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People's temperaments are the individual characteristics of the personality and character of each of them. A person's temperament and character are the main properties of his personality and individuality. It reflects the characteristics of human behavior that have been characteristic of him since birth and expresses the individual’s attitude towards the world around him.

To be successful and communicate with others, a person simply needs to take into account people’s temperaments and their characteristics. This reduces the likelihood of conflict situations and possible stress.

Human temperaments have been studied since the 2nd century BC. e. It was then that Claudius Galen identified four types that are still used today.

A person’s temperament is determined from birth - it is an innate personality trait that does not change throughout life. However, temperament has always been a subject for scientific research. It was studied by the likes of Wundt, Kant, and Pavlov. And the British psychologist Eysenck in the twentieth century developed a test to determine human temperament. The test is a questionnaire of 50-100 questions. Thanks to this test, you can accurately determine a person’s temperament type.

People's temperaments are completely different. But there is no worst or best of them. Therefore, when communicating, efforts should be made to identify and use the advantages of one or another temperament.

A representative of this type is a lively, inquisitive, active (but without sudden, impetuous movements) person. As a rule, he is cheerful and cheerful. Emotionally unstable, easily succumbing to feelings, but they are usually not strong or deep. He quickly forgets insults and experiences failures relatively easily. He is very team-oriented, easily establishes contacts, sociable, friendly, friendly, quickly gets along with people, and easily establishes good relationships.

With proper upbringing, a sanguine person is distinguished by a highly developed sense of collectivism, responsiveness, and an active attitude towards educational work, labor and public life. Under unfavorable conditions, when there is no systematic, purposeful upbringing, a sanguine person may exhibit a frivolous, carefree and careless attitude to work, scattered thoughts, inability and unwillingness to complete things, a frivolous attitude towards learning, work, other people, and an overestimation of oneself and one’s capabilities.

A representative of this type is slow, calm, unhurried. In his activities he demonstrates thoroughness, thoughtfulness, and perseverance. He is inclined towards order, familiar surroundings, and does not like changes in anything. As a rule, he brings the job he starts to completion. All mental processes in a phlegmatic person proceed slowly. This slowness may interfere with his educational activities, especially where you need to quickly remember, quickly understand, figure out, quickly do. In such cases, a phlegmatic person may show helplessness, but he usually remembers for a long time, thoroughly and firmly.

In relationships with people, a phlegmatic person is always even-tempered, calm, moderately sociable, and has a stable mood. The calmness of a person of phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude towards events and phenomena of life : A phlegmatic person is not easily angered and emotionally hurt, he avoids quarrels, and is not unbalanced by troubles and failures. With proper upbringing, a phlegmatic person easily develops such traits as perseverance, efficiency, and perseverance. But in unfavorable circumstances, a phlegmatic person can develop such specific negative traits as lethargy, inertia, passivity, laziness. Sometimes a person of this temperament may develop an indifferent, indifferent attitude towards work, the life around him, people and even himself.

Representatives of this type are distinguished by speed (sometimes feverish speed) of movements and actions, impetuosity, and excitability. Their mental processes proceed quickly and intensely. The imbalance characteristic of a choleric person clearly affects his activities : he gets down to business with enthusiasm and even passion, takes initiative, works with enthusiasm. But his supply of nervous energy can quickly be depleted in the process of work, especially when the work is monotonous and requires perseverance and patience, and then cooling may set in, elation and inspiration disappear, and the mood drops sharply. The predominance of excitement over inhibition, characteristic of this temperament, is clearly manifested in communication with people with whom the choleric person tolerates harshness, hot temper, irritability, emotional restraint (which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate people’s actions) and on this basis sometimes creates conflict situations a team.

The positive aspects of the choleric temperament are energy, activity, passion, initiative. Negative manifestations - general lack of restraint, rudeness and harshness, short temper, tendency to affect - often develop in unfavorable conditions of life and activity.

