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In order to properly understand the various residential power supply diagrams, you need to know about the three categories of ensuring the reliability of power supply to electrical installations. The simplest category is the third. It provides power to a residential building from a transformer substation via a single electrical cable. Moreover, in the event of an emergency, the interruption in the power supply to the house should be less than 1 day.

With the second category of power supply reliability, a residential building is powered by two cables connected to different transformers. In this case, if one cable or transformer fails, the power supply to the house while the fault is being eliminated is carried out through one cable. An interruption in power supply is allowed for the time necessary for the electrical personnel on duty to connect the loads of the entire house to the operating cable.

There are two types of power supply at home from two different transformers. Either the loads of the house are evenly distributed across both transformers, and in emergency mode they are connected to one, or in operating mode one cable is used, and the second is a backup. But in any case, the cables are connected to different transformers. If in electrical panel at home If two cables are laid, one of which is a backup, but it is possible to connect these cables to only one substation transformer, then we have only the third category of reliability.

With the first category of power supply reliability, a residential building is powered by two cables, just as with the second category. But if a cable or transformer fails, the loads of the entire house are connected to the working cable using an automatic transfer switch (ATS).

There is a special group of electrical receivers (smoke removal systems in case of fire, evacuation lighting and some others), which must always be powered according to the first reliability category. For this purpose, backup power sources are used - rechargeable batteries and small local power plants.

According to existing standards for the third category of reliability, electricity is supplied to houses with gas stoves with a height of no more than 5 floors, houses with electric stoves with the number of apartments in the house less than 9 and houses of gardening associations.

Electricity supply in the second reliability category applies to houses with gas stoves with a height of more than 5 floors and houses with electric stoves with more than 8 apartments.

In the first category of reliability, it is mandatory to supply electricity to heating points apartment buildings, in some buildings there are also elevators. It should be noted that the first category mainly supplies electricity to some public buildings: these are buildings with more than 2000 employees, operating rooms and maternity wards of hospitals, etc.

The figure shows a power supply diagram for four entrance houses, powered according to the second reliability category with a backup cable.

The supply cables are switched using a reversing switch having positions “1”, “0” and “2”. In position "0" both cables are disconnected. The circuit breakers QF1...QF4 feed the lines that run along the access vertical risers, from which power is supplied to the apartments. General house loads: lighting of staircases, basements, lamps above the entrance doors to the entrances are powered by a separate group containing its own electricity meter.

Rice. 1. Electrical supply diagram for an apartment building

If the school had a subject: “Basics of power supply to our home,” then accidents caused by the failure of various power switches and disconnectors on power lines and in transformer substations would happen much less often. Since childhood, we are taught to wash our hands before eating and are told how to cross the road correctly. But no one teaches us that if the lights go out in the apartment, then we should immediately unplug all powerful electrical appliances: irons, heaters and electric stoves.

For example, if a power outage occurred as a result of a blown fuse in the electrical panel of a house, then to restore power supply, electricians will need to turn off the breaker, replace the fuse, and turn the breaker back on. The “lifetime” of all switching devices very much depends on the size of the switched load.

If all residents of the house disconnected their electrical appliances from the network during a power outage, then such switching on would occur at significantly lower currents and the circuit breakers would last much longer.

In our example, when the electricians turn off the switch, a bright flash can be observed in the two-phase circuit with unburned fuses at the moment the contacts are disconnected - an arc will flash for a split second, from which the contacts will gradually burn out.

10. ELECTRIC SUPPLY

SNiP 31-02 presents requirements for the home electrical system in terms of its compliance with the “Electrical Installation Rules” (PUE) and state standards for electrical installations, as well as for equipping electrical installations with residual current devices (RCDs), for the design and placement electrical wiring and the availability of devices for metering electricity consumption.
10.1 Electrical wiring, including network wiring, must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the PUE and this Code of Rules.
10.2 Electrical supply for a residential building must be carried out from networks with a voltage of 380/220 V with a T1M-S-5 grounding system. Internal circuits must be made with separate zero protective and zero working (neutral) conductors.
10.3 The design load is determined by the customer and has no restrictions unless they are established by local administrative authorities.
10.4 When power supply capabilities are limited, the design load of electrical receivers should be taken as no less than:
- 5.5 kW - for a home without electric stoves;
- 8.8 kW - for a house with electric stoves.
Moreover, if the total area of ​​the house exceeds 60 sq.m., the calculated load should be increased by 1% for each additional sq.m. With the permission of the energy supply organization, it is allowed to use electricity with a voltage of more than 0.4 kV.
10.5 The following may be used indoors types of electrical wiring:
- exposed electrical wiring, laid in electrical skirting boards, boxes, on trays and on building structures;
- hidden electrical wiring carried out in walls and ceilings at any height, including in the voids of building structures made of non-combustible or combustible materials of groups G1, G2 and GZ.
Electrical wiring in residential buildings are carried out with wires and cables with copper conductors. Cables and wires in protective sheaths may be passed through building structures made of non-combustible or combustible materials of groups P, G2 and GZ, without the use of bushings and tubes.
10.6 Places of connections and branches of wires and cables should not experience mechanical stress. At junctions and branches, the cores of wires and cables must have insulation equivalent to the insulation of the cores of entire sections of these wires and cables.
10.7 Wires laid hidden must have a length reserve of at least 50 mm at the connection points in branch boxes and at the points of connection to lamps, switches and plug sockets. Devices installed hidden must be enclosed in boxes. Branch boxes when laying wires hidden must be recessed into building elements buildings flush with the final finished external surface. Wire connections when passing from a dry room to a damp one or outside the building must be made in a dry room.
10.8 Passage through unprotected external walls insulated wires performed in pipes made of polymer materials, which should be terminated in dry rooms with insulating sleeves, and in damp rooms and when exiting outside - with funnels.

