Help on Tele2, tariffs, questions

So similar and so different - this is what we can say about homonyms. In this article we will look at why homonyms are needed in Russian and how to use them in writing and speech.

Homonym- This lexical component in Russian, which has a distinctive feature: it is written the same (or close), but has a different meaning. The word has Greek origin: homos – identical, on ym a – name.

These words are important they decorate the Russian language, making it more interesting and rich. For example, the same word “marriage” has two meanings. First: poor quality work (product). Second: a union of two people, certified by the state. Strange coincidence, don't you think? But that's not what the article is about.

About homonyms with examples

In fact, homonyms are very easy to understand. They are often used in speech and writing without even thinking about it. The same word can have several meanings. However, this is not new; similar things occur in other languages.

Nouns most often act as homonyms, but there are also verbs and adjectives among them.

Sometimes words change emphasis, and in some cases, the spelling of individual characters. Let's look at the homonyms below (examples will be separated by commas):

• Peace (noun) – the absence of war, the nature surrounding us (Earth, Universe).
• Bow (noun) – a weapon for shooting arrows, a vegetable from the garden.
• Conclusion (noun) is a formulated solution to a problem (reasoning), the process of moving something or someone outside the territory (withdrawal of troops).
• A braid (noun) is an element of a woman’s hairstyle, a part of the shore protruding into the sea, a tool for mowing grass.
• Downtime (adj.) – stopping work, a quality indicator.
• Soar (verb) – fly in the sky (soar), smooth the fabric with steam (soar).
• Defend (verb) - withstand an attack, wait for your turn.
• The case when the same word appears in homonymy as both a verb and an adjective: drying - the process of drying, fruit.

You can practice on your own and try to compose a sentence with homonyms yourself.

Types of homonyms

The phenomenon of “sameness” of spelling with different meanings is called homonymy. From the point of view of coincidence in the spelling of a part of a word, the following linguistic manifestations of homonymy are distinguished: actually lexical homonyms,homophones, homographs and homoforms.

Lexical - can be complete (all examples of grammatical variants match) and incomplete (not all grammatical forms match).

Homophones are words that sound the same when pronounced, but are spelled differently. Such as: raft - fruit.

Omoforms. In fact, these are different words that have the same form in some cases. They are similar to homophones, but, unlike them, they reveal a difference when declined. Example: pond - rod (go to the pond, hit with a rod), five - span.

Homographs are words that are identical in spelling, but are completely different in pronunciation. They are almost always different stressed syllable: organ - Organ, flour - flour.

Homonyms: humor is appropriate

A bad student was once asked what she knew about “Earth Day”? She replied that “it’s dark and scary there.” It's funny and sad because she imagined something bottom ( I probably skipped geography lessons at school ), although the question was asked about “Earth Day”.

The similarity of words is repeatedly used in jokes, playing up the “sameness” of their sound. Example: “The parrot said to the parrot: “parrot, I’ll scare you!”

Homonymy is interesting because in a language it can create a certain paradox in the meaning of an expression. Russian proverbs, aphorisms and riddles are based on this.

Puzzles

People have long noticed the properties of homonyms and used them in making riddles. Thus, these words are well remembered by children, which develops the brain well and accustoms it to the perception of homonymous language.

Guess the riddles:

• What cats can't catch mice?
• Name them in one word: weapons, semi-precious stones and fruits.
• In the sea it is small, but on land it can cut the surface of the ice. Who is this (or what is this)?
• The old man was eating dry bread. Question: where did the fish bones on the table come from?

Sayings and proverbs

You can “play” with homonyms when composing sayings and proverbs. You can practice and come up with your own, you just need a little imagination and ingenuity:

• mow with a scythe, if you are not a scythe;
• go on the shelf in the summer so as not to put your teeth on the shelf in the winter;
• write a competent sentence to make a beautiful proposal to a girl.

Differences

Homonyms can easily be confused with polysemous words.

Polysemy means in Russian several meanings of one word, each of which is related to the other in meaning and does not differ radically from it.

Examples: a lady’s hat, near a nail, a mushroom. In all three cases the meaning is not too different - it means some top part or accessory on the head.