In representatives of this temperament, mental processes proceed slowly, people have difficulty reacting to strong stimuli; prolonged and severe stress causes them to slow down their activity, and then stop it. They get tired quickly. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with this temperament feel calm and work productively. Emotional states in people of melancholic temperament arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholic people are easily vulnerable, they have a hard time withstanding insults and grief, but outwardly these experiences are expressed weakly in them.

Representatives of the melancholic temperament tend to be withdrawn, avoid communicating with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, and show great awkwardness in new surroundings. In unfavorable living and activity conditions, on the basis of the melancholic temperament, traits such as painful vulnerability, depression, gloominess, suspiciousness, and pessimism can develop . Such a person is alienated from the team, avoids social activities, immersed in his own experiences. But in favorable conditions, with proper upbringing, the most valuable personality traits of a melancholic person are revealed. His impressionability, subtle emotional sensitivity, acute sensitivity to the world around him allow him to achieve great success in art - music, drawing, poetry. Melancholic people are often distinguished by softness, tact, delicacy, sensitivity and responsiveness. : Those who are vulnerable themselves usually subtly feel the pain that they themselves cause to other people.

Temperament(Latin temperamentum - proper relationship of parts) - a stable combination of individual personality characteristics associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful aspects of activity. Temperament is the basis of character development; In general, from a physiological point of view, temperament is a type of higher nervous activity in a person.

Story

Four temperaments in the form of visual emoticons (names from left to right and top to bottom: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, melancholic)

The magic of numbers in the Mediterranean civilization led to the doctrine of the four temperaments, while in the East a five-component “world system” developed.

The word “temperament” (from the Latin temperans, “moderate”) translated from Latin means “the proper ratio of parts”, equal to it in meaning Greek word“krasis” (ancient Greek κράσις, “merging, mixing”) was introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. By temperament he understood both the anatomical, physiological, and individual psychological characteristics of a person. Hippocrates explained temperament as behavioral characteristics, the predominance in the body of one of the “vital juices” (four elements):

The predominance of yellow bile (ancient Greek χολή, chole, “bile, poison”) makes impulsive person, “hot” - choleric.

The predominance of lymph (ancient Greek φλέγμα, phlegm, “phlegm”) makes a person calm and slow - a phlegmatic person.

The predominance of blood (Latin sanguis, sanguis, sangua, “blood”) makes a person active and cheerful - a sanguine person.

The predominance of black bile (ancient Greek μέλαινα χολή, melena chole, “black bile”) makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic.

This concept still has a profound influence on literature, art and science.

A turning point in the history of the natural science study of temperaments was the teaching of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov about the types of the nervous system (types of higher nervous activity) common to humans and higher mammals. He proved that the physiological basis of temperament is the type of higher nervous activity, determined by the relationship of basic properties nervous system: strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition occurring in the nervous system. The type of nervous system is determined by the genotype, that is, the hereditary type.

Pavlov identified 4 clearly defined types of the nervous system, that is, certain complexes of the basic properties of nervous processes.

The weak type is characterized by weakness of both excitatory and inhibitory processes - corresponds to the Hippocratic melancholic.

The strong unbalanced type is characterized by a strong irritability process and a relatively strong inhibition process - corresponds to the choleric, “uncontrollable” type.

A strong, balanced, mobile type - corresponds to a sanguine person, a “living” type.

Strong, balanced, but with inert nervous processes - corresponds to the phlegmatic, “calm” type.

Temperament types

Describing the characteristics of different temperaments can help to understand the traits of a person’s temperament if they are clearly expressed, but people with clearly expressed traits of a certain temperament are not very common; most often people have mixed temperament in various combinations. But the predominance of traits of any type of temperament makes it possible to classify a person’s temperament as one or another type.

Phlegmatic - n hasty, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy in the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in his work, remaining calm and balanced. He is productive at work, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

Choleric - fast, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with sharply changing moods with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. A choleric person, getting carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and quickly becomes exhausted.