Standard design of a 17-storey residential building

EOM - power electrical equipment, electrical power networks and electrical lighting of an apartment building.

This section of the project examines power electrical equipment, electrical power networks and electrical lighting of an apartment building.

The power supply of the main equipment, in terms of reliability, belongs to category II in accordance with the classification of PUE and the requirements of SP 31.110-2003 and is carried out through two cable inputs from an external supply network with a voltage of ~380/220V AC with a frequency of 50 Hz. Grounding system for ASU type TN-C-S.

The facility's power supply is provided from a 0.4 kV switchgear of the designed free-standing radio substation.

The ASU input distribution device is powered by two mutually redundant cable lines of the APvzBbShp-1 2x(4x120) brand. The cables are laid in a trench in the ground at a depth of 0.7 m.

For distribution of power supply to power electrical equipment, main and emergency lighting The project provides for distribution electrical panels ShchAV, ShchSS, PPN.

To supply power to category I electrical receivers, the project provides for the installation of automatic transfer of reserve.

For electrical receivers of the I category of power supply reliability, according to SP 31.110-2003 tab. 5.1 include:

Light barriers;

Elevator equipment;

Emergency lighting;

CCTV;

Fire warning system;

Dispatch system equipment (ACS);

Security and communication systems;

Pumping stations;

Fire-fighting devices (pressure and smoke removal systems, smoke removal valves, fire extinguishing systems);

Source uninterruptible power supply provides autonomous power supply for at least 1 hour.

Power equipment.

The power supply network for power electrical equipment is carried out using cables of the VVGngLS 3x[S] brand, in PVC corrugated pipes on the ceiling, in floor preparation and in metal trays, in wall grooves and cable channels, in accordance with the technological plan for the placement of technological and other equipment.

In the event of a fire, shutdown is provided exhaust ventilation air, by turning off the distribution board of system B1.

Nutrition ventilation unit produced by an independent line from the distribution board B1. The smoke exhaust fans are controlled using control boxes type Y5000 (or similar).

Passenger elevator control panel, supplied complete with equipment.

The operation of the pumps is controlled from the control stations included in the pumping units supplied complete with the equipment.

The operation of the light-protecting lights (SLM) is controlled from the control panel included in the installation, supplied complete with the equipment.

Electricity of the net

The power supply network for household and technological sockets is carried out using a VVGngLS 3x2.5 cable in PVC pipes with a diameter of 20 mm.

Sockets are installed on the wall in accordance with the elevations indicated on the plan.

Blue - neutral working conductor (N);

Green - yellow - neutral protective conductor (PE);

Black or other colors - phase conductor.

In accordance with clause 7.1.49 of the PUE, for a three-wire network, install plug sockets with a current of at least 10A with a protective contact, which must have a protective device that automatically closes the sockets when the plug is removed.

Daisy chain connection of a PE conductor is not allowed (PUE 1.7.144).

The PVC pipe must have a fire safety certificate (NPB 246-97).

Electrical equipment and materials used during installation must have a certificate of compliance with Russian Federation standards.

Electric lighting

Electrical lighting of premises is carried out in accordance with SP 52.13330.2011 “Natural and artificial lighting”.

Group networks of working and evacuation lighting are carried out by cable brand VVGng-LS 3x1.5, in PVC pipes on the ceiling.

Group emergency lighting networks are carried out using cable brand VVGng-FRLS 3x1.5, in PVC pipes on the ceiling.

The project provides a system combined lighting And the following types artificial lighting: working, emergency (backup and evacuation) and repair. The network voltage for working and emergency lighting is 220V, for repair lighting - 36V.

To accommodate automation and protective equipment for electric lighting, the project provides for the installation of a lighting panel in ShchAO and emergency lighting in ShchAO.

The project uses LED and fluorescent lamps.

The choice of lamps was made in accordance with the purpose of the room and the characteristics of the environment, as well as in accordance with the technical specifications.

IN public spaces Emergency lighting fixtures are used for emergency lighting at night.

Switches and switches are installed on the wall on the door handle side at a height of 1000 mm from the floor level.

The project provides for manual (local) lighting control, as well as remote control from the control room. To save electrical energy, automatic lighting control is provided using motion sensors (on the evacuation staircase) and presence sensors (elevator hall and corridor).

The project provides for the installation of an obstruction lighting system (OBS) on the roof.

Protection against electric shock

To ensure the safety of people, the working documentation provides for all types of protection required by GOST R 50571.1-93 (IEC 364-1-72, IEC 364-2-70) "Electrical installations of buildings. Basic provisions." Protection from direct contact is ensured by the use of double-insulated wires and cables, electrical equipment, devices and lamps with a degree of protection of at least IP20.

All metal parts of electrical equipment not normally energized are metal constructions for installation of electrical equipment, metal pipes electrical wiring is subject to protective grounding in accordance with the requirements of the PUE for networks with a solidly grounded neutral, clause 1.7.76 of the PUE ed. 7.

Protection against indirect contact is carried out by automatically disconnecting the damaged section of the network using overcurrent protection devices and implementing a potential equalization system. To protect against low fault currents, reduced insulation levels, as well as in the event of a break in the neutral protective conductor, a residual current device (RCD) is used.

Electricity metering

Commercial electricity metering is carried out at the border balance sheet in the Verkhovna Rada.

As sensors for input control of electricity, use three-phase electronic meters, transformer-connected type Mercury230 ART02-CN 5-10A, having a telemetric output for connection to ASKUE (the type of meter must be agreed upon additionally with the services).

Lightning protection system

Object classification.

Object type - Multi-apartment residential building. Height 45 m. The project adopted the III category of lightning protection in accordance with SO 153-34.21.122-2003.

III level of protection against direct lightning strikes (DLM) - reliability of protection against DLM 0.90. The complex of designed means includes a device for protection against direct lightning strikes (external lightning protection system - LPS) and a device for protection against secondary effects of lightning (internal LPS).

