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Electrical wiring in a house or cottage serves to transport electricity to various types of electricity consumers: lighting fixtures, heaters, boilers, pumps, televisions, etc. All these devices create comfortable living conditions and have a wide range of power consumption from 10 W (shavers, DVDs) to 5 kW (boilers, electric boilers). The role of electrical wires is very difficult to overestimate. Further comfort and safety during operation depends on the correct choice of wire types for various consumer groups at the design and construction stage. Hundreds of meters of wires for various purposes are hidden in the walls of modern buildings, and they are all different - some are thicker, others are thinner, some have two cores, and some have three or more. Each wire has its own purpose ( power wiring, lighting, signal cables, telephone cables, Internet) and is responsible for the operation of a particular electrical appliance. Of the many different types of wires and cables, in this article we will look at electrical wires and cables used in construction to transport electricity. Let's consider their varieties, brands and scope of application. Electrical wiring– consists of wires and cables with their associated fastenings, supporting and protective structures.

Electrical wires are produced in copper and aluminum. Copper wires have better conductivity than aluminum wires, but are also more expensive.

What is a wire?

The wire- this is one uninsulated or one or more insulated conductors, over which there may be a non-metallic sheath, winding or braiding made of fibrous materials or wire. Wires can be bare or insulated. Wires can be used for power lines, for the manufacture of electric motor windings, for connections in electronic equipment, etc.

Bare wires do not have any protective or insulated coatings and are mainly used for power lines.

Veins insulated wires covered with PVC, rubber or plastic insulation.

Installation wires- wires for low voltage electrical distribution networks.

Naked are called wires that do not have protective or insulating coatings over the conductive cores. Bare wires of the brands PSO, PS, A, AS, etc. are usually used for overhead power lines.

Isolated are called wires in which the current-carrying cores are covered with insulation, and on top of the insulation there is a braid of cotton yarn or a sheath of rubber, plastic or metal tape. Insulated wires can be either protected or unprotected.

Protected are called insulated wires that have a sheath on top of the electrical insulation designed to seal and protect from external climatic influences. These include wires of the brands APRN, PRVD, APRF, etc.

Unprotected are called insulated wires that do not have a protective sheath over the electrical insulation (wires of the APRTO, PRD, APPR, APPV, PPV brands).

What is a cable?

Cable- one or more insulated conductors enclosed in a common sealed sheath (lead, aluminum, rubber, plastic), on top of which, depending on the laying and operating conditions, there may be an armor sheath (coating of steel strips or flat or round wire). Such cables are called armored. Cables without armor are used where there is no possibility of mechanical damage.

According to the area of ​​application, the cables are divided into the following types:

What is a cord?

Cord is a wire consisting of two or more insulated flexible conductors with a cross-section of up to 1.5 mm, covered with a non-metallic sheath or other protective coverings. The cord is used to connect electrical household appliances (table lamps, vacuum cleaners, washing machines). The core of the cord must be multi-wire; in addition, the cores are connected to each other by twisting or a common braid.

Two-core cords are used if the device body does not require protective zeroing, if grounding is required, then three-core cords are used.

MARKING OF WIRES AND CABLES

Brand of wire (cable)- this is a letter designation that characterizes the material of current-carrying conductors, insulation, degree of flexibility and design of protective covers. There are certain rules for the designation of wires.

Wires and cables are marked with letters.

First letter. Core material: A – aluminum, copper – no letter.

Second letter. In the wire designation: P - wire (PP - flat wire), K - control, M-mounting, MG - mounting with a flexible core, P(U) or Ш - installation, in the cable designation the sheath material.

Third letter. In the designation of wire and cable - core insulation material: V or VR - polyvinyl chloride (PVC), P - polyethylene, R - rubber, N or NR - nayrite (non-flammable rubber), F - folded (metal) sheath, K - nylon, L - varnished, ME - enameled, O - polyamide silk braid, W - polyamide silk insulation, S - fiberglass, E - shielded, G - with flexible core, T - with supporting cable.

The rubber insulation of the wire can be protected by sheaths: B - polyvinyl chloride, N - nayrite. The letters B and H are placed after the designation of the wire insulation material.

Fourth letter. Design features. A - asphalted, B - armored tapes, G - flexible (wire), without protective cover (power cable), K - armored with round wires, O - braided, T - for installation in pipes.

Control cables.

A is the first letter, then the aluminum core, if it is absent, the copper core.

B - second letter (in the absence of A) - PVC insulation.

B - third letter (in the absence of A) - PVC sheath.

P - polyethylene insulation.

Ps - insulation made of self-extinguishing polyethylene.

G - absence of a protective layer.

R - rubber insulation.

K - first or second letter (after A) - control cable.

KG - flexible cable.

F - fluoroplastic insulation.

E - in the middle or at the end of the designation - shielded cable.

Letter designation of installation wires

Installation wires.

M - at the beginning of the designation - installation wire.

G - multi-wire conductor; if the letter is missing, then it is single-wire.

Ш - polyamide silk insulation.

B - polyvinyl chloride insulation.

K - nylon insulation.

L - varnished.

C - fiberglass winding and braiding.

D - double braid.

O - polyamide silk braid.

Special designations. PV-1, PV-3 - vinyl insulated wire. 1, 3 - core flexibility class.

PVA is a connecting wire in a vinyl sheath.

SHVVP - cord with vinyl insulation, vinyl sheathed, flat.

PUNP - universal flat wire.

PUGNP - universal flat flexible wire.

Letter designation of installation wires

In addition to letter designations, brands of wires, cables and cords contain digital designations: the first digit is the number of cores, the second digit is the cross-sectional area, the third is the rated voltage of the network. The absence of the first digit means that the cable or wire is single-core. The cross-sectional areas of the cores are standardized. The values ​​of the cross-sectional areas of the wires are selected depending on the current strength, the material of the cores, and laying conditions (cooling).

