, adapted for screwing with a capercaillie key. Furniture wood grouse have square shape with a wide base, which acts as a washer, preventing the wood from being crushed when screwing in the capercaillie.

Squares metal ones are used for additional fastening corner connections details. Overlays represent straight lines metal plates with holes for screws: they are attached to one or both sides of the bar (part) in places of insufficient strength or at the site of a fracture.

Used to connect parts of disassembled furniture. metal ties. There are overhead and mortise ones.

Shelf supports serve to support adjustable shelves in cabinet (cabinet) furniture. They are a metal pin with corners attached to them. The shelf holders are supplied with metal frames for the pins (pistons). The casings are tightly inserted into the sockets drilled into internal sides cabinet walls. They protect the walls of the socket from being crushed by the pins of the shelf holders.

Hardware. Loops are called hardware, like other fittings for windows and doors (bolts, handles, locks, etc.). Typically hardware is made from light-colored mild steel. Facial devices are varnished, chrome-plated, and nickel-plated.

Window and door hinges are used for hanging door panels and window sashes, for raising or lowering; transoms and opening windows.

By design, card loops are distinguished: hinged with a removable hinge rod (bout), semi-hinged with a rod immovably embedded in one card, hinged with a rod that cannot be removed from the hinge, and pinned.

Hinges with a removable rod are used where the wooden panel or window sash cannot be lifted to remove it from the fixed hinge rods.

I use half-hinged hinges for wooden panels and sashes.

Hinges with hinged rods are used for small window sashes, transoms, and vents.

Card hinges are selected taking into account the size of the panels and sashes, and the thickness of the strapping of the bars.

Each hinge consists of two cards with a hinge. The card consists of one steel plate, on one longitudinal edge of which cuts are made, and the resulting protrusions are bent to form a hinge (folded cards).

From the longitudinal edge of the card to the side edge of the heel bar of the door leaf or leaf there should be a distance of 6-11 mm, depending on the size of the bars.

Pinned hinges are used for hanging casement sashes and overlapping balcony door leaves.

IN public buildings with a large oncoming flow of people door leaves hung on spring double-leaf hinges to open doors in both directions. There are left and right hinges depending on the hinge of the door and sashes.

Pens for doors and windows there is a wide variety. There are door handles for interior doors and balcony doors. Buttons instead of handles are used only for interior doors.

Espagnols- These are keyless locks. There are door and window latches. Door bolts are cut into the folding edge of the left leaf on a double-leaf door. The upper door latch is 370 mm long, the lower one is 230 mm long. They must be installed without distortion or jamming.

Mortise or overhead locks are made only at doors. On the market building materials and products, fundamentally new mechanical locks with a plastic key card are used. Locks of this type have the ability to be recoded multiple times and form extensive systems of authorized access.

Opening is done by lightly pressing the card key, and closing is done without using a key.

Window shutters, top and bottom, have a very simple design. They are incorrectly called bolts. Keyless locks also include door and window latches of various designs and hooks.

Devices that help close doors include springs without a lever, with a lever, or pneumatic.

Currently, the retail chain has a wide range of devices for windows and doors, mainly made of aluminum alloys with an anodized coating, which improves their appearance.

Furniture fittings, depending on the type of purpose and material of the furniture, are distinguished by a wide variety, including artistic decoration for its decoration.

Materials for fastening carpentry structures

For fastening wooden products to the walls and connections between each other wooden structures they use brushes, crutches, staples, pads, clamps, anchors, etc. They are called forgings.

Construction forgings are made from malleable, low-carbon steel (iron), most of them are forging products.

Ruffs are used for fastening window and door blocks and partitions at the junction with the walls in the openings of stone-like walls. The pointed ends of the brush are driven into antiseptic wooden or plastic plugs installed in the walls. The ruffs are nailed to the box of blocks through the eyelet in the ruffs. Crutches are used for hanging cornices, paintings, chandeliers, etc. on stone-like walls. After punching a bolt or drilling a hole, they put plugs and drive the crutches into it.