External lightning protection system

Use as a lightning rod metal mesh, made of galvanized steel wire with a diameter of 8 mm (section 50 sq. mm). Use fittings Art. f8 GOST 5781-82. Place the mesh on a layer of insulation, on top of the roof screed. The cell pitch is no more than 15x15m. Connect the mesh nodes by welding. All metal structures located on the roof ( ventilation devices, fire escapes, drainage funnels, fencing, etc.), connect to the mesh by welding rods diameter 8 mm; the length of the welds is at least 60 mm. All protruding non-metallic structures should also be protected with wire laid on top along the perimeter of the structure and connected to a lightning protection mesh.

Down conductors are located around the perimeter of the protected object. Use galvanized steel strip 25x4 as down conductors. The location of down conductors is shown on the plans. The down conductors will connect horizontal belts at levels +12.00, +27.00 and +39.00m.

The project adopted reinforcement as a grounding conductor reinforced concrete foundation, connected by welding with a steel strip 50x4 in accordance with GOST 103-76. The lightning protection grounding strip is laid around the task, at a depth of at least 0.7 m from the ground surface. The soil is loam with resistivity 100 Ohm*m. Length of horizontal grounding conductor D = 115.6 m.

Estimated resistance to current spreading is not more than R=4.0 Ohm;

System material - Steel.

All connections are made by welding. Provide anti-corrosion coating for all open elements of the lightning protection system. To protect the grounding loop from soil corrosion, cover its elements with bitumen mastic MBR-65 (GOST 15836-79), no more than 0.5 mm thick.

Connect the lightning protection grounding electrode to the main switchgear on the ASU.

Protection against secondary effects of lightning.

To protect against the introduction of high potential through external metal communications, they must be connected to the ground electrode of the lightning protection system at the entrance of communications into the building. The connection is made with a steel strip with a section of 40x4 (GOST 103-76).

To protect people in elevator shafts from step and touch stresses that may occur on the floor and lifting equipment, a circuit should be installed in the shafts around said equipment. The contour is made of steel strip 40x4. Perform the contour at the horizon +12.00 +27.00 and +39.00m. For potential equalization, metal frame parts lifting mechanisms connect to the contours. Connect the elevator protection circuit to the main protection circuit.

All connections are made by welding.

Provide anti-corrosion coating for all elements of the lightning protection system. To protect the system elements from soil corrosion, cover its elements with bitumen mastic MBR-65 (GOST 15836-79).

Instructions for installing grounding of pipelines:

Ground metal pipelines at the entrance from the building, in places accessible for maintenance. Connect all external metal pipelines to an artificial ground electrode of the external lightning protection system. For connection, use a 40x4 steel strip.

For cast iron sewer pipes, use a clamp outlet made of steel 08Х13. Install the clamps on stripped metal. shine the pipe, followed by treating the joint with technical petroleum jelly.

The fastening units must be made in accordance with the instructions of U-ET-06-89.

The transition resistance of the connection is no more than 0.03 Ohm for each contact.

Coordinate with Mosvodokanal the grounding of the water supply system in accordance with UDC 696.6,066356 clause 542.2.1, clause 542.2.5.

Grounding and potential equalization system.

Use the lightning protection grounding circuit as a repeated grounding conductor.

Use the RE VRU bus as the main bus.

Connect the external ground loop to the GZSh. For connection, use steel strip St.50x4.

The connection is made by welding. For strip steel conductors, weld length 100 mm, height 4 mm. Connections to pipes should be made in accordance with the nodes shown in the drawing or in accordance with the requirements of the standard album series 5.407-11 (“Grounding and grounding of electrical installations”). Places of external connections and external steel connecting conductors should be painted with MBR-65 bitumen mastic.

Perform potential equalization according to the diagram (see sheets 41 and 40).

Potential equalization conductors that are not part of the cable should be laid openly, secured to the building structures using metal brackets. Determine the distance between the fasteners during installation. Laying through walls should be done in sleeves with a diameter that allows free passage of the conductor. Concealed installation in fire hazardous, hot, damp rooms is allowed.

List of working drawings of the main set of the EOM brand:

• 1. General information
• 2. Single-line electrical circuit diagram of the input-distribution device ASU
• 3. List of electrical consumers and calculation of electrical loads
• 4. Typical units
• 5. Electrical circuit diagram of a single-line distribution board ShchSS1
• 6. Electrical circuit diagram of a single-line DF distribution board
• 7. Electrical circuit diagram of a single-line distribution board ShchSS3
• 8. Electrical circuit diagram of a single-line distribution board ShchSS2 and Ya5111
• 9. Electrical circuit diagram of a single-line switchboard of a floor switchboard
• 10. Electrical circuit diagram of a single-line switchboard
• 11. Connection diagram of active electricity meters to current transformers
• 12. Electrical circuit diagram of a single-line switchboard for a floor ATS
• 13. Installation diagram. General form AVR
• 14. Installation diagram. General view of the UERM evacuation staircase
• 15. Electrical circuit for lighting control of the elevator hall and corridors
• 16. Group network of technical lighting. underground
• 17. Group lighting network of the 1st floor
• 18. Group lighting network of 2...17 floors
• 19. Power electrical equipment and group lighting network of the technical floor
• 21. Power electrical equipment. underground
• 22. Power electrical equipment of the 1st floor
• 23. Power electrical equipment 2...17 floors
• 24. Grounding and lightning protection of a building
• 26. Diagram of the main building potential equalization system
• 27. Plan for introducing cables from the trench into the building of 0.4 kV networks (section)
• 28. Plan for introducing cables from the trench into the building for 0.4 kV networks

Electrical circuit diagram of a single-line switchboard of an ASU distribution board

Typical installation units

Electrical circuit diagram of a single-line distribution board ShchSS2 and Ya5111

Connection diagram of active electricity meters to current transformers

General view of the floor distribution device (UERM)

Emergency staircase lighting control

Group lighting network. Technical plan underground

Grounding and lightning protection. Technical plan underground

Diagram of the main building potential equalization system

Grounding and lightning protection. Roof plan.