The designation of cords must include the letter Ш.

Designation examples:

PPV 2x1.5-380– copper wire, with PVC insulation, flat, two-core, core cross-sectional area 1.5 mm, voltage 380 V.

VVG 4x2.5-380- cable with copper conductors, in PVC insulation, in PVC sheath, without protective cover, 4-core, with a core cross-sectional area of ​​2.5 mm, for a voltage of 380 V.

Wire color coding

In addition to alphanumeric markings of wires and cables, there is color marking. Below we list the colors used to mark the wire and the corresponding purpose of the core:

In addition, in accordance with the PUE, it is allowed to use a different color for the phase conductor, for example, brown, white.

Power cables with PVC and rubber insulation.

AC - aluminum core and lead sheath.

AA - aluminum core and aluminum sheath.

B - armor made of two steel strips with anti-corrosion coating.

BN - the same, but with non-flammable protective layer.

B is the first (in the absence of A) letter - PVC insulation.

B - the second (in the absence of A) letter - PVC shell.

G - at the end of the designation - there is no protective layer over the armor or shell.

Shv - a protective layer in the form of an extruded PVC hose (shell).

Шп - a protective layer in the form of an extruded hose (shell) made of polyethylene.

K - armor made of round galvanized steel wires, on top of which a protective layer is applied; if K is at the beginning of the designation, a control cable.

C - lead sheath.

O - separate shells on top of each phase.

R - rubber insulation.

HP - rubber insulation and a shell made of rubber that does not support combustion. P - insulation or shell made of thermoplastic polyethylene.

PS - insulation or shell made of self-extinguishing, non-flammable polyethylene.

PV - insulation made of vulcanized polyethylene.

ng - non-flammable.

LS - Low Smoke - reduced smoke emission.

ng-LS - non-flammable, with reduced smoke emission.

FR - with increased fire resistance (mica-containing tape is usually used as a fire-resistant material)

FRLS - with reduced smoke emission, with increased fire resistance

E - screen made of copper wires and spirally applied copper tape

KG - flexible cable.

DECODING OF MARKING OF WIRES AND CABLES OF IMPORTED

PRODUCTION

Power cable.

N - cable is manufactured according to the German VDE standard (Verband Deutscher

Elektrotechniker - union of German electrical engineers).

Y - PVC insulation.

H - Absence of halogens (harmful organic compounds) in PVC insulation.

M - Installation cable.

C - Availability of copper screen.

RG - Availability of armor.

Control cable.

Y - PVC insulation.

SL - Control cable.

Li - Stranded conductor made according to the German VDE standard.

Installation wires.

H - Harmonized wire (HAR approval).

N - Compliance with national standard.

05 - Rated voltage 300/500 V.

07 - Rated voltage 450/750 V.

V - PVC insulation.

K - Flexible core for fixed installation

Electrical wires for indoor installation

Electrical wires for internal wiring are somewhat different from power cables - first of all, these differences relate to their technical characteristics and the cross-section of the wire itself. Varieties of similar electrical wires, as well as cable products, there are quite a lot of them and therefore the question of their choice is quite acute.

PBPP (PUNP)– installation wire with flat single cores placed in PVC insulation and the same outer sheath. It can have from one to three cores with a maximum cross-section of 6 squares. In most cases, it is used for lighting electrical wiring - it is not excluded that it can be used to connect sockets, but on the condition that they will include low-power consumers. They can have both copper and aluminum conductors - in the latter case they are marked as APBPP.

PBPPg (PUGNP). Their main difference from PBPP lies in the cores themselves - they are twisted and consist of thin wires. The letter “g” at the end of the marking indicates that this wire is flexible.

PPV. Single-core copper wire - recommended for hidden electrical wiring or for installation in a corrugated or cable duct. Has single insulation.

APPV- the same as PPV, only with an aluminum conductor.

Automatic reclosing– one of the varieties of PPV. It differs from it in an aluminum twisted core, consisting of wires tightly wound together. Produced in sections up to 16 squares.

PVS. This is one of the most common brands of electrical wires and cables - the sheath and its insulation are made of PVC. Its distinctive feature is its round cross-section and twisted conductors. The cross-section of such electrical wires can vary from 0.75 to 16 squares. As a rule, it is used to connect household electricity consumers - wiring is not installed with this wire.

SHVVP– copper or copper-tinned flat electrical wire, intended for domestic needs. Just like PVA, it is used to connect household consumers. This is a twisted electrical wire, the cores of which consist of thin wires - it can have a cross-section from 0.5 to 16 squares.

Below are tables for selecting a specific brand of wire or cable depending on the conditions of use.

WIRE GRADES

CABLE BRANDS

BRANDS OF CORDS

Power cables

Among the most popular types of cable products recently are the VVG cable and its modifications.

VVG denotes a power cable with TPG insulation made of PVC, a sheath (cambric) made of PVC, copper core material, which does not have external protection (Fig. 4.23).

PBPP (PUNP) refers to installation, or installation. The wire is flat, with single-wire copper cores covered with PVC insulation, the outer sheath is also made of PVC (Fig. 4.30).

Number of cores - 2 or 3, cross-section - from 1.5 to 6 mm 2. It is used when laying stationary lighting systems, as well as for installing sockets, although it is preferable to use it specifically for lighting. Rated voltage - up to 250 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Operating temperature range - from -15 to +50 "C. Bending radius - at least 10 diameters.

PBPPg (PUGNP) differs from PUNP in conductors - they are multi-wire (Fig. 4.31). That is why the letter “g” is added to the name of the wire - flexible.