The brackets are used for additional fastening of connections on rafter notches and mauerlat. Depending on the location of the connections of structural elements, they can be straight, reverse and angular. Made from round steel rods with a diameter of 10-12 mm or square. 10x10 and 12x12 mm.

Overlays are used for fastening composite beams and lower belts trusses and arches. They are made from thick rolled steel.

Bolts are used to fasten composite beams, fasten frame and panel walls etc. The hole for the bolts is drilled using electric drills or they are placed in the foundation when pouring.

Tie clamps and non-tie clamps are used for tightly fastening beams made of logs or beams in paving and log houses, fastening beams. They are made from strip steel with a cross section of 4x60 mm.

Anchors are steel parts made of strip steel with a cross section of 4x40 mm, T-shaped, of various lengths. Used to connect a wooden beam to a stone wall. Most often the dimensions are 400x720 mm.

For connection wooden beams With reinforced concrete purlins T-section anchors with a length of 500 mm are used. The bent ends of the anchor engage with the purlin brand.

Clamps are made from scraps of steel, and are used to fasten sheets of galvanized steel, to fix flat strip tiles. Distinguish different types clasps. So, one end of a piece of steel is nailed to the sheathing when performing the roof, and the other is secured to a standing seam of galvanized roofing steel. Clamps for fastening tiles allow you to fasten two tiles at once in the following way: the horizontal flap of the clamp lies on top of the laid tile, and under its vertical flap, another, adjacent tile is placed. Clamp hooks are driven into the sheathing from the attic side.

Galvanized screws measuring 5x60 mm or 5x70 mm with a half-round head are used to fasten corrugated slate. To attach auxiliary asbestos-cement corners, use a 5x40 mm screw with a semi-round and countersunk head.

For roofing works I use construction and roofing nails. Roofing nails have a diameter of 3.5 mm and a length of 40 mm. The variety of construction nails allows you to choose the necessary nails in the following assortment: diameter 2.5 mm, length 50 or 60 mm; diameter 3 mm, length 70 and 80 mm diameter 3.5 mm, length 90 mm; diameter 4mm, length 100 and 110mm and diameter 5mm, length 150mm. Fastening all piece materials with nails.

So, for asbestos-cement flat slate use nails with a diameter of 2.5 and 3 mm and a length of 35–40 mm, respectively. For corrugated asbestos-cement sheets, nails with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 30 mm are used. For wooden roofing (shingles, shingles, shavings), 2.5 mm nails, 50 or 60 mm long, are used. Fastening the boards with nails with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 10 mm.

The wire is used as a fastener for stamped and ridge tiles. It is used together with nails with a diameter of 3-4 mm and a length of 40-50 mm. The nails are driven 2/3 into the sheathing and a wire is wound onto the remaining outside part of the nail, the other end of which is tied to the tile tenon. Use steel wire with a diameter of 1 mm, copper wire - 2 mm, and aluminum wire - 2.5 mm. Before attaching the tiles, the copper and steel wires are covered oil paint so that it does not rust or oxidize, then it is dried.

For fixed connections in carpentry, fasteners such as bolts, squares, plates, insert plates, nails, screws, etc. are used.

Large nails are used to fasten the skull blocks to the beams when making floor elements, when knocking together panels for partitions, ceilings, and walls. The thicker and longer the nail, the more firmly it holds in the wood. A square nail holds more firmly than a round one. The end of the nail, nailed through, is bent across the grain of the wood.

When fastening with nails, sockets with a diameter of up to 3/4 of the nail are drilled into solid wood. If you need to drive a thick nail close to the edge, then coniferous trees holes are drilled into wood, the same in soft hardwoods.

