What is the ending in the word what? Own foreign names
In addition to the usual variable words in the Russian language, there are words without endings. These words refer to unchangeable parts of speech, such as gerunds and adverbs. But before going into details, it is necessary to define what an ending is.
The ending is one of the significant parts of the word, a morpheme, with the help of which other forms of the word are formed, under the influence of gender, number, and case. Usually the ending stands at the end of a word and is a link for sentences and phrases. In some rare cases, the ending may appear in the middle. In order to highlight the ending, the word must be changed by number, case, etc. Words that do not change have no endings.
In the Russian language there are two types of parts of speech - independent and auxiliary. Interjections, particles, conjunctions and prepositions are auxiliary parts of speech; they have no lexical meaning, but only act as an addition and connection to independent parts of speech. That's why they have graduations. There are words with a lexical base without an ending. For example, taxi, coffee, high. They are full-valued parts of speech, but they do not change over the course of historical circumstances and therefore have no endings. Prepositions complete these words.
To change the meaning of an unchangeable word, a dependent word is added to it, for example, black coffee - masculine, singular. This definition comes from the adjective (black) that complements the unchangeable word.
Unchangeable words also include those borrowed from other languages, for example, allegretto, rendezvous, puree. Adverbs are one of the unchangeable full-meaning words - quickly, highly. In such words, the last letter “o” is often mistakenly considered to be the ending, although this is a characteristic suffix for adverbs. The gerund, like everyone else, is an unchangeable member of the sentence, because it has the grammatical connotation of an adverb: having restrained, having read.
Words ending in zero
Another example is words without an ending that, when changed, form it, for example, night, horse, door. When exposed to number, case, the ending appears - night - nights - nights, door - doors - doors. In Russian, philologists call such cases zero endings. In his initial form there is no ending.
The Old Church Slavonic language had a letter, which meant that the word had an ending when the form was changed, under the influence of cases and number. Col, table. Over time, the letter became obsolete and fell out of use, and words began to be written without it.
Words without endings in borrowed words
Borrowed words in many publishing houses are used as native words, for example, lie, safari, madam. But many such words never became full-fledged parts of the language: taxi, coat, subway. Words have vowels at the end; they are often perceived as endings. In fact, the entire word is the basis that we encounter almost every day. It is important to remember that such words do not change. Illiterate speaking: playing the piano, grandmother with a coat, a roll with coffee.
Examples of words without endings
Below are words that do not have endings:
- Magneto.
- Veto.
- Sushi.
- Variety show.
- Bungalow.
- Balance.
- Libretto.
- Milady.
- Casino.
- Pony.
- Indigo.
Words without a part of the word ending and unchangeable parts of speech that do not have an ending can be distinguished. To do this, you need to know that words with a zero ending have endings when declensions and changes in number, etc., for example, the word “piano” is unchangeable, it has no endings under any circumstances. And the word has night, with plural the ending “and” appears - night.
It is not for nothing that the Russian language is said to be the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most complex in the world. In no other language in the world does there exist such a huge number of rules and exceptions to them, and not one of them can boast of such a wide variety of not only words, but also their forms that can be formed if, for example, a noun is declined by case, or conjugate verbs. Endings are especially difficult because they connect all the words in a sentence into a single whole. Determining the null ending can also cause problems. Find out in more detail what it is null ending Let's try it in this article.
What does ending represent?
An ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often found at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that one can determine the gender, case, number and person of a given word. For example, in the word “mainland” the ending -a indicates that this word is in singular, genitive case and male, and in the word “thinks” the ending -et says that this design third person singular.
Cases when the ending is not at the very end of the word
Some people may have difficulty determining the ending because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending may be in the middle of a word:
If there is a postfix in a word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: cleaning up, someone, SOMETHING, let's go.
In complex cardinal numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each stem. For example: fiftyØtenØ, fourhundred. However, you should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are formed from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousand, eight-story, three-year, first-class, heptagonal.
Grammatical meanings of endings
Endings are a very significant morpheme because they completely influence the lexical meaning of the word and the entire sentence as a whole. After all, sometimes the easiest way to identify foreigners among a crowd of people is precisely because correct use endings in words are given to them with great difficulty.
All endings in words can indicate the following grammatical meanings:
Number, gender and case for such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o indicates that the word is in the nominative case, it is also singular and neuter); adjective (for example: clean canvas - the ending -о indicates the singular, neuter gender and nominative case); participle (for example: washed linen - the ending -о also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and neuter gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - the ending -е also indicates a word in the singular, nominative case and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - the ending -о indicates a word in the singular neuter and the nominative case) ;
Only case for some pronouns (for example: there is no something - the ending -о speaks of the genitive case) and parts of numerals (there are no seven - the ending -i says that this word is in the genitive case);
Only persons and numbers for verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I am writing - a first person singular verb);
Only numbers and gender for verbs in the past tense (for example: spoke - verb female and singular).