All other characteristics correspond to PUNP, only the minimum bending radius is 6. Distinctive property- flexibility, therefore PUGNP are laid in places where the wiring makes frequent bends, or for connection to the network of household appliances. Wires of these brands are sold in coils of 100 and 200 m. The color is usually white, less often black.

A type of PUNP includes a wire with aluminum conductors APUNP (Fig. 4.32). He has exactly the same characteristics as PUNP, adjusted for core material. The only difference is that APUNP cannot be multi-wire, and therefore flexible.

NOTE

In general, wires of the PUNP, PUGNP and APUNP brands have proven themselves to be excellent household wires. In half the cases the master has to deal with them. However, it should be remembered that these brands of wires are highly specialized, and you should not use them instead of power cables (such as NYM or VVG).

ATTENTION!

The popularity of PUNP and PUGNP wires is based primarily on price. However, there is a catch in this. The fact is that recently a discrepancy has been noticed between the declared cross-section of the wire cores and the actual one. After checking, it turned out that the wire marked PUGNP 3x1.5 is actually 3 x 1 - that is, the actual cross-section of the core is smaller. The same applies to isolation. When purchasing wires of this brand, it is necessary to measure the cross-section of the conductors and the thickness of the insulation.

400 Hz. The wire is resistant to aggressive chemical environments, non-flammable, has a wide operating temperature range - from -50 to +70 "C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35 "C. The bending radius during installation is at least 10 diameters of the wire cross-section. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration. APPV has the same characteristics as PPPV, with the exception of the core material - it is aluminum (see Fig. 4.34). APV - aluminum single-core wire with PVC insulation (Fig. 4.34). The wire is round, single-wire with a cross-section from 2.5 to 16 mm 2 and multi-wire - from 25 to 95 mm 2. The wire is used in almost all types of installation of stationary lighting and power systems. It is laid in voids, pipes, steel and plastic trays. Widely used in the installation of distribution boards. Chemically resistant temperature regime operation - from -50 to +70 "C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35 "C. The bending radius is at least 10 diameters. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration. The appearance and characteristics of PV 1 are identical in everything to APV, except for the core material: instead of aluminum - copper (Fig. 4.35). The core cross-section starts from 0.75 mm 2. In addition, the core becomes stranded not from 25, but from 16 mm 2. More flexible than automatic reclosure. The characteristics of wire PV 3 coincide with the properties of automatic reclosure and PV 1. Area of ​​application - installation of sections of lighting and power circuits where frequent bending of wires is necessary: ​​in distribution boards, when installing a large number of electrical devices. It is also used for laying electrical circuits in cars. The bending radius is at least 6 wire diameters (Fig. 4.36).

The core is multi-wire, their total number ranges from 2 to 5, cross-section - from 0.75 to 16 mm 2. Rated voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Core insulation has color coding, the shell is white.

The wire is used to connect various electrical devices, from household appliances to gardening tools. Due to its flexibility and lightness, it is also used for lighting and even installation of sockets. PVA is a household wire used for making extension cords, cords for any type of equipment and repairing electrical networks. It is non-flammable (does not propagate combustion when laid alone), heat-resistant: temperature range - from -40 to +40 °C (PVS U version) and from -25 to +40 "C. Due to its design, it is resistant to bending and mechanical wear. PVA can withstand at least 3000 kinks.

SHVVP - copper or tinned copper flat wire (Fig. 4.38). Core insulation and sheath made of PVC.

ShVVP wire The core is multi-wire, with increased flexibility. Number of cores - 2 or 3, cross-section - from 0.5 to 0.75 mm 2. Voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Used as a cord for connecting lighting fixtures

NOTE

and low-power household appliances, for example, soldering irons, mixers, coffee grinders and electronic devices.

ShVVP is a wire exclusively for household needs; it is not used for wiring lighting or sockets.

Cables for information transmissionIn addition to electricity, transmission cablesgive information signals. In byLately there have been a lot ofnew types of information conductors.If 10-15 years ago there wereonly telephone and antenna cables, thennow with the development of computer technologynicknames of types of information wiresthere are a lot more nicknames. MostMost of them are too specializedand is of interest only to narrowspecialized specialists. For homeit is enough for a master to know and be able touse only a few types

mi. We will consider them. Antenna cables. For todayday most often used RG-6, RG-59, RG-58 or Russian equivalents

RG-6 - coaxial cable for petransmission of high frequency signals forelectronic equipment, televisionor radio (Fig. 4.39).

Consists of a central copperconductors with a cross section of 1 mm 2 surroundingits insulation is made of polyethylene foamlena, aluminum foil screengi, external conductor made of tinnedcopper braid and PVC sheath.Widely used for transmissioncable and satellite signalstelevision. Has a lot of technologyical characteristics relating to chatransmitting signal strength, resistancelenation, shielding, etc. For example,designation in the name of the cable RK 75means that the conductor resistanceka - 75 Ohm (Fig. 4.40).

This information is intended for specialists. In short, we can say that this cable is ideal for transmitting a video signal from an antenna or video camera to a receiver (TV) and distributing the video signal to several sources (Fig. 4.41).

receiving or transmitting a signal. Each conductor is enclosed in PVC or propylene insulation. The outer shell is also made of PVC. The cable can be additionally equipped with a waterproof polypropylene sheath. There is a breaking thread in the twisted pair design. With its help, the outer sheath can be easily removed from the cable, opening access to the conductive conductors.