Sanguine - a lively, hot, active person, with frequent changes of mood and impressions, with a quick reaction to all the events happening around him, quite easily coming to terms with his failures and troubles. Usually a sanguine person has expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work when he is interested, becoming very excited about it; if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

Melancholic - easily vulnerable, prone to constantly experiencing various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. He often cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by force of will; he is highly impressionable and easily emotionally vulnerable.

Properties of temperament

Each temperament can have both positive and negative properties. Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible to manifest: a melancholic person, as an impressionable person with deep experiences and emotions; phlegmatic, as a self-possessed person without hasty decisions; a sanguine person, as a highly responsive person for any work; choleric, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work.

Negative properties of temperament can manifest themselves: in a melancholic person - isolation and shyness; a phlegmatic person has excessive slowness; in a sanguine person - superficiality, scatteredness, inconstancy; A choleric person has hasty decisions.

A person of any type of temperament may or may not be capable; The type of temperament does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve by a person of one type of temperament, others - by another.

Influence of temperament

The following depend on a person’s temperament:

rate of occurrence mental processes(for example, speed of perception, speed of thinking, duration of concentration, etc.);

plasticity and stability of mental phenomena, ease of their change and switching;

pace and rhythm of activity;

the intensity of mental processes (for example, the strength of emotions, the activity of the will);

the focus of mental activity on certain objects (extraversion or introversion).

Psychology

From the point of view of psychologists, the four temperaments are just one of possible systems to assess psychological characteristics (there are others, for example, “introversion - extraversion”). Descriptions of temperaments vary quite a bit among different psychologists and seem to include a fairly large number of factors. Attempts have been made to provide a scientific and experimental basis for the theory of temperaments (I. P. Pavlov, G. Yu. Eysenck, B. M. Teplov and others), however, the results obtained by these researchers are only partially compatible with each other. Of interest is the study by T. A. Blyumina (1996), in which she attempted to compare the theory of temperaments with all psychological typologies known at that time (more than 100), including from the point of view of methods for determining these types. In general, the classification by temperament does not satisfy modern requirements for factor analysis of personality and at the moment is more interesting from a historical point of view.

Modern approach

Modern science sees in the doctrine of temperaments an echo of the ancient classification of four types of mental response in combination with intuitively noticed types of physiological and biochemical reactions of the individual.

Currently, the concept of four temperaments is supported by the concepts of “inhibition” and “excitation” of the nervous system. The ratio of “high” and “low” levels, for each of these two independent parameters, gives a certain individual characteristic of a person, and, as a result, a formal definition of each of the four temperaments. On emoticons (see picture above) you can interpret a smile as the ease of inhibition processes, and frowning eyebrows as a manifestation of ease of excitement.

Within the framework of socionics, they also distinguish the so-called. socionic temperament, where the concepts of excitation and inhibition are replaced by the associated versatility (introversion - extraversion), which determines the general activity of a person, and rationality (rationality - irrationality), which determines the pace of this activity.

The development of the Human Genome program creates conditions for revealing the functions of human genes that determine temperament through hormones (serotonin, melatonin, dopamine) and other biochemical mediators. Biochemistry and genetics make it possible to establish and formalize the psychological phenotypes of people, noticed by ancient doctors.

Temperament types played important role in the psychology of modern times, in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and Rudolf Hermann Lotze.

What is temperament?