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Guess the riddle:

Once upon a time there lived an animal with the letter y, A hippopotamus with the letter b was cleaning its muzzle, A rooster with the letter p, A crocodile with the letter k, And a boar with the letter k. Platypus with the letter y, What kind of animal with the letter y? Show answer>>

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Let's take a closer look at what types of fasteners there are:

Anchor– a fastener designed to connect structures and products. It is also customary to call a part that is partially concreted into any structure.

Bolts– cylindrical metal fasteners having a metric external thread and a head at one end, usually designed for nuts. The bolt head can be hexagonal, cylinder or spherical. Bolts allow you to create a connection using a nut or a pre-made threaded hole in the part to be connected.

Nail- the material for making ordinary nails is steel and steel wire. The marking of nails includes two numbers: the first is the diameter of the rod, the second is the length of the rod in millimeters. The head of the nail can be either smooth or grooved. Screw, club and corrugated nails are distinguished by the presence of helical, longitudinal and transverse grooves, burrs or dents on the rod. Such nails have greater resistance to pulling out. Hardened steel nails can be driven into brick and concrete walls.

Screw- a fastener that is screwed into a threaded hole. In some cases, a hole is drilled at the end of the screw for the use of a cotter pin - a wire rod with a semicircular cross-section, bent almost in half. The cotter pin serves to prevent spontaneous unscrewing of the fastener.

In order for screws to fully perform their function as reliable fasteners, it is necessary to choose their size and type correctly. Thus, screws are fasteners for wooden structures. Their rod tapers towards the end and performs the function of a drill. This type of fastener cannot be driven in like nails - they are screwed in completely. Before using screws small size First, a puncture is made using an awl. Large screws will be easier to screw if you first drill a hole of a slightly smaller diameter. Screws are used to connect metal structures. The screw head helps to press the parts being connected, and its shape is chosen so that the screw can be easily tightened using wrench or a screwdriver. Screw heads can be hexagonal, semicircular or countersunk. The flat end of the screw has a chamfer to prevent thread entry.

screw is one of the types of fasteners with a threaded hole cut inside. The most widely used are galvanized nuts. The shape of the nuts can be hexagonal, round with a notch, square, with protrusions for fingers. The main purpose of a nut is to connect parts using a bolt.

Dowels used for fastening in solid wall foundations. Dowel fastening is based on the principle of friction, which occurs due to the expansion of the fastener during installation, creating a holding force. The dowel is capable of withstanding large static loads. When installing with dowels, the fastener is destroyed during the pulling process. The dowel is made from polymers.

Self-tapping screws– the most widely used fasteners for wooden structures. To fasten thin metal parts to wooden or plastic surfaces, self-tapping screws with fine threads are used. Fastening of insulation, fiberboard, and wooden parts is done with self-tapping screws with large threads. Having a drill-shaped tip, it is capable of independently making holes in parts to be fastened. If a self-tapping screw is screwed into a hole drilled in advance, self-tapping screws with a sharp tip are used. A universal black self-tapping screw is used to fasten plasterboard sheets to tin profiles. Universal self-tapping screw white used for fastening steel, plastic and wooden materials.

Screw- this is a fastener in the shape of a rod with external thread with a conical tip and a head at the other end. It has the ability to create new threads in plastic or wood products. Screws are hardware and fasteners that are most widely used in construction and finishing work. They also cannot be replaced during installation. plasterboard sheets on a frame made of metal or wood.

Fasteners for wooden structures: main varieties. Tapes and supports. Serrated plates and washers

We all know perforated metal corner can be a universal device that is used as in construction wooden structures and furniture assembly, as well as in the arrangement of ventilated facades. They can be different sizes, but this depends on their purpose, that is, the force of the load on a given node and its configuration are taken into account.

Perforated tape is used to reinforce various nodes that are connected at an angle, for example, it can be a connection rafter legs, where the tape attached to the top will not allow the joint to separate. The thickness of the tape varies from 0.8 mm to 1.5 mm, and its use depends on the power of the loads that will be exerted on the unit being formed.