Rice. 4.45. Tip RJ-45 for connecting to a computer
S/FTP, or foil, shielded with common screen from foil, in addition, each pair is additionally enclosed in a screen. In addition, twisted pair

/are divided into categories according to the number of pairs combined into one cable. The most common type used for computer networks, is a category ria CAT5e. It consists of 4 pairs of wires different colors. Data transfer speed - up to 1 Gb/s when using all pairs.

You can see such a cable used as a telephone wire of category CAT1 or CAT2, that is, consisting of 1 or 2 pairs of wires.

Telephone cables and wires

Telephone conductors are divided into 2 main types. The first ones are intended for laying several (up to 400) subscriber lines. The second type is used for wiring in a separate apartment or house.

TPPep - the main type of cable for laying a line designed for a large number of subscribers (Fig. 4.46).

The cable consists of two wires twisted into pairs. TPG made of soft copper wire, with a cross section of 0.4 or 0.5 mm 2, covered with polyethylene insulation. In some types of cable, pairs are combined into groups of 5 or 10 pairs. The outer shell is also polyethylene or vinyl. The letters “e” and “i” in the name stand for film screen. There are varieties of cable armored with tapes, or filled, in which the space between the sheath and the cores is occupied by a hydrophobic seal. In a word, this is a cable for telephone communication in an apartment building; it is intended for installation in almost all conditions: underground, in cable ducts or by air.

To conduct a telephone line to an individual subscriber and distribute indoors, the following telephone wires are used: two types.

TRV- one- or two-pair telephone distribution wire (Fig. 4.47).
Rice. 4.47. Telephone TRV wire

This is a flat wire withdivided by the base, veincopper, single wire, ce0.4 or 0.5 mm 2. Quantitynumber of cores - 2 or 4. Insulation fromPVC. Designed for conducting telephone lines indoors.

Operated with temperature from -10 to +40 °C. Humidity should not exceed 80% at temperature+30 °С.

TRP - the characteristics coincide with the expansion valve. The only difference is the insulation; for TRP it is made of polyethylene (Fig. 4.48).

Rice. 4.48.

TRP wire Possessing increased resistance to environmental influences. Such places include baths, ovens and cellars. In general, anywhere where it is too hot, humid or cold and there is a possibility mechanical damage

. It is clear that PVS or VVG cannot be installed in such places, not to mention PUNP or ShVVP. - power installation single-core wire of increased heat resistance, flexible. Copper core, multi-wire, cross-section from 0.75 to 120 mm 2. Insulation made of silicone rubber, fiberglass shell, impregnated with heat-resistant enamel or varnish (Fig. 4.51).
Rice. 4.51. The wire

RKGM This wire is designed for rated voltage up to 660 V and frequency up to 400 Hz. Vibration resistant high humidity(up to 100% at a temperature of +35 °C), heat-resistant (operating temperature range from 60 to +180 °C). In addition, the wire is protected from the harmful effects of varnishes, solvents and fungal mold. The ideal guidefor rooms from above

temperature (boiler rooms and stoves), suitable for electrical installation in baths, saunas, oven connections. PNSV
- single-core heating wire. TPZh single-wire steel, blued or galvanized steel (Fig. 4.52). Rice. 4.52. The wire

PNSV

Core cross-section - 1.2; 1.4; 2 and 3 mm 2. PVC or polyethylene insulation. Rated voltage up to 380 V, frequency 50 Hz. The wire is heat-resistant: the operating temperature range is from -50 to +80 °C, it is resistant to alkalis and moisture-resistant (tolerates immersion in water). It is used as a heating element: in domestic conditions, heated floors are installed using PNSV. runway - single-core copper wire
. The core is multi-wire, enclosed in polyethylene insulation, the sheath is also made of polyethylene or PVC (Fig. 4.53). Rice. 4.53.

The wire

runwayCore cross-section - from 1.2 to 25 mm 2. Rated voltage - 380 or 660 V, frequency 50 Hz. The wire is resistant to pressure changes. Operating temperature range - from -40 to +80 °C. It is used for motors of artesian wells immersed in water under high pressure conditions.LED cablea very interesting power option. Under the transparent outer shell along the power TPGs there are additional

wires from the afterbirth tightly connected LEDs

different color . They are located at a distance of 2 cm from each other, burn with a constant, fairly strong light (Fig. 4.54)., although it can be used to create entire light paintings. In addition to aesthetic purposes, it is very convenient for connecting to portable electrical mechanisms. Most often, LED cables are used to connect stage equipment. It is useful because if it breaks, you don’t have to look for the damage site: the diodes in this area will stop glowing. Such cables are manufactured by Duralight. In addition to power conductors, there are computer luminous cables.

In addition to LED cables, there are electroluminescent cables. They glow evenly along their entire length. Using such cables you can create luminous inscriptions and even entire paintings. This is an excellent alternative to the flexible neon tubes that these designer decorations are usually made from. In addition, electroluminescent cable is cheaper than neon tubes and is not limited in length.

Used for conducting lines indoors and in telephone sets. Highly flexible wire. PRPPM - flat wire with a dividing base and single-wire copper conductors with insulation and polyethylene sheath (Fig. 4.50). There is a modificationPRPVM, the shell of which is made of PVC. Number of cores

Special types of cables and wires

For installation electrical systems in places where the conditions are very different from usual, special cables are used,

Compared to expansion valves, the wire is more resistant to the external environment and can be laid outside buildings. SHTLP - telephone flat cord with copper stranded conductors. The core insulation is made of polyethylene (Fig. 4.49). Insulated TPGs are covered with a PVC sheath. Number of cores - 2 or 4, cross-section - from 0.08 to 0.12 mm 2.

Cable and wire products have become a part of human life, as they perform many functions: from transporting electricity to transmitting various signals. It is impossible to imagine normal functioning without wires and cables industrial enterprises, operation of household appliances and lighting equipment, transmission of telephone signals, Internet performance, etc.