History says that the concept of temperament was introduced into scientific circulation by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the 4th – 5th centuries. BC. He also proposed names for the types of human constitution (physique), which later began to be used as modern names for temperament types: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic. Further, the Roman physician Claudius Galen continued the Hippocratic teachings in the 2nd century. AD He believed that a person’s temperament is determined by the ratio or mixture of 4 “juices” in the body: blood, lymph, black bile or yellow bile. The names of temperament types that have survived to this day came from the ancient names of these “juices.” “Sangva” is blood, “hole” is ordinary bile, “melan hole” is dark bile and “phlegm” is lymph. It was believed that the type of human temperament is determined by the type of fluid that predominates in the body. Thanks to the scientific research of I.P. Pavlov is associated with the discovery of the following basic properties of the nervous system: strength - weakness, excitability - inertia, balance - imbalance. But later it turned out that 3 properties of the nervous system are not enough to characterize all the features of temperament. Psychophysiologists B.M. Teplov, V.D. Nebylitsyn, V.M. Rusalov proved that the nervous system has other properties. And they added another pair of properties: lability - rigidity. Lability is a rapid response to stimuli, and rigidity is a slow response to stimuli. As a result, other facts of the same order stood out: it was pointed out that the width of the lumen and the thickness of the walls of blood vessels have for temperament different people. But all these views had a common belief that the sources of temperamental characteristics should be sought in individual characteristics of the structure of the body.

Temperament is a set of stable, individual, psychophysiological properties of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of his mental processes, mental states and behavior. In other words, we are talking about individual characteristics of a person, which are more likely to be congenital rather than acquired. This is actually true: temperament is the only, purely natural personal characteristic of a person, and the reason to consider it a personal characteristic is the fact that the actions and deeds that a person performs depend on temperament. It is also necessary to explain what dynamic features are. Dynamic features of behavior are those characteristics that are described in purely physical terms and are not subject to moral evaluation (for example, the energy with which a person’s performance is associated, the speed and tempo of movements performed, etc.). It should be noted that in human behavior, in addition to dynamic aspects, there are also aspects that need and can be assessed in value terms such as “good-bad”, “moral-immoral”.

Such assessments are not suitable for characterizing temperament; they relate to other aspects of a person's personality, for example, his abilities, values, needs and character. The only case when temperament can be assessed as good or bad is when it comes to the correspondence of a person’s temperament type to the dynamic requirements of a particular activity.

According to I.P. Pavlov, temperaments are the “main features” of a person’s individual characteristics. They are usually distinguished as follows: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic. A relationship has been established between the type of higher nervous activity and temperament.. A sanguine person quickly gets along with people, is cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another, but does not like monotonous work. He easily controls his emotions, quickly gets used to a new environment, and actively comes into contact with people. His speech is loud, fast, distinct and is accompanied by expressive facial expressions and gestures. But this temperament is characterized by some duality. If stimuli change quickly, novelty and interest of impressions are maintained all the time, a state of active excitement is created in a sanguine person and he manifests himself as an active, active, energetic person. If the effects are long-lasting and monotonous, then they do not maintain a state of activity, excitement, and the sanguine person loses interest in the matter, he develops indifference, boredom, and lethargy. A sanguine person quickly develops feelings of joy, grief, affection and hostility, but all these manifestations of his feelings are unstable, do not differ in duration and depth. They arise quickly and can disappear just as quickly or even be replaced by the opposite. The mood of a sanguine person changes quickly, but, as a rule, a good mood prevails. A child of this type: he is thin, slender, graceful. In his movements he is too fast and agile, even fussy. He eagerly seizes on any new undertaking, but lacking the perseverance to see it through to completion, he quickly loses interest in it.

His mind is lively and sharp, but not deep and thoughtful enough. He is cheerful, loves pleasure and strives for it. Phlegmatic person