Plan for introducing cables from the trench into the building of 0.4 kV networks

Among all existing species energies that are actively used in the modern world in developed countries of our planet, electricity is one of the most popular. Especially important role electricity plays a role in our modern apartment complexes, in which hundreds, and in some of them thousands, of people live.

In this article you will learn:

• What regulations regulate the power supply of an apartment building?
• What is the pattern of power supply?
• What are the advantages of a circular scheme?
• How to connect a house to electrical networks.
• Who should enter into an energy supply agreement with a resource supply organization.
• How to repair old electrical wiring in an apartment building.

Even a short-term loss of electricity can cause significant and serious consequences. That is why the power supply of apartment buildings must be reliable and of high quality, capable of ensuring a non-stop supply of energy to each subscriber. This issue is worked out at the time of building design and is an integral part of the electrical installation process.

What regulations regulate electricity supply in apartment buildings?

The legislation regulating the electricity supply system in MKD is systematically adjusted and is quite extensive. Let's get acquainted with some documentation that is directly related to the issue of power supply.

The retail electricity market is regulated Federal law dated March 26, 2003 N 35-FZ “On Electric Power Industry”. Conditions for providing utilities for electricity supply in apartment buildings have been adopted by the Rules for the provision of utility services to owners of residential premises and tenants of space in apartment buildings, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2011 N 354. In accordance with Regulation No. 1 of these Rules, a permissible stop in the provision of utility services and permissible non-conformities the quality of these utilities to the regulatory GOST 32144-2013, the conditions and process for adjusting the amount of payment for the provided utilities of poor quality and/or with interruptions that exceed the permissible time established at the legislative level.

For example, the possible duration of an interruption in the power supply of an apartment building belonging to the second reliability category (if there are two independent transformers) is 120 minutes, and for apartment buildings that belong to the third reliability category (there is only one transformer) - one day. For each hour that goes beyond the boundaries of the norm established at the legislative level, the amount of payment for utility services for the estimated time is reduced by 0.15% of the amount established for the given settlement period in accordance with Appendix No. 2, taking into account the paragraphs of the ninth section.

Typically, the power supply to MKD occurs through the main switchboard(MSB) or input distribution device (IDU). In this case, all subscribers are powered from a 220/380 V network with a solidly grounded neutral (TN-C-S system). The main switchboard includes a circuit breaker and control devices that allow you to separately disconnect power consumers. In the main switchboard, power supply voltage is distributed among group consumers (lighting landings, basements, attics, elevator equipment, fire and emergency alarms, living quarters, etc.).

Electricity supply to residential premises is carried out through risers, through an RCD. Floor risers are connected to the supply risers distribution boards, forming a power supply network for apartments. Floor electrical panels usually include electricity meters, circuit breakers and RCDs. Circuit breakers are grouped for each power supply circuit (lighting, sockets, electric stove, washing machine etc.). To ensure an even load on the distribution network, the power circuits of different apartments are connected to different phase conductors.

3 power supply diagrams for an apartment building

In order to understand different schemes power supply of an apartment building and a multi-story building, you should know that the power supply process can be established in different ways, which differ significantly from each other in terms of reliability.

If any transformer or cable is in a faulty condition, the ATS (automatic transfer switch) device will instantly redirect the entire load of the power supply network to a functioning cable. In this regard, problems in the power supply will only be observed for a few seconds. After the electricians are at the scene of the accident, electricity will be supplied as normal.

The first category is used for power supply to heating points and elevators in apartment buildings. Typically, this category applies when more than 2,000 people work simultaneously in the same building, as well as in maternity hospitals and intensive care units in hospitals.

Second The reliability category has a number of similarities with the first. When using it, the building is also powered by two cables that have their own transformer. But, if an emergency occurs and technical equipment fails, the entire load will be redistributed to a working cable manually. The specialists on duty are responsible for this. Due to this feature, power outages can last for several minutes.

In addition, this category also includes those houses that consist of nine or more apartments in which electric stoves are installed.

All buildings that belong to this reliability category can be divided into two groups. Each building belonging to this reliability group has two transformers and two power cables. But only in one case, in standard mode, the load is distributed equally between the two cables, that is, evenly.

In the event of an emergency, all electricity network subscribers are redirected to one working transformer until workers fix the faulty one. In another situation, in standard mode, electricity is supplied only through one transformer. And if an emergency occurs, the voltage is immediately switched to the backup (second) transformer.

The simplest category of reliability is third category. In it, the MKD is connected to the transformer using only one cable. The backup cable and transformer simply do not exist. It is for this reason that at the time of an accident a building can be left without electricity for 24 hours. In this regard, it is advisable to have a backup option for autonomous power supply in an apartment building.

Established standards assume that this reliability category includes those buildings whose height is less than five floors, and whose residential premises are equipped with gas stoves. In addition, this also includes buildings with only eight apartments or even fewer if they are equipped with electric stoves. Also included in this reliability category are the houses of gardening associations.

Ring diagram of power supply for an apartment building

Ring power supply diagram for an apartment building - a plan for installing and connecting electrical receivers, according to which power supply to an apartment building is possible via two cable lines forming a ring.

This ring diagram looks like this:

The first and last electrical receivers are connected from the main power source, and so-called jumpers are created between all remaining electrical receivers.

To create such a ring plan, two changeover switches should be provided in the ASU for each apartment building.

Operating mode diagram

In normal mode, the power is evenly divided between the two inputs.

In order to understand why this circuit requires exactly two switches, we let you consider a number of possible emergency situations:

• Failure of one of the supply cable lines

In such a situation, the power supply to all multi-apartment residential buildings comes from one cable line. Specialists from the management company install the switches in the required position.