What types of cables and wires are there, by what criteria are they classified? Every electrician, engineer or home handyman should know the answers to these questions when performing electrical installation work and repairs.

Introductory information

Before studying the classification of cable products, it is necessary to consider the differences between wires and cables.

A cable is a product consisting of several (or one) conductive intertwined cores in their own insulation, enclosed in one or more common protective shells.

Also, bonded products may have in their design a special shell with increased protective properties, which is called armor. Cables with such a protective layer are called armored, and products without such insulation are called bare.

A wire is a product that consists of one without insulation or one or several strands (wires) with insulation, which are enclosed in a lightweight protective sheath of non-metallic material. These cable connections are not intended to be installed underwater or underground.

Cord is a variation of wire that consists of several flexible or ultra-flexible strands cross section up to 1.3-1.5 mm2, laid on top of each other in parallel or intertwined in a specific way. A special protective cover and a sheath of non-metallic material are usually placed over the conductor elements of the cord.

Important! The main difference between the concepts described above is their technical properties and design.

The cable has increased capacity and enhanced complex design Accordingly, it can be used to transmit, for example, high current strength and voltage over long distances and in aggressive conditions. And the wire and cord have a simplified lightweight design and are intended for connecting elements of a conductive network or powering household appliances.

All such electrical products differ from each other in the following ways:

• material from which the protective and insulating protective layer(s) are made;
• characteristics of the shielding element installed in the structure;
• technical parameters, which are expressed in physical quantities;
• material of manufacture and number of conductors;
• conductivity;
• the total cross-section of the cable product, the cross-sectional shape and diameter of the conductor cores and others.

It is these characteristics that formed the basis for the classification of products by area of ​​application.

Classification of cables by application

Any cable and wire products are divided into types based on their purpose.

Depending on the scope of application, the following types of cables are distinguished:

1. Power cable products;
2. Communication cables;
3. Control electrical cables;
4. Electrical control cable;
5. Radio frequency cable products;
6. Special purpose cables.

Important! At electrical installation work it is necessary to know the type of cable required for a specific situation, since their electrical properties and design features are different. Accordingly, for example, when laying power lines, the use of a communication cable is unacceptable.

Power cables

This type of product is intended for the transportation and distribution of electrical energy in installations stationary type. Used for organizing power lines, installing premises wiring, power supply industrial equipment and other things.

The core is usually made of aluminum, copper-aluminum alloy, copper. The material of the insulating layer can be rubber, PVC, paper tape, cross-linked polyethylene and others. The protective shell can be plastic, aluminum or lead alloy. The operating AC voltage range is from 660 V to 450-500 kV.

Popular representatives: AVBShv, VVG, AVVG, VVG-P, AVVGng and other variations.

Communication cables

The organization of wired telecommunications and alarm systems is carried out using communication cables. They are divided into two groups:

1. High-frequency cables are used for laying communication lines over long distances;
2. Low-frequency products are used for mounting local communication lines.

Copper communication cable is the most popular representative of this class of products, having cores made of copper composition. They have insulation mainly made of plastic, paper or polyethylene, and a combination of these materials is also possible. The containment can be made of lead, plastic, steel and aluminum.

Common brands: TPP, TPV, TZK, TZG, KMB, KMG, MKSG and others.

Control cable

Connecting household appliances and electrical equipment, control over the operation of objects, the organization of signaling mechanisms are carried out using control type electrical cables.

The conductor element in such products can be made of bimetal (aluminium-copper), aluminum or copper. Insulation layer – PVC plastic, various different variations polyethylene and occasionally rubber material.

Representatives: KVVG, AKVBbShv, KVVGEng, AKVVGEng, KSPV, KSPVG, KVK, KVK-t, KVK-V and others.

Control cables

Conductor products used to transport low-power signals from sensors to control devices, as well as to control mechanisms at a distance, are called control cables. They can have either a flat or round shape.

The cores in these electrical cables are made only from copper, they can be shielded, but the insulating layer can be made from any substance: rubber, PVC, polyethylene material, fluoroplastic. The shell is made of plastic, on top of which armor in the form of steel wires is often applied.

Popular modifications: KPV (single-core copper electric cable), KRSHS, KRSHU, KGVV, MERSH-M and others.

RF cables

Transportation of various signals, pulses and digital information in various ranges is carried out using radio frequency cables.

The conductor element is made of copper composition, the insulation is made of fluoroplastic or polyethylene. The insulation can also be semi-airborne due to the use of porous plastic or cordel (filler). The insulating layer is usually covered with an outer conductor element and a protective polyethylene or plastic sheath.

Popular brands of this class: RK, RD, RS and their subtypes.

Electrical cables for special purposes

There are also narrow-directional cable products ( special purpose), which can be used to organize the operation of equipment on assembly lines, conveyors, transport systems and other mechanisms. The design of such cables can be any - it all depends on the input parameters.

Types of wires by purpose

Wires according to the scope of application are divided into the following types:

• installation conductor products are necessary for distributing electricity and connecting various consumers to the network (the most popular brands: APV with a small cross-section - single-core aluminum cable, various variations of PVA);
• winding wires are used for winding sections and elements of electrical mechanisms, measuring instruments and control devices (PEL brand - single-core copper wire, PEV, PLBD, PSD and others);
• insulated and non-insulated wires are used to transport electricity through overhead power lines (marking - M, A, AC and their variations);
• Mounting wires are used to connect radio components and elements of electronic equipment to each other (brands MGTF, MGShV, MLP, MSTP and others).

Modern life cannot be imagined without electricity. To ensure comfortable living and working conditions, houses and cottages, offices and apartments are supplied with electricity necessary for the operation of household appliances.