- a person of this temperament is slow, calm, unhurried, and balanced. In his activities he demonstrates thoroughness, thoughtfulness, and perseverance. As a rule, he finishes what he starts. All mental processes in a phlegmatic person seem to proceed slowly. The feelings of a phlegmatic person are poorly expressed outwardly; they are usually inexpressive. The reason for this is the balance and weak mobility of nervous processes. In relationships with people, a phlegmatic person is always even-tempered, calm, moderately sociable, and has a stable mood. The calmness of a person with a phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude towards the events and phenomena of life; a phlegmatic person is not easily enraged and emotionally hurt. A child of this type is physically well-fed, he is slow in his movements, inert and lazy. His mind is consistent, thoughtful and observant, sparkling with awareness. His feelings are not hot, but constant. In general, he is a good-natured, balanced child.. People of this temperament are fast, excessively mobile, unbalanced, excitable, all mental processes occur quickly and intensely in them. The predominance of excitation over inhibition, characteristic of this type of nervous activity, is clearly manifested in the incontinence, impetuosity, hot temper, and irritability of the choleric person. Hence the expressive facial expressions, hasty speech, sharp gestures, unrestrained movements. The feelings of a person with choleric temperament are strong, usually clearly manifested, and arise quickly. The imbalance characteristic of a choleric person is clearly associated with his activities: he gets down to business with increasing intensity and even passion, showing impetuosity and speed of movements, working with enthusiasm, overcoming difficulties. But in a person with a choleric temperament, the supply of nervous energy can quickly be depleted in the process of work, and then a sharp decline in activity may occur: elation and inspiration disappear, and the mood drops sharply. In communicating with people, a choleric person admits harshness, irritability, and emotional incontinence, which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate people’s actions, and on this basis he creates conflict situations in the team. Excessive straightforwardness, hot temper, harshness, and intolerance sometimes make it difficult and unpleasant to be in a group of such people. A child of the choleric type is thin and slender, he is too decisive and fast. He is bold, persistent and sharp in the implementation of his plans. He has a sharp, insightful and mocking mind. His feelings are passionate and harsh in expressing his likes and dislikes. He is power-hungry, vengeful and prone to all kinds of struggle. The child is the most restless and least balanced.

Melancholic type temperament looks like phlegmatic, but there is one thing significant difference From him. A melancholic person is an unbalanced person with a weak nervous system and in him the processes of inhibition clearly prevail over the processes of excitation. Melancholic people have slow mental processes, they have difficulty reacting to strong stimuli; Prolonged and strong stress causes people of this temperament to slow down their activity and then stop it. Melancholic people are usually passive in their work, often with little interest (after all, interest is always associated with strong nervous tension). Feelings and emotional states in people of melancholic temperament they arise slowly, but are distinguished by depth, great strength and duration; melancholic people are easily vulnerable, have a hard time withstanding insults and grief, although outwardly all these experiences are poorly expressed in them. Representatives of a melancholic temperament are prone to isolation and loneliness, avoid communicating with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, and show great awkwardness in a new environment. Everything new and unusual causes melancholics to become inhibited. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with this temperament feel calm and work very productively. A child of melancholic temperament: gloomy and serious beyond his years, he is slow and thorough in the manifestations of his will. With a strong, deep and thoughtful mind. Extremely impressionable, gloomy and withdrawn, he rarely shows his feelings.

Research has established that weakness of the nervous system is not a negative property. A strong nervous system copes more successfully with some life tasks, and a weak one with others. A weak nervous system (in melancholic people) is a highly sensitive nervous system, and this is its well-known advantage. It should be remembered that the division of people into four types of temperament is very arbitrary. There are transitional, mixed, intermediate types of temperament; Often a person's temperament combines traits of different temperaments. “Pure” temperaments are relatively rare.

Temperament is the natural basis for the manifestation of psychological qualities of an individual. However, with any temperament, it is possible to develop in a person qualities that are unusual for a given temperament. Psychological research and pedagogical practice show that temperament changes somewhat under the influence of living conditions and upbringing. Temperament can also change as a result of self-education. Even an adult can change his temperament in a certain direction. It is known, for example, that A.P. Chekhov was a very balanced, modest and delicate person. But here interesting fact from his life. In one of his letters to his wife O. L. Knipper-Chekhova, Anton Pavlovich makes the following valuable confession: “You write that you envy my character. I must tell you that by nature I am harsh, I am quick-tempered, etc. But I am used to restraining myself , because it is not proper for a decent person to let himself go. In the past, I did the devil knows what.”

04.05.2018

Temperament - statistics

Many people who have at least once encountered the passage psychological tests have heard about temperament and have a rough idea of ​​what it is. Someone can even name a couple of types or some author of a temperament test.