• Jumper failure

Workers are required to isolate from the power supply circuit the area where the accident occurred (for example, there was an accident on the line short circuit). One part of the houses is powered by one cable line, and the second part of the residential buildings is powered by another.

Instead of two changeover switches, you can use three regular ones.

Z Why do you need a power supply project for an apartment building?

Regardless of the moment which reliability category was chosen for the power supply system in an apartment building, its installation can begin only after the power supply project has been formed and signed. Some ordinary citizens cannot understand why this power supply project in an apartment building is needed. After all, as a rule, several weeks are spent on the formation of this project, and the service of its preparation costs a lot of money. But you can’t start installation without such a project.

1. Exactly a well-formed project contributes to the rapid completion of the work process without stopping to find out any information, find the resources necessary for the process and organize complex calculations.

Seeing a well-designed power supply project, installation workers will be able to quickly understand the entire scheme and perform their immediate job duties without being distracted by extraneous issues. Thanks to the project, the system installation process takes place in a minimum period of time.

2. If it subsequently becomes necessary to carry out electrical wiring repairs (this procedure, on the advice of specialists, should be carried out once every 20-25 years), a detailed power supply plan in an apartment building will allow all repair work to be completed easily and in a short time.

Workers, having reviewed the project on paper, can easily navigate the apartment building, causing minimal damage to the walls of the house during the cable replacement procedure.

This will not only allow you to cope with repairs in a short time, but also save money. 3. If a serious emergency occurs related to damage to the electrical wiring in an apartment building, the electrician will only need to familiarize himself with the project in order to understand where the key components are located, from which it is necessary to begin checking the entire electrical supply system. In this regard, it will be spent on repair work minimal amount

time.

But the price of an electrical supply project in an apartment building is quite high. And most construction customers seriously think about whether there is an urgent need to spend extra financial resources when ordering an electrical supply project? After all, on the Internet there are a sufficient number of sites where you can download projects of all kinds of buildings: from four-story houses to large high-rise buildings with hundreds of classrooms and offices. Using a ready-made power supply project in an apartment building could save several weeks of work and tens or even hundreds of thousands of rubles. But nevertheless, this cannot be done. Approach to construction work

and the installation of the power supply system must be the most serious and thorough, and it is simply impossible to save financial resources here. After all, structures may differ not only in height, but also in the number of residential premises or offices.

You should also know which stoves will be installed in the living areas of the house - gas or electric, since this moment seriously affects the operating power of the power supply system. In addition, energy consumption is affected by geographical location , quality of the heating system and insulation of the house, are additional electric heaters

Naturally, when developing a power supply system in an apartment building, not only the volume of electricity consumption in standard mode is taken into account, but also at times of maximum load on the system. The level of system load depends not only on the time of year, but also on the time of day.

Incorrect calculations can lead to the fact that the power supply system simply cannot withstand the voltage. Quite often this leads to reboots and fires.

Another extreme also has its drawbacks - if, when choosing materials, an error occurs on the large side and the power supply system in an apartment building has excessively high power, then when purchasing required quantity for electrical cables, you will have to overpay quite a significant amount of money.

Only true experts in their field will be able to calculate the standard and maximum load on the power supply network in an apartment building, select the appropriate technical equipment and materials in order to develop just such a power supply system that will meet the needs of people in an apartment building.

How to connect an apartment building to electrical networks

The process of connecting an apartment building to the city power supply network can also be accompanied by some difficulties. In order to avoid encountering “pitfalls” in this process, it would be useful to learn about the procedure for connecting the MKD to the power grid. The whole process consists of several stages:

1. Submit an application to the organization that connects to the electrical networks and also performs further maintenance. At this stage, you will create technical conditions for connecting the building to electricity.
2. These technical licensing conditions should be submitted to the organization that is involved in utility network projects in your locality. The employees of this company will be able to create a power supply project that will fully meet your needs and technical specifications. This project must be formalized in accordance with the existing rules established at the legislative level in our state.
3. Next, with this electricity supply project, it is necessary to go to the regulatory authorities and, together with representatives of these authorities, agree on this project.
4. Based on the approved power supply project, working documents are generated that describe in detail the points contained in this project.
5. Then it is developed working documentation, which will describe in detail the principles laid down in this project.
6. Next, the working draft, together with the developed documents, is agreed upon with state regulatory organizations.

And only after going through all the above points, the project itself and the documents on it can be used for the electrification of apartment buildings. In order for light to appear in the MKD, a fairly large number of actions must be performed. But the work process for powering the building does not end there.

Who enters into an energy supply contract for an apartment building?

In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, an agreement on the electricity supply of an apartment building is one of the types of purchase and sale agreements. This agreement specifies all aspects of the relationship between the management company and the organization that supplies energy resources, heat and gas to the apartment building. In order to agree on cooperation between the management company and the resource supplier for each type of resource, a separate agreement is drawn up.

If we specifically discuss an energy supply agreement, then at the time of its formation all aspects of the supply of a specific resource - energy - are discussed. The agreement implies the presence of certain conditions, taking into account the specifics of the supply of electricity through the connected network.

An electricity supply agreement in an apartment building establishes the relationship for supplying consumers with electricity through the connected network. This agreement concerns only electricity; nothing is said in this agreement about the supply of other resources (clause 1 of Article 539 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Examining the energy supply agreement, we can notice that at its core it consists of information about the parties to the legal relationship and their obligations to each other. This agreement necessarily stipulates the presence of a subject consuming this type resource, that is, we are talking about a specific owner of a residential premises, to whose address the electricity supply organization will supply this resource (clause 1 of Article 539 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

It is also necessary to say that, in addition to this agreement, which the supplying company signs with the electricity consumer, there are other agreements, that is, agreements that are drawn up between energy systems and companies involved in the production of this resource (electricity).