Electrical wiring is a complex consisting of cables or wires, various fasteners and other elements (clamps, terminals), protecting and supporting structures and parts.

Electrical wiring is considered one of the most important parts utility networks, based on the purpose of the building, various types of electrical wiring are used, various ways gaskets

Classification of electrical wiring

According to placement, wiring is divided into types:

• internal.

External wiring is arranged according to external walls houses, on supports or under canopies. The internal one is mounted from inside the building.

There are also types of electrical wiring that differ in installation methods:

• hidden;

Open electrical wiring is laid along the ceiling, walls and other building structures. There are several ways to lay wires:

• along the walls;
• in tubes, sleeves, boxes;
• hanging, etc.

Concealed electrical wiring is laid inside the building structures - floor, walls, in the cavities of the foundation and ceilings.

There are many ways to lay wires when installing hidden electrical wiring:

• in flexible sleeves;
• in tubes;
• in special channels and cavities of panels;
• in wall grooves.

The installation of open external electrical wiring is carried out via overhead lines, consisting of individual supports and the wire (cable) itself.

The design of such wiring must be carried out in compliance with the following basic requirements:

• uninsulated wires should be located at a distance of at least 2.75 m from the nearest horizontal surface (for example, the roof of a house);
• when laying over a road, the distance from its surface to the wire should be more than 6 m;
• the overhead line is not allowed to be laid on the roofs of buildings, except for the area necessary for introducing power into the building;
• for lines with a rated voltage of 220V, the gap between adjacent uninsulated wires is taken to be more than 0.15 m;
• the distance from the wires to the windows and balconies of residential buildings should be more than 1.5 m.

Connecting buildings to power lines is usually done using bare aluminum wires, but recently insulated aluminum SIP wire, also known as “tornado”, has become more popular.

The service life of aluminum wire is more than 45 years. It has proven itself during operation in various climatic regions.

The cross-section of the wires must be selected based on the need to provide power to all consumers, taking into account possible voltage drops, connections and branching of wires through terminals.

Wiring into the building should be carried out using an insulated cable or SIP wire; the wires are connected using clamps. If possible aluminum wire when inputting, it is recommended to prefer copper, because its electrical conductivity is one third higher, and overheating does not occur as often.

It should be noted that direct connection between aluminum and copper wires by twisting is not possible due to their oxidation and decreased conductivity.

It is best to use wires made of the same material when twisting. For example, “aluminium-aluminum”. The aluminum-copper connection can only be used using a clamp adapter.

The insulating layer, made of PVC, has a service life of up to 25 years. Cable grades AVVG (aluminum, PVC insulation) and VVG (copper in PVC insulation) may be produced for connection to “air ducts”, but due to the rapid destruction of PVC under the influence of the sun, it is better to use them as input cables into the building.

External hidden electrical wiring

In urban conditions, due to limited space, the laying of open lines is carried out mainly only for the purpose of organizing street lighting, and all other electrical networks are located below ground level. The buildings are connected to each other through distribution substations via cable routes.

Cables are laid in special concrete gutters or metal pipes, reliably protecting against moisture ingress. Cable protection is provided by insulation from polymer materials or artificial rubber, since with this installation method the main thing is to protect the terminals and cable from moisture, and not from light.

VRG cables are predominantly used ( copper cable power in rubber insulation and PVC sheath) and AVRG (power aluminum cable in rubber insulation and PVC sheath).

Open wiring is convenient primarily in office and rental premises, when each new tenant or owner carries out redevelopment and transfers electrical wiring at his own discretion.

The wire is carried in plastic (PVC) channels, fixed to the walls, and supplied to workplaces and equipment. Terminals are used to branch the wire. PVC is considered not only an excellent insulator, but also a fire-resistant material, which is why box-shaped channels with a tightly closing lid have become widespread.

Installing box-shaped channels on the walls has one significant drawback - it makes all the unevenness and curvature of the walls noticeable.

Open wiring can be arranged both horizontally and vertically. At horizontal way the wires are laid parallel to the floor line at a distance of at least 20 cm from the ceiling; when laying a pair of wires between them, an interval of at least 10 cm must be maintained. vertical way is carried out strictly at right angles to the plane of the ceiling.

The selection of channel cross-section depends on the diameter and number of wires placed in them, minimum size taking into account possible installation clamps – 10 mm. In addition to the channels themselves, there are various elements and parts with which wiring is carried out:

• boxes;
• external and internal corner connections;
• tees;
• crosses;
• terminals.

Internal wiring, laid in the channels, is carried out using standard wires with PVC insulation, their cross-section is taken from the power of the consumers. Typically, copper wire is used for lighting fixtures and sockets.

An alternative to cable channels can be called hollow baseboards, consisting of two elements - a box mounted on the wall and a decorative, tightly closing lid. These skirting boards carry wires to electrical outlets, and boxes are used to connect to lighting fixtures. The wires are connected using clamps.

It is much less common to see exposed wiring on brackets. These types of electrical wiring, despite being sufficiently reliable, do not differ in aesthetic properties and are more often installed in industrial premises - to organize lighting of workplaces and power supply to machine equipment.

For this purpose, copper wire with rubber insulation in a combined sheath is mainly used (for example, PRS 4 mm brand NRG).

Open types of electrical wiring, in which the wires are laid in insulators made of glass or ceramic materials, are still popular, despite their high cost. For styling old wiring A pair of twisted wires is pulled between the insulators at a distance of more than 25 mm from the surface of the ceiling or walls.

Real ceramic and glass insulators are quite difficult to find these days, which makes such wiring expensive.