What is null ending?
Also, some difficulties may arise when determining the ending if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to understand what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without any endings at all.
The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed either by letters or sounds. Despite the fact that financially this type the ending is not expressed in any way; when analyzing the morphological structure of a word, it is imperative to designate it in the form of an empty square.
Types of words with zero endings
They have a zero ending in Russian the following types words:
First person nouns in genitive and plural. For example: birds, seals, cows, pets.
Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in the short form of the singular masculine, for example: resourceful, individual, inclined, magnificent, detained, armed.
The zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine nouns in the third declension. For example: cockroach, parkan, felt, oven, speech, night.
Possessive adjectives in the form For example: fatherØ, motherØ, cowØ, foxØ, SerezhinØ.
Singular verbs in the imperative mood. For example: teach, watch, help, translate, ask.
Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of the singular. For example: spokeØ - would speakØ, listenØ - listenØ would, voteØ - voteØ would, askØ - askØ would.
People often confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, let's consider which words have no ending at all.
Words that have no ending at all
The following unchangeable words and groups of words do not have an ending:
Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, auto, coat;
Indeclinable adjectives, for example: Bordeaux, khaki, marengo, netto, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;
Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third party, for example: their, her, his;
All adverbs, since an adverb is an unchanging part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, altered;
Words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;
All participles, since this part of speech took its indeclinability from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washed, understood, read, remembered, remembered, parsed, realized;
All auxiliary parts of speech, for example: so that, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;
Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, uh, ah, slap, bang, bang, those times;
The initial form of the verb in the case where -т and -ти is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, worry, act.
Also, during morphological analysis, words that do not have endings at all should not be marked in writing with an empty square. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without an ending are unchangeable, unlike words with a zero ending.
How to determine the ending?
To determine the ending in any word, it is enough to simply inflect it by case. That part of the word that will change is it. This is how it is easy to identify the zero ending. Examples of words with this ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:
Singular | Plural | Immutable word |
||
Nominative | ||||
Genitive | Whom? What? | |||
Dative | To whom? Why? | mirrors | ||
Accusative | Whom? What? | |||
Instrumental | mirror | mirrors | ||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | mirrorsAH |
On in this example It’s noticeable how easily you can identify a given morpheme in words. Since the word “plisse” is not declined according to cases, it is a word without an ending, and in the word “mirror” only the root and zero ending are represented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.
Morphemes with which the null ending interacts
In most of the examples considered, the most common words are words that use only a root and a zero ending among their morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words, during morphemic analysis of which you can see a prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in the Russian language. For example: put on makeup, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, armed.
Soft sign in morphemic analysis
Please note that soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not indicate any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that precedes it. If a word ends in a soft sign, then it should be considered to have a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the designs just, away, gallop there is a soft sign at the end; these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.
Features of morphemic analysis of a word
The ending is the only part of a word that changes. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to only slightly modify the word.
Minor difficulties that could arise in correctly determining the ending are to distinguish between words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was clarified what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.
I'll start with the second part of the question. There are no first, second or third endings.
Remember: the first, second and third can only be declension for nouns and person for verbs.
The null ending is an ending that occurs in a number of inflected words. Its difference from other endings is that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters. Consider the words: table, horse. Null endings in these words are indicated by empty rectangles.
Zero endings in these words are the same indicator of grammatical form as “regular” endings in the same words in other forms, for example: table, horse.
Let's compare:
- Table: zero ending for masculine nouns of the 2nd cl. - this is an indicator of I.p.
- Table A: ending A at inanimate nouns masculine 2nd class. - this is the R.p. indicator.
- Horse: zero ending in feminine nouns of the 3rd cl. - this is an indicator of I.p. or V.p.
- Horses And:ending And Feminine nouns have 3rd cl. - this is an indicator of R.p., D.p. or P.p.
Attention:
IN different forms of one word the stem will be the same. In our examples these are the basics: table And horse.
It is a grave mistake to think that words table, horse there are no endings. Only unchangeable words, such as adverbs, do not have endings.
The last vowels in adverbs are suffixes, for example: tomorrow A, above at, left A.
1. Ending is a morpheme that usually appears at the end of a word and which indicates the connection of this word with other words. The ending expresses the meaning of gender, number, case, person.
The ending is often called the inflected part of the word.
Wed: book - books - book.