There is an opinion that “pure” temperaments do not exist, or that they are extremely rare. You can try to find such articles in search engines- there are quite a few of them. True, such statements are often not supported by anything, or are simply outdated - the world and society do not stand still, but are constantly changing and developing. So let's try to figure this out.

First, let's define what we consider a “pure” temperament. Let’s take the “Belov’s temperament formula” technique for this. Each of the four temperaments has 3 gradations of severity: minor, pronounced qualities, significant, pronounced. Accordingly, we will assume that if the qualities of one of the temperaments are clearly expressed, and at the same time the qualities of the others are insignificant, then we are dealing with a “pure” temperament.

Facts and myths debunked

Is pure temperament a rare phenomenon?

20,207 people were surveyed, of which 10,780 (53.3%) were found to have mixed temperaments. Is this enough to say that “pure” temperaments are a rare phenomenon? - NO!

Who is there more?

Many people believe that most people are sanguine, basing this on “ personal experience" We look at the diagram - and this is not so! Compared to other “pure” temperaments, the majority are melancholic, and the minority are choleric.

Bright combinations

If a person has all temperaments expressed to approximately equal degrees, this is one thing, but if two of any temperaments are clearly expressed, while the others are weakly expressed, problems arise. interesting combinations. For example, a sanguine person + a choleric person are both active and sociable, only the first is balanced, and the second is not. Moreover, such people make up 10.4%.

Combinations of opposites

Or the combinations “melancholic + sanguine”, “phlegmatic + choleric” - how can two opposites coexist in one person? And such people total 1.2%.

As you can see, “pure” temperaments are not so rare - 46.7% of the entire rather large sample. What is your dominant temperament?

From a young age we are familiar with the concept of temperament. More precisely, not even its definition, but the division of people into sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic. But is this approach relevant in the 21st century? What is temperament? Have more modern classifications? How fair is it to say that temperament is the basis of our behavior? What does knowing your temperament or understanding what kind of temperament your interlocutor has give you? Is it possible to change your life if you understand this issue?

What is temperament?

Temperament is a persistent characteristic of a personality that determines it vital activity and associated with the type of higher nervous activity. Unlike character, which is formed and changes throughout life, A person's temperament is established even before birth. It is caused by hereditary factors. Therefore, it would be a mistake to believe that temperament and character are one and the same. They are certainly interrelated, but not identical. Character develops under the influence of temperament, but also depends on upbringing and life experience.

Rumors that a person’s temperament changes are caused by a misunderstanding of a person’s belonging to one or another psychological type. Pure temperaments are not found so often. Basically, they are combined, it’s just that the degree of their manifestation depends on the influence of external and internal factors. For example, a person with pronounced sanguine properties, by coincidence, begins to behave like a choleric person. Someone will decide that their temperament has changed. In fact, this man had the makings of both types of temperament. There was simply an emphasis on the behavior of a sanguine person, which was replaced by the impulsiveness of a choleric person.

Temperament types

The division of people into basic types of temperament was made back in the days of the ancient Greeks. For the first time, the idea of ​​the existence of four groups of people was formed by Hippocrates, who identified (fun people), (crybabies), (brawlers), (don’t care). Half a millennium later, his ideas were refined by Galen. The teaching turned out to be so successful that the classification they proposed still exists.

Characteristics of temperament were explained by the dominance of one of the four “vital juices”. Sanguine people have predominant blood ( sangua), giving them energy and fun. Melancholic people are under the power of “black bile” ( Melane Hole), instilling a feeling of sadness and fear. Cholerics are clouded by bile ( hole), due to which they cannot control their outbursts of anger. Phlegmatic people are led by “phlegm” ( reflux), calming and slowing them down.

Despite the fact that this classification of temperaments was created a long time ago, it has not undergone significant changes even now. Although attempts are regularly made to update our ideas about what temperament is. Psychology develops, and along with it, the key postulates of this science do not stand still.

Modern theories of temperament

The four basic types are one of the classifications of temperament. Although, it is worth paying tribute to the Greeks - the most popular. They made their contribution to the study of temperament Carl Gustav Jung, Hans Jurgen Eysenck, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Boris Mikhailovich Teplov and etc.