The advantage of this method is the complete accessibility of each section of the electrical circuit, starting from distribution panel, terminals and clips, and ending with a socket or lamp.

The difficulty of implementation lies not so much in the acquisition of insulators, but in the manufacture of twisted wires - previously they were made from copper wire with insulation made of cotton or rubber.

Hidden types of electrical wiring are more suitable for individual houses, apartments or production premises. The choice of this type of wiring depends primarily on the materials from which the building is constructed. Hidden wiring is where free access to it is prevented by some barrier. The wire can be hidden not only in the ceiling, walls or floor, but also covered with suspended or frame structures.

For example, when installing suspended ceilings installation of lamps or chandeliers is carried out. These devices require a wire supply, which is placed in corrugated tubes made of non-flammable plastic, attached to the frame. The service life of such “corrugations” is more than 15 years.

Boxes made of tin or plastic are placed inside frame walls and ceilings. The design of such boxes does not provide for a lid; its function is performed by covering the frame or by a plastic fastener.

Wiring in concrete or brick walls hiding behind a layer of plaster.

The wires are laid in grooves - cut grooves, connections are made in boxes, and special sockets are cut for them in the wall. This wiring method is considered irreplaceable.

Cables used to build computer network infrastructure are available in a wide range of varieties. Among the most popular are coaxial, twisted pair, and optical fiber. What are the specifics of each of them? What are the features of installing the most common type - twisted pair?

Cable types: coaxial

Among the historically earliest types of cables used in network connections is coaxial. Its thickness is approximately the same as that of a computer power supply, designed to work with a 220 V outlet.

The structure of the coaxial structure is as follows: in the very middle there is a metal conductor, it is wrapped in a thick, most often plastic insulation. On top of it is a braid of copper or aluminum. The outer layer is an insulating shell.

The connection of the network cable of the type in question can be done by:

BNC connector;

BNC terminator;

BNC-T connector;

BNC barrel connector.

Let's consider their specifics in more detail.

The BNC connector is supposed to be placed at the ends of the cable and is used to connect to T- or barrel connectors. A BNC terminator is used as an isolating barrier that prevents signal movement along the cable. Correct functioning of the network without this element is in some cases impossible. A coaxial cable requires the use of two terminators, one of which requires grounding. The BNC-T connector is used to connect the PC to the main line. There are three slots in its structure. The first one is connected to the computer connector; the other two are used to connect different ends of the line. Another type of connector for coaxial cable is the BNC barrel. It is used to connect different ends of a highway, or to increase the radius of a computer network.

Among the useful features of coaxial designs is that there are no problems with deciding how to connect two network cables of this type. It is enough to ensure reliable contact of the conductive cores, of course, subject to the technology of pairing the insulation and the screen mesh. However, coaxial cable is quite sensitive to electromagnetic interference. Therefore, in the practice of building computer networks, it is now used quite rarely. However, it is indispensable in terms of organizing the infrastructure for transmitting television signals - from dishes or cable providers.

twisted pair

Probably the most common network cables for computers today are called “twisted pair”. Why this name? The fact is that the structure of this type of cable contains paired conductors. They are made of copper. A standard cable of the type in question includes 8 cores (thus, 4 pairs in total), but there are also samples with four conductors. The so-called pinout of a network cable of this type (correlating each core with a particular function) involves the use of insulation a certain color on each conductor.

The external insulation of the twisted pair is made of PVC, which provides sufficient protection of the conductive elements from electromagnetic interference. There are the types in question - FTP and STP. In the first, the foil performing the corresponding function is located on top of all the cores, in the second - on each of the conductors. There is an unshielded modification of twisted pair - UTP. As a rule, cables with foil are more expensive. But it makes sense to use them only if there is a need for high-quality data transmission over a relatively long distance. For home networks, an unshielded twisted pair version is quite suitable.

There are several classes of the corresponding type of structure, each of them is designated as CAT with a number from 1 to 7. The higher the corresponding indicator, the better materials, providing signal transmission. Modern network cables for computers for data exchange via Ethernet in home networks require elements to comply with CAT5 class. In connections that use twisted pair, connectors are used that would be correctly classified as 8P8C, but there is also an unofficial name for them - RJ-45. It can be noted that cables that meet at least the CAT5 and CAT6 classes can transmit data at speeds close to the maximum for the type of structure under consideration - up to 1 Gbit/s.

Optical fiber

Perhaps the most modern and fastest network cables for computers are fiber optic cables. Their structure contains light-conducting glass elements, which are protected by durable plastic insulation. Among the key advantages of these network cables for a computer is high immunity to interference. Also, data can be transmitted over a distance of about 100 km via optical fiber. The connection of cables of the type in question to devices can be carried out using various types connectors. Among the most common are SC, FC, F-3000.

What does this high-tech network cable for a computer look like? Photo of the fiber optic structure below.

The intensity of practical use of optical fiber is limited by the fairly high cost of the equipment necessary to transmit data through it. However, recently many Russian providers have been actively using this network cable for the Internet. According to IT experts, with the expectation that the corresponding investments will pay off in the future.

Evolution of cable infrastructure

Using the example of the three noted types of cables, we can trace some evolution in the aspect of building computer network infrastructure. Thus, initially, when transmitting data via the Ethernet standard, coaxial structures were used. At the same time, the maximum distance over which a signal could be sent from one device to another did not exceed 500 meters. The maximum over coaxial cable was about 10 Mbit/sec. The use of twisted pair cables has significantly increased the dynamics of file exchange on computer networks - up to 1 Gbit/sec. It also became possible to transmit data in duplex mode (one device could both receive signals and send them). With the advent of optical fiber, the IT industry was able to transfer files at speeds of 30-40 Gbit/sec or more. Thanks largely to this technology, computer networks successfully connect countries and continents.