The adjective “golden” is also used in several meanings - made of precious metal (gold ingot), having best qualities(Golden man).

In the Russian language, along with others, there are also dictionaries of homonyms. In them you can look at the interpretation, study the tables and understand what homonyms are in the Russian language.

The most popular is Akhmanova’s explanatory dictionary (published in 1974). In it you can find a large number of articles (more than 2000), which describe homonyms (pairs of them). Each article contains information about the etymology of words, style characteristics, types of homonyms, types of word formation and much more. The dictionary also contains applications: translations of pairs of words into foreign languages, index of taxonomy by type.

You, of course, guessed that the boys did not understand each other because they were talking about different things, while calling them the same word. This is an example of homonyms. After all, oatmeal is a bird, and oatmeal is also a cereal.

Homonyms- words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. The word "homonym" comes from two Greek words: homos- identical, onimo- Name.

Let's look at examples of homonyms, compare the sound, spelling and meaning of words.

Land strip in the sea

It's called a braid

And the girl has a braid

The colors of ripe oats.

There is dew on the grass -

The scythe mows the grass.

I have one question:

How many braids are there in the world?

Rice. 2. Homonyms: braid ()

Scythe- a narrow sandbank running from the shore.

Scythe- braided hair.

Scythe- a tool for cutting grass.

Porridge is ripe in the meadow.

The cow Mashka eats porridge.

Masha likes lunch:

There is nothing tastier!

Porridge- white clover.

Porridge- a dish made from grains boiled in water or milk.

Say "spring" -

And then it arose

Runs in the green thicket

A cheerful babbling key.

And we call the spring a key

(The door key has nothing to do with it).

Rice. 3. Homonyms: Key ()

Key- spring.

Key- device for the lock.

We are foxes

Friendly sisters.

Well, who are you?

We are foxes too!

What, with just one paw?

No, still with a hat.

Rice. 4. Homonyms: Chanterelles ()

Chanterelles- mushrooms.

Chanterelles- animals.

Come learn shooting with me

And look for me on the ridge.

I can hit the bird accurately,

I also end up in cabbage soup.

Rice. 5. Homonyms: Onion ()

Onion- plant.

Polysemantic words and homonyms are written the same way. The main difference The difference between them is that polysemantic words have something in common in their lexical meaning (color, shape), while homonyms have completely different lexical meanings.

If you are in doubt about the definition ambiguous word or homonym, an explanatory dictionary will come to your aid. Let's look at the difference in recording dictionary entries:

The root is a polysemantic word that has several meanings:

1. The underground part of plants.

2. Interior hair, tooth

3. Beginning, source of something (figurative meaning).

4. Significant part of the word.

In the dictionary, a polysemantic word has each meaning indicated by a number.

Let's look at how homonyms are presented in the dictionary. For example:

A tap is a shut-off device in the form of a tube for releasing liquid or gas.

A crane is a machine for lifting and moving loads over short distances.

In the dictionary, homonyms have a separate dictionary entry.

The meaning of homonyms can be determined only when the word is used in a phrase or sentence.

Let's complete the task.

Let's look at the pictures. Let's make sentences or phrases with homonyms to show their different lexical meanings.

1. Fluffy mink.

2. Deep mink.

Rice. 11. Homonyms: Mink ()

1. We saw a picture of a predatory lynx.

2. The horse was trotting.

Rice. 12. Homonyms: Lynx ()

1. Do not pollute the environment.

2. Grandma will come on Wednesday.

Rice. 13. Homonyms: Wednesday ()

So, we learned that in the Russian language there are words that are written and pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings. These words are called homonyms.

Homonyms are often used in puzzles and riddles, for example:

What fabric cannot be used to make a shirt?

From the railway.

Which tap can you not drink from?

From the lift.

In which cage are birds and animals not kept?

In the chest.

In which forests is there no game?

In construction.

What kind of belt should you not wear?

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

1. Bukina-69.ucoz.ru ().
2. Toyskola.ucoz.ru ().
3. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().

• Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 33, 34 P. 25.
• Choose homonyms for these words. Make up sentences to make the meaning of the words clear.