This means that changing the ending does not lead to a change in the lexical meaning of the word.
Endings do not participate in word formation. These are always formative morphemes. They are used to form forms of the same word.
2. The endings express grammatical meanings:
gender, number, case- in nouns ( book- ending - A indicates feminine gender, singular, nominative case), adjectives ( big Book- ending - and I indicates feminine gender, singular, nominative case), participles ( written book- ending - and I indicates feminine gender, singular, nominative case), some pronouns ( my book- ending - I indicates feminine gender, singular, nominative case), some numerals ( one book- ending - A indicates feminine gender, singular, nominative case);
case- for some pronouns ( no one- ending - Wow indicates the genitive case) and numerals ( no five- ending - And indicates the genitive case);
persons and numbers- for verbs in the present and future tense ( Think- ending - Yu indicates 1 person, singular);
gender and number- for verbs in the past tense ( read- ending - A indicates feminine gender, singular).
3. The ending can be expressed by one or more sounds.
No knife, cut with a knife.
But there may be an ending zero. The zero ending is not expressed by sound and is not indicated in writing by a letter, however, it is the absence of a materially expressed ending that has a certain grammatical meaning, For example: knife□ - zero ending indicates masculine, singular, nominative case.
Null endings are found in the following forms:
for nouns in the nominative case, singular, masculine (2 declension) and feminine (3 declension);
Table□ , daughter□ .
some nouns are in the genitive case, plural;
No forces□ , no business□ , no soldiers□ .
at short adjectives in singular form, masculine;
Vesel□ , happy□ .
for verbs in the form of the past tense, singular, masculine;
Read□ , sang□ .
for possessive adjectives with the suffix -й.
Fox□ , wolfish□ .
Note!
1) Final sounds (and letters) in the form of the genitive case, plural, 1st declension and 2nd declension are not endings - armies□ , foothills□ , saucer□. This is part of the base, and the ending here is zero. To check, you can compare these forms with the forms of the nominative case, singular.
Yes, noun army[arm'ij ь] has the ending -я (sound [b]), and [j] is part of the base [arm'ij]. In order to prove this, you can inflect the word: in the army[j] Yu, army[j] to her etc. In all these forms [j] is preserved. This means that [j] is part of the stem, because the ending is a variable part of the word. Only in the genitive case form is this sound graphically expressed using the letter th ( armies), and in other forms it does not receive a special designation.
In forms like foothills, saucer we are seeing a similar phenomenon. Only here there is also vowel fluency ( i, e).
Wed: foothills[pr’i e dgor’j b] - foothills[pr’i e dgor’ij]; saucer e[bl'utts b] - saucer[bl'udts].
2) In the form of the nominative case, singular number, masculine qualitative and relative adjectives, -й is the ending (this is the inflected part of the word, cf.: blue - blue). In the same forms of possessive adjectives ( fox, wolf) -й is a suffix. It is preserved during declension. Only in other forms the suffix is presented in a truncated form - [j], and in writing it is not expressed graphically. The presence of this suffix is signaled by the dividing ь.
Wed: wolf - wolf[j] his, foxy - fox[j] his.
4. The ending is usually found at the end of the word.
The exceptions are:
endings before postfixes -sya (for reflexive verbs, participles), -te (in the plural of the imperative mood), -this, -either, -something(for indefinite pronouns);
Studying, studying, let's go, someone, someone, someone.
endings in complex numerals, where the endings follow each root.
In three hundred, there are not five ten.
Note!
Indeclinable and inconjugable words: adverbs (for example: always, very), service parts ( under, and as if not), unchangeable nouns (for example: coat, coffee), immutable adjectives (for example: beige, marengo) have no endings! Don't confuse no endings with zero endings!
The spelling of endings is determined by the part-speech nature of the word and will therefore be considered when characterizing the corresponding parts of speech.
5. The basis- this is a part of a word without ending. The stem is the carrier of the lexical meaning of a given word.
6. With declination and conjugation, the stem can change - shorten or increase.
For example: leaf □ and leaf [j]- I- in the plural, the stem has increased due to the suffix -j-. Such changes in the stem are, as a rule, characteristic of the verb: for most verbs, the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the present tense do not coincide.
Wed: railway - t and railway - at- the stem in the present tense has been shortened (the suffix is lost - A); chit-a - t- cheat-aj - ut- in this case, the basis in the present tense, on the contrary, has increased due to the sound [j], which is part of the suffix of the present tense and the imperative mood (cf.: chit-ay).
Note!
1) In feminine nouns with final (final letters) -iya ( army, sandal, revolution etc.) and neuter with final -ie ( existence, tension, retribution etc.) is a vowel and belongs to the stem, since it is preserved when declension of nouns.