These agreements do not relate to the specific supply of electricity to the owner of a residential premises, but establish at the legal level the relationship between energy systems and block stations for the organization of a continuous flow of electricity.

If the agreement drawn up between the organization-supplier and the consumer of electricity specifies the obligations of the organization-supplier to supply the owner of the residential premises (subscriber) with electricity through the connected network and the obligations of the consumer to systematically pay for the consumed resource, then this agreement can be considered valid.

In addition to all of the above, the agreement also stipulates the consumer’s obligations to comply with the resource consumption regime, guarantees safe use energy networks and control over the serviceability of electricity metering devices (Article 539 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

According to the law, an electricity supply contract is considered mutual, compensated and of a public nature. This legally executed document must be concluded between the two parties (Article 426 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

The main provisions covered in the electricity supply agreement are:

• In what volume will this resource be supplied? What should its quality be?
• What is the time period for delivery? What are its time limits?
• What is the value of this resource?
• Requirements for the safe operation of energy networks, technical equipment and electrical appliances are discussed.

Each utility resource that is supplied to the owners of residential premises has certain, unique features. If we talk about electricity, then this type of resource has quite specific characteristics, thanks to which energy can take part in the production useful work. It provides the ability to carry out technological operations, and also helps to develop almost all types of activities, including business.

The physical properties of energy also require specific obligations in the electricity supply contract between the supply company and the consumer. We are talking about the following points:

• detection of a given resource (availability of energy) in its consumption;
• Finding out whether energy is present in power systems is possible only with the help of specific technical equipment;
• fulfillment of the necessary conditions for the safe supply and consumption of this resource.

In the modern world, due to progress in the field of technical equipment for the production, transmission and consumption of electricity, the opportunity has arisen to become involved in the process of circulation of this resource.

Energy by its nature is a resource that is difficult to accumulate in one specific place. Even such rapid technological progress of our time this problem I couldn't decide.

At the time of supplying electricity to its direct consumer, the supplying company must seriously respond to changes in the volume of resource consumed by subscribers over a certain time interval. In no case should we ignore the dependence of the volume and quality of the supplied resource on the actions of some subscribers in relation to others.

Among the key features of an electricity supply agreement, there is no consideration of the special characteristics of the product. And since energy is a resource that itself has a number of specific characteristics, an agreement for its supply can only be a purchase and sale agreement.

This electricity supply agreement in an apartment building is concluded between two parties, that is, its preparation requires two companies or their representatives, which on the one hand are consumers/subscribers of this resource.

The second party to the agreement is the company organizing the supply of electricity to the consumer. As a rule, the supplier is a commercial company that either independently produces this resource or purchases electricity and delivers it to the end consumer. Consumers can be both individuals and legal entities.

The supplying company may agree to transfer the supplied electricity to another consumer. This situation is necessarily discussed when signing an energy saving agreement, that is, in the supplier-consumer chain, another party appears - a sub-subscriber (Article 545 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

A sub-subscriber is a consumer of a resource who, by agreement of the parties, is connected to the power grid of a subscriber who receives electricity from the company that supplies this resource.

When studying relationships of this type, it should be noted that they are confirmed by two agreements. First agreement: energy supply agreement, which is signed between the consumer and the resource supplier company; second agreement: an agreement for the use of electricity, which is signed between the consumer and the sub-subscriber. As can be seen from the description, this scheme is quite complex.

Despite the fact that a sub-subscriber appears in the chain, all obligations to the supplying company are assumed by the subscriber who appears in the energy saving agreement.

For a sub-subscriber, the company supplying the resource is the subscriber. In a situation where the mode of delivery of a resource, the level of its quality or volume is violated, then the consumer is responsible to the subsubscriber. But if the parties who enter into an agreement on the supply of a resource come to a common opinion, then they have the right to adjust the agreement and make changes to it regarding obligations to each other.

Both individuals and legal entities can consume this resource. In a situation where a resource supplier company enters into an agreement with an individual, the company can significantly simplify the procedure for concluding this agreement. To recognize the agreement as valid, it is necessary to organize the first connection of the subscriber to an existing connected network (clause 1 of Article 540 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

In accordance with Article 428 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, an adhesion agreement is considered to be an agreement drawn up between a company that supplies energy resources and an individual. When the parties sign this agreement, they do not discuss the period of its validity.

In a situation where an agreement is drawn up between a resource supplier company and another legal entity, confirmation of the availability of legal entity energy receiving device that meets all technical standards. The legal entity also confirms the possibility of organizing metering of consumed energy (clause 2 of Article 539 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

All of the above requirements necessary for drawing up a contract are called technical prerequisites.

An agreement between the resource supplier company and the subscriber cannot be signed in a situation where the subscriber does not have a power plant or if it is in poor technical condition.

It is also impossible to sign an agreement in a situation where the consumer does not have an electricity consumption meter. At the same time, the company providing the resource must necessarily consider all requests received by it regarding the conclusion of an agreement with it (Article 426 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

The management company must enter into agreements with resource supplier companies. If this action is ignored, then the management company is obliged to independently provide public services required by consumers (subparagraph “c” of paragraph 49 of the Rules for the provision of public services to citizens).

According to the legislation of our country and the Rules for the provision of utility services to citizens, associations of residential property owners, housing cooperatives and other consumer cooperatives, as well as management companies, are the main users of services and goods provided by utility companies. They are the ones who buy electricity to transmit it to subscribers living in these apartment buildings and residential buildings. Electricity can also be purchased by premises owners themselves who have chosen direct management of apartment buildings.

An energy saving agreement is a paid legal document. The management company assumes obligations to provide utility services to the owners living in the apartment building, and it also bears obligations to the supplier company for timely payment of consumed resources.

The management company is the provider of public services, so it independently charges for consumed resources. It also accepts payment for consumed resources from the owners of residential premises.