Castle, foam, cream.

• * Using the knowledge acquired in class, come up with riddles or puzzles where the answers are homonym words.

Lexical homonyms are combined into rows, each of which includes at least two words belonging to the same part of speech. There are two types of lexical homonyms: complete and incomplete (partial). Full homonyms- these are words that coincide in all grammatical forms, for example: Lavka (1) - “bench” and Lavka (2) - “ small room for trade".

These words will appear in the same forms in all cases, and the forms will also be the same plural. Incomplete homonyms- these are words belonging to the same part of speech, in which the system of grammatical forms does not completely coincide, for example:
Shelf - “a device for storing something”, can be in the form of units. and many more h. (shelf - shelves, many shelves);
Shelf - “destruction of weeds” (a verbal noun formed from the verb weed), exists only in the singular form. h.

So, from the first word the singular and plural forms are formed, from the second word it is impossible to form the plural form. Both complete and partial (incomplete) homonyms are studied by lexicology. One should distinguish from them phenomena that lexicology does not study, although it mentions them, comparing them with homonyms. In other words, other types of homonymy should be distinguished from lexical homonyms, both full and partial. In modern Russian, these types of homonymy are presented as follows.
1) Phonetic homonymy- words match only in sound:
Pond - rod, Carry - lead, Code - cat
Such words are called homophones.
2) Graphic homonymy- words coincide only in spelling while maintaining differences in sound:
zamok (to storm) - zamok (to close); steam (vegetables) - steam (in the clouds); a "tlas (geographical) - atla"s (type of fabric). Such words are called homographs.
3) Morphological homonyms- coincidence of words belonging to different parts speech, in one or more grammatical forms: three (numeral) - three (command, incl. from the verb to rub); oven (verb in the infinitive form) - oven (noun in I.p.); simple (adjective) - simple (noun). Such words are called homoforms.

One more series of words should be distinguished from homonyms, which are called paronyms. Paronyms(from the Greek Para - about and Onyma - name) - these are words that are similar in sound and morphemic structure, but have different meanings. Typically, paronyms are words formed from the same root, but using different affixes (suffixes, prefixes). For example: Put on (a coat on yourself) - dress (a child); Economical (person) - economical (regime) - economic (crisis); Escalator (moving staircase) - excavator (earthing machine); Zdravitsa (toast, congratulation) - health resort (sanatorium).

The similarity of paronymic words in sound and the common root in them is the main source of errors in their use. Paronyms are sometimes mixed in speech, although they denote different phenomena. For example, they say “put on a coat” instead of “put on a coat.” Meanwhile, the verbs put on and dress differ in meaning: they put on what, and dress whom (put on a coat, hat, mittens - dress a child, a sick person). This example shows that paronyms differ not only in meaning, but also in compatibility with other words.

Kamkina Olga

The work gives a clear concept of the category of homonyms in the Russian language, their types, and classification.

Download:

Preview:

Municipal government educational institution

"Ingalinskaya secondary school"

NOU "Rassvet"

Educational and research work on the Russian language

Homonyms and their types

Head Sysova Valentina

Alexandrovna teacher

Russian language and literature

Ingaly 2012

Introduction 3

§ 1. History of the issue. 5

§ 2. The concept of homonymy. Lexical homonymy 6

§ 3. Linguistic phenomena similar to lexical homonymy 10

§ 4. The emergence of homonyms in the Russian language…………………………….12

§ 5. Use in speech………………………………………………………......15

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….19

References……………………………………………………………20

Appendix 1………………………………………………………………………………….21

Appendix 2………………………………………………………………………………….23

Introduction

Between the words that form the vocabulary of the Russian language, certain relationships are found both in the nature of the meanings they express and in their phonetic design, that is, the similarity of their sound composition.