Of course, when working with a PC, many other types of cables are used that are used in the installation of computer networks. Theoretically, for such purposes, you can use, for example, a USB cable, although this will not be very effective, in particular, due to the fact that within the USB standard, data can be transferred over a short distance - about 20 m.

How to connect twisted pair

Twisted pair, as we noted above, is today the most common type of cable in the design of computer networks. However, its practical use is characterized by some nuances. In particular, they reflect such an aspect as the pinout of the network cable, which we mentioned above. It is important to know how to correctly position the wires in the area where they come into contact with the RJ-45 connector. The procedure by which a twisted pair is connected to the corresponding element is called crimping, since during its implementation a special tool is used that involves force on the structure.

Nuances of crimping

During this procedure, the connectors are securely fixed to the ends of the twisted pair. The number of contacts in them corresponds to the number of cores - in both cases there are 8 such elements. There are several schemes within which twisted pair cables can be crimped.

Next we will look at the relevant specifics. But first, the person working with the cable needs to properly hold the connectors in their hands. They should be held so that the metal contacts are located on top.

The plastic latch should be directed towards the person doing the crimping. In this case, the 1st contact will be on the left, and the 8th contact will be on the right. Numbering - exclusively important nuance working with twisted pair cables. So, what crimp schemes are used by network infrastructure specialists?

First, there is a network cable design called EIA/TIA-568A. It assumes the arrangement of the cores in relation to the metal contacts of the connector in the following order:

For 1 contact: white-green;

For the 2nd: green;

For the 3rd: white-orange;

For the 4th: blue;

For the 5th: white and blue;

For the 6th: orange;

For the 7th: white-brown;

For the 8th: brown.

There is another scheme - EIA/TIA-568B. It assumes the arrangement of the cores in the following order:

For 1 contact: white-orange;

For the 2nd: orange;

For the 3rd: white-green;

For the 4th: blue;

For the 5th: white and blue;

For the 6th: green;

For the 7th: white-brown;

For the 8th: brown.

You now know how to connect a network cable to a connector. But it is useful to study the specifics regarding various twisted pair connection schemes to certain devices.

Crimping and connection type

So, when connecting a PC to a router or switch, you should use the direct connection method. If there is a need to organize file exchange between two computers without using a router, then you can use the cross connection method. The difference between the marked schemes is small. At direct method connections, the cable must be crimped using the same pinout. When crossed, one end is according to circuit 568A, the other is according to 568B.

High-tech savings

Twisted pair is characterized by one interesting feature. With a direct connection scheme, the device can use not 4 pairs of conductors, but 2. That is, using one cable it is permissible to connect 2 computers to the network at the same time. This way you can save on cable costs or make a connection if you really need to do this, but you don’t have extra meters of twisted pair at hand. True, in this case the maximum data exchange speed will not be 1 Gbit/sec, but 10 times less. But for organizing homework, it is acceptable in most situations.

How to distribute the cores in this case? In relation to the contacts on the connection connectors:

1 contact: white-orange core;

2nd: orange;

3rd: white-green;

6th: green.

That is, 4, 5, 7 and 8 cores are not used in this scheme. In turn, on the connectors for connecting a second computer:

1 contact: white-brown core;

2nd: brown;

3rd: white-blue;

6th: blue.

It may be noted that when implementing a crossover connection scheme, you must always use all 8 conductors in a twisted pair. Also, if the user needs to implement data transfer between devices at a speed of 1 Gbit/sec, the pinout will need to be carried out according to a special scheme. Let's consider its features.

Gigabit speed cross-connect

The first cable connector should be crimped according to diagram 568B. The second assumes the following comparison of cores and contacts on the connector:

1 contact: white-green core;

2nd: green;

3rd: white-orange;

4th: white-brown;

5th: brown;

6th: orange;

7th: blue;

8th: white and blue.

The circuit is quite similar to the 568A, but the position of the blue and brown wire pairs has been changed.

Compliance with the marked rules for matching the colors of cores and contacts on the 8P8C connector - most important factor ensuring the functionality of the network infrastructure. The person designing it must be careful when installing the relevant elements. It happens that the computer does not see the network cable - this is often due to incorrect crimping of the twisted pair cable.

How to crimp a cable correctly

Let's look at some technical nuances. The main device that is used in this case is a crimper. It is similar to pliers, but at the same time it is adapted to work specifically with computer cables of the appropriate type.

The design of the crimper requires the presence of special knives designed for cutting the structure. Also, sometimes crimpers are equipped with a small device for stripping twisted pair insulation. In the central part of the tool there are special sockets adapted to the thickness of the cable structure.

The optimal algorithm for the actions of a person crimping a twisted pair cable may be as follows.

• First of all, it is necessary to cut a section of the cable of suitable length - thus, precise measurements will be required.
• After this, the outer insulation should be removed - approximately 3 cm at the end of the cable. The main thing is not to accidentally damage the core insulation.
• Then you need to arrange the conductors in relation to the connection diagrams to the connector discussed above. Afterwards, trim the ends of the cores evenly, so that the length of each of them outside the outer layer of insulation is about 12 mm.
• Next, you need to put the connector on the cable so that the wires remain in the order that corresponds to the connection diagram, and each of them fits into the desired channel. You should move the wires until you feel resistance from the plastic wall of the connector.
• After the cores have been properly positioned inside the connector, the PVC sheath should be positioned inside the connector body. If you can't do this, you may need to pull out the wires and shorten them a little.

Once all the structural elements are positioned correctly, you can crimp the cable by inserting the connector into a special socket on the crimper and smoothly pressing the tool handle until it stops.