Expert opinion

Termination or refusal of the contract

S. A. Kirakosyan,

Ph.D. legal Sciences, Associate Professor, independent expert under the Ministry of Justice of Russia for anti-corruption examination of legal acts, partner of the Estok-Consulting company

In the process of preparing the text of the contract, maximum attention must be paid to the conditions for the fulfillment of obligations and liability for non-compliance. At the same time, the process of terminating a contract or refusing it is recorded quite rarely. But no company can be insured against early termination of relations. This process of parting with counterparties can result in serious financial expenses and damage the company’s reputation.

Often in such contracts one can find confusion in terms, confusion between termination and refusal of the contract. For example, lawyers use formulations that differ from those specified in Article 450 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Phrases included:

• the right to terminate the contract unilaterally;
• the right to unilaterally withdraw from the contract;
• If there is an unconditional right to withdraw from the contract, the counterparty is sent a notice of termination of the contract.

The confusion in these terms can be argued by the fact that the legislation does not quite successfully reflect two concepts (termination and refusal). Example: under the terms of the supply agreement, “the buyer (recipient) has the right to refuse to pay for goods of inadequate quality... until the defects are eliminated” (clause 2 of Article 520 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In this situation, the concept of “refuse” does not mean termination of the contract, but implies suspension of obligations. In paragraph 1 of paragraph 1 of Article 546 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the legislator designates the right of a subscriber (individual) using energy for domestic consumption to terminate the contract unilaterally. In this situation, the concept of “termination” means “refusal of the contract.”

We can also trace the untimely use of concepts in explanatory letters from state authorized bodies.

For example, explaining the right of subscribers to refuse a management agreement, the FAS RF explained that the owners of premises in an apartment building have the right to unilaterally terminate the management agreement for apartment buildings (Letter No. ATs/51348/1 dated December 18, 2013).

The same opinion can be traced in the letter of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation dated April 24, 2015 No. 12258-АЧ/04 in relation to the situation “when the management organization unilaterally, without objective reasons and, without prior notice, terminates the management agreement for an apartment building (correctly, refuses to fulfill the agreement) or actually ceases to perform its duties in relation to such an apartment building.”

It can be concluded that the authorized bodies equate refusal of the contract to termination, using language on unilateral termination of the agreement that does not comply with the law.

The essence of the differences between termination and refusal of the agreement is as follows.

Termination of an agreement it will be possible:

• by agreement of the parties (in the absence of violation of the contract);
• at the request of one of the parties in court (in case of a significant violation of the contract or a significant change in circumstances, as well as in other cases provided for by the Civil Code, other laws or the contract).

For example, Article 619 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation contains a specific list of violations of the contract by the tenant, in the presence of which the landlord has the right to demand its termination in court. The parties may also establish in the agreement other grounds for early termination of the lease agreement (paragraph 2 of Article 619 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

The right to unilateral refusal can be established both by law and provided for by contract, if this does not contradict the law and obligations.

Cancellation of the contract- this is a unilateral expression of will, a unilateral withdrawal from the agreement. Such a decision may not be related to a breach of contract and may not depend on the parties. The right to unilateral refusal can be established both by law and provided for by contract, if this does not contradict the law and obligations. The right to unilaterally withdraw from a contract can be exercised without going to court. However, this does not deprive the other party of the right, if necessary (for example, to resolve property consequences), to go to court.

Standards for electricity consumption in residential apartment buildings

Federal Law No. 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency...” dated November 23, 2009 states that every owner of an apartment building is obliged to install metering devices for services resource supply organization. At the same time, electricity consumption by apartment owners can be accounted for either at one or several tariffs, depending on the time of day.

If the single-tariff electricity metering system is simple and understandable to everyone, then the multi-tariff system consists in the fact that the day is divided into time intervals, which are called tariff periods. Each such period of electricity consumption has a different final cost for the consumer. During the period of maximum system load, the price of one kW/h is the highest, and at low load it is minimal. This economic method motivates the consumption of electricity during periods when the network load is minimal to ensure uniform electricity consumption throughout the day.

Example: by order of the Office for Regulation of Tariff Plans of the Voronezh Region dated December 21, 2015 No. 63/1, tariffs for different time periods in one day were adopted for owners of residential premises of apartment buildings:

The intervals of time periods of the day are prescribed in Order of the Federal Tariff Service of the Russian Federation dated November 26, 2013 No. 1473-e:

Accounting for two zones(two-tariff electricity metering, day/night):

• “Day” (maximum load zone) - from 7.00 to 23.00;
• “Night” (minimum occupancy zone) - from 23.00 to 7.00.

Accounting for three zones(three-tariff electricity metering):

• day zone “Peak” (maximum load zone) - from 7.00 to 10.00 and from 17.00 to 21.00;
• day zone “Half-peak” (medium load zone) - from 10.00 to 17.00, from 21.00 to 23.00;
• day zone “Night” (minimum load zone) - from 23.00 to 7.00.

In order for the owner of an apartment in an apartment building to understand whether it makes sense for him to switch to multi-tariff metering of electricity consumption, he needs to draw up a monthly schedule of electricity consumption, recording data from the electrical meter at 7.00 and 23.00 for the two-tariff option and at 7.00, 10.00, 17.00, 21.00 and 23.00 - for a three-tariff scheme. Based on the recorded information, it will be possible to calculate electricity consumption for all time periods and understand whether there is a need to switch to multi-tariff electricity metering.