In the vocabulary of the Russian language there are three types of relationships between words:

1. homonymous (by sound correspondence)
2. synonymous (by proximity of expressed meanings)
3. antonymous (by opposition of expressed meanings)

The presence of these relationships allows us to talk about a certain organization of words in the vocabulary, about the existence of a lexical system of the language. The essence of the phenomena of homonymy, synonymy and antonymy is as follows: with homonymy there is an identity (i.e. coincidence) of sound when the meaning of words is different, with synonymy there is an identity or similarity of meaning with a complete difference in sound (i.e. sound composition), with antonymy there is an opposite meaning when there is a difference in the sound of words.

This paper examines the phenomenon homonymy. The phenomenon of homonymy is a topic that has been covered in linguistic literature for a very long time. It is considered by such scientists as V.V. Vinogradov, Fomina M.I., Popov R.N., Akhmanova O.S., Lipatov A.T., Rakhmanova L.I. and others. Their disputes concern the understanding of the essence of homonymy, its occurrence in the Russian language, its use in speech, the distinction between homonymy and polysemy, homonymy and related phenomena. Based on the above, we believe that until the controversy on this issue stops, it should be considered relevant.

The purpose of this work– based on the analysis of linguistic literature, give an idea of ​​how to modern science The phenomenon of homonymy is highlighted. Guided by this goal, we face the following tasks:

Analyze different approaches to determining homonymy;

Get acquainted with the history of coverage of this issue;

Create didactic material for Russian language lessons on homonymy.

Subject of study: lexical-linguistic analysis of the category of words.

Object of study: the phenomenon of homonymy.

Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, generalization and systematization of the information obtained; methods of continuous sampling of observation and analysis.

LEXICAL HOMONYMY IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Literature:

1. On the issue of distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy // Russian language at school, 1956, No. 3.

2. On homonymy and related phenomena // Questions of linguistics, 1960, No. 5.

3. Vishnyakova 0. V. Paronyms of the modern Russian language. – M., 1981.

4. Kovalev, the use of polysemy, homonymy and paronymy in fiction // Russian language at school, 1980, No. 6.

5. Mikhnevich A. E. Paralexes // Russian language: Interdepartmental collection, vol. 1. – Mn., 1981.

Lexical homonyms(Greek homos"same" and onyma“name”) are two or more words with different meanings that coincide in spelling, pronunciation and grammatical design. For example: outfit1"clothing" and outfit2"document"; block1"union, agreement of states" and block2“device for lifting weights”; bar1"musical time signature" and bar2"knowing of limits".

There are two types of lexical homonyms – complete and incomplete. Full lexical homonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, in which the entire system of grammatical forms coincides. So, the words given earlier outfit1"clothing" and outfit2“document” are complete lexical homonyms, since they coincide in all case forms singular and plural. This type of homonyms includes: key1"master key" and key2"spring"; shop1"bench" and shop2“small trading establishment”; motive1"melody" and motive2"cause"; braid1"type of hairstyle" braid2"agricultural implement" braid3"sandbank"; neck1"bird", vulture2"the long narrow part of a stringed instrument" vulture3"seal, stamp"

Incomplete lexical homonyms also refer to one part of speech, but do not coincide in all grammatical forms. Yes, words boron1"coniferous forest" and boron2 « chemical element»; bar1"musical time signature" and bar2"knowing of limits"; boom1"gymnastic apparatus" and boom2“agiotazh” are incomplete lexical homonyms, since the second member of each homonymic pair is not used in the plural form, since it refers to real ( boron2) or distracted ( beat2, boom2) nouns. Verbs are incomplete homonyms insist1“to strive hard to achieve something” and insist2“to prepare a tincture” (the first of them is an intransitive verb, and the second is a transitive verb); force1“furnish” and force2“force” (the second homonym does not have participle passive forms).

Lexical homonyms are characterized primarily by the fact that they correlate with different phenomena of reality, therefore there is no semantic connection between them, characteristic of the meanings of polysemic words.

Homonymy as a linguistic phenomenon is observed not only in vocabulary. In the broad sense of the word, homonyms sometimes refer to different linguistic units (in terms of content) that coincide in sound (in terms of expression). For example, the suffix -To- part of a homonymous pair: -k-1(nouns with the meaning of a female person: student, graduate student) And -k-2(nouns with the meaning of abstract action: cleaning, sending).