Temperament according to Pavlov is determined by understanding the type of nervous system. The scientist identified three main criteria for identifying temperament. This is strength, mobility, balance. He compared his teaching with the Hippocratic classification, characterizing well-known temperaments:

• Sanguine– strong, balanced, agile;
• Choleric– strong, unbalanced, agile;
• His mind is lively and sharp, but not deep and thoughtful enough. He is cheerful, loves pleasure and strives for it.– strong, balanced, inert;
• Melancholic- weak type.

Pavlov modified the existing structure, supplementing it with data from the field of physiology of higher nervous activity.

Another Soviet psychologist Boris Teplov described temperament in his own way, the definition of which included the dynamic characteristics of the course of mental processes. Their strength, as well as the speed of occurrence, change, termination.

Carl Jung in his works combined temperament and personality, using the concepts and . He took as a basis a person’s desire for communication, or orientation towards his inner world. Jung also studied in detail the influence on temperament of each of the main psychological functions: sensation, feeling, thinking, intuition.

One of the most popular systems describing personality typology was created by Hans Eysenck. Temperament, according to his ideas, in addition to extroversion and introversion, depends on the emotional stability of the individual. Having collected all the information about temperament that was available at that time, he proposed a unique personality testing technique. This approach was named after the author - . It allows you to high accuracy determine the type of temperament and the degree of its expression in a person.

Properties of temperament

Temperament in psychology is considered very closely. To make it easier to characterize its types, scientists have analyzed the following properties of temperament:

• Activity– perseverance and energy of the individual in achieving goals;
• Reactivity– the level of involuntary (passivity) of a person and his reactions;
• Relationship between activity and reactivity– an indicator that determines a person’s level of awareness of his own role in life;
• Extraversion– interaction with the world;
• Introversion– emphasis on “immersion” in oneself;
• Plastic– the ability of an individual to adapt to external changes;
• Rigidity– reduced human adaptive capabilities;
• Sensitivity– the smallest threshold value of impact that can cause a mental response;
• Emotional excitability– a similar property, only manifested on an emotional level;
• Reaction rate– the speed of mental processes and reactions of the body, including facial expressions, gestures, and speech dynamics.

Characteristics of temperament are formed on the basis of an analysis of all its properties. For example, phlegmatic people are distinguished by the dominance of introversion, increased rigidity and reactivity, they are characterized by reduced emotional excitability, as well as the rate of reactions. A mental response on the part of a phlegmatic person can only be evoked by applying a tangible impact, which is determined by his “impenetrable” sensitivity.

Why define temperament?

Understanding your own temperament makes life much easier for a person. It becomes much easier for him to look for work, make new acquaintances or build relationships. Without knowing oneself, a person risks getting lost in this world and not finding his path in life.

There are people who claim that temperament is psychology, so let scientists study it. They are definitely wrong, misleading others. A person can independently understand the issue of determining his temperament. And, after reading a couple of thematic articles, understand what to do next with the information received. Ours will help you find out your type of temperament; it will take only five minutes to complete.

It is also important to understand the temperament of your interlocutor, because the quality of the dialogue and understanding of the direction where the conversation can lead depends on this. It is useless to “load” a phlegmatic person, egg on a melancholic person, provoke a choleric person, or whine to a sanguine person. Each type has its own approach, and the sooner it is found, the greater the chances for the successful development of communication. And since the role of communications in society is difficult to overestimate, the ability to build a dialogue is one of the most important at any age and social environment.

Temperament is one of the most popular topics. Moreover, this statement is true both among scientists and among ordinary people. It’s just that not all people know how understanding their temperament will help them. In this publication we answered many questions. We updated our knowledge about the four basic types of temperament. More information can be found in thematic articles on our website, where all types of temperament are discussed in detail. They contain the main characteristics of each type, tips on applying this knowledge to build a career and personal life.