You can also resort to a less labor-intensive method. For example, the average bill for electricity consumption is 800 rubles per month at a single-rate tariff, the cost of one kWh = 3.23 rubles. From these data you can calculate the number of kW/h consumed per month: 800/3.23 = 248 kW/h. In order to calculate the costs for two-tariff metering, assume that half of the electricity consumption occurs during the daytime, and the remaining half at night. In this situation, the costs will be:

124 × 3.71 + 124 × 2.10 = 720.44 rubles per month, that is, the savings will be equal to 79.56 rubles (800 rubles − 720.44 rubles = 79.56 rubles)

However, let’s return to the metering devices that are responsible for accurately recording electricity consumption in apartment buildings. Today, enterprises produce a large number of different modifications of meters. Their key difference is that they have different purposes: for a single-phase or three-phase network. Meters for single-phase networks are used in typical linear networks with a voltage of 220 V, and meters for three-phase networks are designed for networks with a voltage of 380 V.

In addition to the rated voltage, metering devices, according to GOST 31818.11-2012, have other important technical features:

• base current: the value of the current level, which is the initial value for establishing the requirements for an electricity metering device with direct connection;
• rated current: the value of the current level, which is the initial value for establishing the requirements for an metering device operating from a transformer;
• maximum current: the maximum current level at which the metering device meets the accuracy requirements specified in the standard;
• rated frequency: frequency value, which is the initial value when determining the requirements for the metering device;
• accuracy class: a value equal to the limit of the main permissible error, which is expressed in the form of a relative error as a percentage.

The accuracy class of an electricity meter must be at least 2.0 (for residential premises in apartment buildings and groups equivalent to them, for example, for garage-building cooperatives). In apartment buildings connected to power grid facilities after 2012, it is necessary to install house-wide (collective) electricity meters that meet accuracy class 1.0 and higher. For commercial areas (shopping centers, offices, retail outlets, etc.), the conditions in terms of laws are stricter - an electricity meter with an accuracy class of at least 1.0 must be installed.

They produce electricity consumption meters with the following accuracy classes: 2S, 0.5S, 1.0 and 2.0. In the modern world, retail stores offer a huge list of electricity meters, both single-tariff and multi-tariff, from leading manufacturers: Energomera, Incotex, Taipit, Legrand, Schneider Electri, etc. The types of meters from these manufacturers are approved by the executive authority on technical regulation and metrology and are included in the state database of measuring instruments.

Expert opinion

Technological losses are inevitable

V. D. Shcherban,

Chairman of the HOA “Moskovskaya 117”, Kaluga

From time to time, among the owners of apartments in apartment buildings, there are dishonest people who deliberately underestimate electricity consumption figures. Not all owners replace metering devices whose service life has long passed, which leads to serious distortions in energy consumption data.

Each metering device operates independently from electricity and consumes energy. Plus, it has a sensitivity threshold; due to this point, the device simply does not recognize current passing through it below this limit. It should also be said that the older the electricity meter, the rougher its data. I believe that the total monthly measurement error can reach 1.5-3 kW for each metering device, and on older models of metering devices this figure will be even higher. Now try multiplying these values ​​by the number of meters located in one building!

Also, the quality of the electrical cable can affect technical losses. In a multi-storey residential building with major renovations and modern communications, the level of technical losses is much lower. Modern builders use copper cable, while the indoor wiring of old (Soviet) houses still remains aluminum. Connections of cables, especially cables made of different materials, have electrical resistance, which implies certain losses. But no one performs this kind of calculation, especially since the apartment owners know nothing about it. But such losses are taken into account by the general building meter.

These subtleties of power supply in an apartment building increase general house expenses, and payment falls on the shoulders of law-abiding residents of such a building and tenants. For example, in an apartment building (60 apartments), almost all electricity meters in the apartments were updated to devices with anti-magnetic stickers. General house energy costs include: intercom, lighting on stairs, provider equipment, video surveillance systems, automatic gates. Each system has its own electricity meter installed in common areas. To save energy on lighting entrances, LED lamps are used, and motion sensors are installed on the first floor of the house. Data from each installed in public place electricity meters are removed systematically.

In 2015, the electricity consumption in our home looked like this. The monthly standard for electricity consumption for general household needs, adopted according to the Rules for the provision of public services No. 306, is 350 kW per hour. The actual consumed volume for all general house systems during the same time was approximately 220 kW per hour, which is significantly lower than the established standard. The average monthly difference between the level of electricity supply in an apartment building and the level of general house consumption by residents inside residential premises is 660 kW per hour. This figure is almost twice the established standard and three times the actual consumption of general house systems.

50 kW/h were spent on technological losses, and 180 kW/h on losses of apartment metering devices. The result was 450 kW per hour. But where did 210 kW per hour disappear? Experts have not been able to find an answer to this question.

Repair of the electrical supply system of an apartment building

The condition of many apartment buildings is far from up to standard, since most of them were built back in the 50s of the last century. Many of them require major repairs, which include:

• repair of the roof (roof) of the house;
• major renovation electrical wiring;
• installation of electricity, water and heat meters;
• installation of a heating system;
• installation of hot and cold water supply systems;
• repair work, insulation of building facades;
• repair of elevators, etc.

It’s great if your apartment building has a fund that annually collects certain funds for repair work on the building itself and the entrances. This seriously reduces the time required for these procedures.

Electrical wiring in MKD is replaced in several stages. At the very beginning, the building is de-energized, after which the keys to the basement are given to the electricians. Electricians visit each apartment and ask the property owners if they need any additional outlets, or if existing outlets may need to be moved to another location. After this, specialists design a plan for each living space. This is important for the whole process in order to avoid large quantity problems later. After the building is de-energized and all the data for forming a plan diagram has been collected, the electricians begin to act. First, they dismantle the old electrical wiring system, then install a new one.

Usually experienced electricians begin installing a new cable from the ground floor. But first, the lights are installed in the entrances and on the street, and only then the electricians begin work in residential premises. The benefits come from electrical panels installed separately for each apartment. It’s also good that they are located in the entrances.

These electrical panels contain electric meters with three switches. Devices pass through themselves electrical cable. This process allows you to track the flow of electrical energy and its size for specific time periods.