Unlike actual lexical (or absolute) homonyms, all other word matches are relative.

Homonyms that arise as a result of the action of the phonetic laws of the language are called homophones(Greek homos"same", phone"voice, sound") These are words that have the same sound, but different meanings and spellings. Thus, in the Russian language there is a law of deafening of voiced consonants at the absolute end of a word and in the middle of a word before voiceless consonants, as a result of which words with different meanings can coincide in sound terms: cat(animal) and code[cat] (cipher); onion(plant) and meadow[bow] (field); sadness(state) and milk mushroom[grus’t’] (mushroom); darling (-soul) And bow[darling] (- arc). In unstressed position, some vowels - (a), (o); (e), (i)– are pronounced the same, which is also the reason for the appearance of homophones: pretend – pretend, company – campaign, tank – barrel.

It is necessary to distinguish from homophones paronyms(from lat. para"near", onyma“name”) - words with close, similar, but not identical sounds and different meanings: subscription“a document certifying the right to use something” and subscriber“season ticket holder”; general"main, main" and general's"relating to a general"; ignorant"rude, ill-mannered person" and ignoramus“poorly educated person, ignoramus”; act“an action performed by someone” and misdemeanor, “an act that violates norms of behavior.”

Paronyms can also appear at the interlingual level, that is, when comparing the lexical systems of closely related languages ​​(for example, Russian and Belarusian): Russian. outfit“document” – white narada“meeting, meeting”; prus. father“a man in relation to his children” – white. egg"priest"; rus. sofa « cushioned furniture" - white divan"carpet"; rus. change“to commit treason, to betray” – white. change"replace with something else."

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “interlingual paronyms” and “interlingual paralexes”. Paralexes- these are words of the Russian and Belarusian languages, which coincide in meaning, but differ in accentological, phonetic, morphological and word-formation features. For example: Russian attribute- white adnosіts, russian basic- white asnovny; rus. hunting- white hello, russian collar- white ashyynik; rus. dog(f.r.) – white. dog(M.R.), Russian pain(f.r.) – white. pain(m.r.); prus. thresher- white malatarny and so on.

Taking into account such natural differences in the vocabulary of the Russian and Belarusian languages ​​is very important when teaching the Russian language in conditions of closely related bilingualism. In 1985 The publishing house “Narodnaya Asveta” published a manual for teachers “Belarusian-Russian paralexical dictionary-reference book”. This is a kind of dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language for people speaking Belarusian.

Mastering paronyms creates considerable difficulties for foreigners learning Russian. In 1984, in Moscow, the Russian Language publishing house published the “Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” (author –). The dictionary includes about 1000 pairs of paronyms of the modern Russian language, shows the possibilities of their combination with other words, and provides their synonyms and antonyms. In some cases, expressive illustrations (drawings) are provided, which is especially important for foreigners.

Homonyms formed as a result of grammatical reasons are called homoforms, or grammatical homonyms. These are words that sound the same only in certain grammatical forms: I'm flying(from fly) And I'm flying(from treat) (in the form of the 2nd person singular there is no coincidence of grammatical indicators, therefore, homonymy no longer exists: you're flying And you are treating); ruble(1st person singular from the verb chop) And ruble(form of the dative case of the noun ruble); saw(feminine past tense form of the verb drink) And saw(noun); three(numeral) and three(imperative form of the verb rub); poem(noun) and poem(past tense form of the masculine verb subside).

Homonyms also include homographs (Greek. homos"same" and grapho“I’m writing”) - words that are the same in spelling, but sound differently and have different meaning: castle - castle, flour - flour, cloves - cloves, soar - soar, perfume - perfume.

Stand out the following types homographs: a) lexical: atlas (geographic Maps) – atlas(matter); b) lexico-grammatical: village(verb) – village(noun); I'm running(verb) - I'm running(noun); c) grammatical: addresses – addresses; Houses – Houses; d) stylistic: compass(liter.) – compass(marine); spark(liter.) – spark(professional).

The classification of such pairs of words as homonyms is conditional, since they sound differently, differing in stress. For homonyms, complete coincidence in sound is a prerequisite.