Wed: army -i, army -i, army -ey; be-e, be-I, be-eat.
2) In masculine nouns with the final -th ( proletarian, sanatorium, region etc.) this consonant also belongs to the stem, since it is preserved in the declension of nouns, cf.: edge, edge[j]- I, kra[j] -yu, kra[j]- eat. In oblique cases [j] is not graphically indicated by a special sign. Its presence is indicated by vowels I, e, y after another vowel (see paragraph 1.5).
Thus, these nouns are in the nominative case, singular, like others ( table□ , horse□ and the like), have a zero ending:
edge□ , proletarian□ , sanatorium□ .
7. Since the Russian language has several postfixes, that is, suffixes that can be located after endings, then the basis some forms of words may be torn.
How Wow-that - ending - Wow, basis somehow .. then ; uch it xia - ending - it, the basis of learning.
It is necessary to distinguish between the basis of a specific form of a word and the basis of a word (in word formation).
The stem of a specific form of a word is represented by a part of a word without an ending.
Record - t, wrote down - A, write down - at.
The stem of a word is determined by the initial form of the word. It includes the root, prefixes and derivational suffixes and postfixes. Formative suffixes and postfixes will not be included in the word-formation base.
For example, in order to identify the stem of a word in a verb form, I wrote down - A, you must first indicate the initial form of the verb (infinitive) write down and discard the ending (in other concepts - the formative suffix) indeterminate form -t: record- .
Note!
1) The derivational basis of the verb is determined by the form of the infinitive. This is especially important to take into account, since, as noted, the verb: a) often does not have the same bases of the present tense and the infinitive, b) quite big number formative suffixes (-l - in the past tense, -i - in the imperative mood).
2) Verb reflexive postfix -sya (learn t xia, we t sia) is not formative, therefore it must be included in the base of the word.
3) As noted, in some cases the singular and plural forms of nouns differ not only in endings, but also formative suffixes. In this case, the base of the word (for word formation) is also determined by the initial form - singular, nominative case, cf.: son□ /sons- the basis of the word (for word formation) is son-.
4) As noted, participles and gerunds occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and special forms of the verb. Since in this manual they are considered as independent parts of speech, the suffixes of participles ( -om/-em/-im; -ush/-yush/-ash/-box, -nn/-n/-enn/-en/-t, -sh/-vsh) are classified as part of the word's derivational basis.Termination or inflection(lat. flixio- bending) is a significant part of the word that changes and is formative. The ending serves to connect words in a sentence or phrase and indicates the relationship between words, expressing grammatical meaning.
The grammatical meaning of the endings of different parts of speech.
- Noun . Noun endings
river - rivers - rivers
- Adjective . Endings of adjectives indicate their number, case and gender:
beautiful - beautiful - beautiful
- Numeral . Endings of numerals indicate their case and number:
second - second - second
- Verb . Verb endings Present and future tenses indicate person and number:
read - reads
The endings of past tense verbs indicate their number, person and gender:
Looked - looked - looked - looked
- Pronoun. Pronoun endings indicate first of all the case, then the number and gender, if any:
he - his
yours - yours - yours - yours - Participle . Participle endings indicate number, gender and case:
read - read - read
The ending is exceptional formative morpheme, which does not give the word any additional meaning.
The endings can be materially expressed or zero.
Zero ending- this is the ending of modified words, which is not expressed by sounds during pronunciation and letters in writing, but at the same time conveys a certain grammatical meaning. The zero ending can be an indicator of a certain gender or case, for example:
- Nominative and accusative case of nouns. 3 declensions singular: daughter, oven, mother, rye;
- Nominative case of nouns m.r. 2 declination singular (for inanimate - nominative and accusative case): friend, chair, reeds;
- Genitive case of nouns different kinds plural: countries, soldiers, windows;
- Short forms singular m.r. adjectives and participles: cheerful, readable, kind.
- Nominative case of possessive adjectives m.r. units: brothers, mother, fox;
- Imperative mood of verbs in singular: watch, teach, watch;
- Indicative and subjunctive mood of singular verbs. m.r.: wrote - would write; looked - would have looked; walked - would walk.
There are unchangeable words and forms of words that do not have endings and a system of grammatical properties. These words and forms include:
Indeclinable nouns, usually of foreign origin: taxi, coat
Possessive pronouns that denote belonging to a third party: her, him, them
Indeclinable adjectives: burgundy, khaki
Adverbs
Such words have connections with other words using semantic relations, and the zero ending is not indicated in writing in any way.