Also highlighted interlingual homonyms- words that sound the same, but have different meanings in closely related languages, for example, Russian and Serbo-Croatian, Russian and Belarusian. Comp. rus, bathhouse– S.-Croatian bah"resort"; rus. grief– S.-Croatian grief"up, above"; rus. a gun– S.-Croatian a gun"gun"; rus. on right(By right side) – S.-Croatian on right"tool"; rus. leaf fall“the time of falling leaves of trees” - white. listapad"november"; rus. coward“a person who succumbs to a feeling of fear” – white. coward"rabbit"; rus. score“drive deep, until the end” - white. forget“to take life, kill”; rus. peace“state of silence, rest” – bel. pack“living space, room”, etc.

In 1980, the dictionary “Interlingual Homonyms and Paronyms” was published in Minsk (University Publishing House). This dictionary contains 550 pairs of Russian-Belarusian homonyms and paronyms. Each of the words given in the dictionary is accompanied by a brief interpretation and example illustrations.

The appearance of lexical homonyms in modern Russian is associated with several reasons. Depending on the nature of these reasons, three types of homonyms are distinguished: semantic, etymological and word-formative.

Semantic homonyms are the result of the collapse of polysemy, i.e. the semantic splitting of a polysemantic word. In progress historical development different meanings of the same word become so distant from each other that they begin to be perceived as different words. The initial semantic similarity in this case can only be established through etymological analysis. For example: belly1"life" → belly2 part of the body"; rook1"boat" → rook2 « chess figure; light1"lighting" - light2“world, universe; fist1“part of a hand with clenched fingers” → fist2“prosperous peasant”; dashing1“bringing trouble, evil” → dashing2"brave".

The process of splitting the polysemy of a word and transforming its meanings into independent homonym words is a very long and gradual one. Yes, word duty in the 17-volume dictionary of the USSR Academy of Sciences (M.-L., 1964, vol. 3) it is given as a polysemantic with the meanings: 1) duty; 2) what is borrowed. Homonymy of words debt1"duty" and debt2“borrowed” was first reflected in 1972 in the dictionary. In further editions of this and other explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language only homonyms are given debt1 And debt2.

Etymological homonyms- the result of the coincidence of original and borrowed or only borrowed words. The following types of etymological homonyms are distinguished:

a) A coincidence in the sound of a native Russian and a borrowed word. Yes, word club in the meaning of “organization, society”, having come into the Russian language from English, coincided with the original Russian word club(puff of smoke, dust). This also includes: Russian. lava1"slaughter" - lava2“molten mass of metal” (French); rus. bow1"weapon, sports equipment- German bow2"plant", Russian cabin1“cutting into pieces” – Dutch. cabin2“room on the upper deck of a ship”, Russian. mink1(decrease from Nora) – Finnish. mink2"animal", Russian round 1"animal" - French. round 2"period";

b) Coincidence in the sound of words borrowed from one language: pump1"pump" - pump2"pomp" (French) mine1"projectile" - mine2"facial expression" (French) quarry1"fast horse running" quarry2“open-pit mining” (French); radical1“supporter of left bourgeois parties” – radical2“mathematical term - a sign of extraction from a root” (Latin);

c) Coincidence in the sound and spelling of two words borrowed by the Russian language from different languages: English. raid1"raid" and Dutch. raid"water space"; lat. focus1"optical term" and German. focus2"trick"; Persian. mat1"chess term" and English. mat2"soft bedding"; fr. block1“union, union” and English. block2"mechanism".

Derivative homonyms- words formed from the same root using polysemantic or homonymous morphemes. Typically, the function of such morphemes is performed by homonym prefixes, which are written and pronounced the same, but give completely different meanings to the verbs formed with their help. For example: revise1"change your mind" ( reconsider your previous point of view) – review2"lots to see" ( watch all the movies); work through1"work for a while" ( work 10 years at school) – work out2"to criticize" ( deal with the discipline violator); speak1"start talking" ( he started talking about classes) – speak2"to influence with words" ( talk toothache).

Less common are word-forming homonyms-nouns with homonymous suffixes: wallet1"paper wallet" - wallet2"paper industry worker".

The distinction between different homonym words and polysemantic words (one word with several meanings) causes many difficulties. Despite the obvious difference, homonymy and polysemy are connected primarily by the identity of the sound complex. In addition, the commonality of these two phenomena is indicated by the possibility of the emergence of homonyms as a result of splitting the polysemy of a word.

The objective difficulty of distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy is reflected in modern lexicographical practice. Thus, many words that are given as polysemantic in one dictionary are considered in another (or others) as different words, homonymous to each other. For example, the word glorious in the four-volume “small” academic dictionary (M., 1984, vol. IY) it is given as polysemantic: glorious 1) famous, famous; 2) decomposition very nice, personable. The 16th edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Language, published in the same year, contains two independent words: nice1"famous, famous" and nice2 (decomposition) “very good, pleasant, cute.” The word is qualified differently in these dictionaries thin. The “small” academic dictionary contains two words with homonymous relationships: thin1"skinny" and thin2 with two meanings: 1) decomposition bad, bad and 2) decomposition full of holes. The dictionary gives three independent homonym words: thin1"skinny", thin2 decomposition"bad" and thin3 decomposition"holey".

There are several ways to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy.

a) Selection of related (cognate) words, i.e. establishing derivational connections of words. For example, world"Universe" - world, world; world"peace, a state opposite to war" - peaceful, put up. The derivative words for both words being compared are different, therefore, we have before us lexical homonyms. The homonymy of words is proved in a similar way fist1"brush clenched into a fist" and fist2"exploiter": fist1– fist, fist2- kulak.

Word-formation series for individual meanings of a polysemantic word usually coincide: fog 1) opaque air; 2) something unclear, incomprehensible: foggy, nebula, foggy;

b) Substitution of synonyms for each of the words and subsequent comparison of these synonyms with each other. If they turn out to be close in meaning, then we have a polysemantic word, otherwise we will be dealing with homonymy. For example: fight1"battle"; fight2"servant boy" Synonyms selected for words fight1 And fight2 different in meaning, therefore, they are homonyms. The battle(sea battle) and the battle(bullfight) are not homonyms, since the synonyms selected for them (sea the battle –battle, battle And the battle bulls - competition are synonymous with each other).

c) Determination of lexical compatibility of words. If you make a sentence with each of the homonym words radical1“a supporter of the left bourgeois parties” and radical2“mathematical sign”, then it can be noted that the compatibility of the animate word radical1 and inanimate radical2 different: The famous radical ; In this formula you forgot to write radical .

These methods are not flawless in distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy. The main criteria in this case can be semantics and origin: 1) analysis of the meanings of polysemic words and homonym words, establishing the presence or loss of a connection between these meanings; 2) use of information about the origin of such words contained in etymological dictionaries Russian language.

5. The first Russian dictionary of homonyms is “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language” (M., 1974, 2nd edition - 1976).

The dictionary contains 2,300 dictionary entries, which include root and service homonyms of various origins. Each homonym word is interpreted. The interpretation includes grammatical and stylistic notes, an indication of the origin and word-formation connections with other words, translation into English, French and German, some illustrative examples of use in speech.

The dictionary outlines three types of formation of homonyms: 1) words in which homonymy is expressed by a morphemic structure: piercing1(grass) - prickly2(sugar); flue 1“that through which gas flows” and flue2“that which moves with the help of gas”; 2) divergent homonymy: fist1"part of the hand" - fist2“peasant exploiter”; 3) originally different words: bow1"plant" - bow2"weapon".

The dictionary is not only the most full meeting Russian lexical homonyms, but also a good reference tool that allows you to distinguish homonymy from polysemy.

In 1979, the Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language was published in Tbilisi. The dictionary contains 4000 “homonymic associations, among which are not only lexical homonyms, but also phenomena similar to them, for example, homoforms like Roy(bee) and Roy(imperative form of the verb to dig). In terms of the quality of lexicographic development of homonyms, this dictionary is inferior to the dictionary. In 1978, the dictionary was republished with some corrections and additions.