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m There must be moderation in everything. There must be limits to everything. Horace

The name of Horace is often and rightfully mentioned in conjunction with the name of Virgil. These two equal talents personify the most important facets of the poetry of the “golden age” at its highest artistic peak. Virgil personifies the epic side, Horace the lyrical side. Both captured their time. And at the same time, they gave their quest such a perfect aesthetic form, filled their poems with such deep universal human content that they forever remained in the history of not only Roman, but world poetry, Quintus Horace Flaccus

The idea of ​​Horace as a talented poet, but an opportunist, a “flatterer,” which has become a “common place” in a number of critical works, is largely unfair. A sad role was played by the well-known biting expression of F. Engels, who spoke of Horace as a former republican who throws out the slogan “Against tyrants,” and then capitulates and “crawls on his belly before Augustus.” It is known, however, that the princeps was offended that the poet avoided a trusting relationship with him. In one of Augustus’ letters to Horace we read: “Aren’t you afraid that your friendship with me might bring shame upon you in posterity?” According to the historian Suetonius, Augustus even forced his friendship on Horace.

HORACE AND THE ODIC TRADITION. The odes constitute the most significant part of Horace's legacy. He turned to them, having already tested himself in the genre of epics and satires. The first book of odes, which is significant, was published in 23 BC, i.e. after Octavian's final victory. Horace himself called his lyric poems “songs” (carmina); later his commentators began to call them odes, having V I see their inspired, solemn character. The odes are collected in four books: in the first - 38 odes, in the second - 20, in the third - 30, in the fourth - 15. In some odes Horace continues the traditions of Pindar. But closer him early Greek lyrics such poets as Archilochus, Alcaeus, Sappho, Anacreon. In particular, he uses their characteristic poetic meters.

In the mentioned message “To the Maecenas” (19th message of the 1st book), he names his predecessors:

First Parian Iambic

I showed Lazia; Archilochus size only and passion

I took, not his themes, not the words that poisoned Lykambus.

Horace mentions both the “powerful muse Sappho” and the meter-observant Archilochus Alcaeus.

Among the Roman lyricists, I was the first to glorify his muse, which is forgotten among us: I bring something unknown to everyone and I am proud - Noble hands and eyes hold me and read me.

In the famous ode “Monument” (which will be discussed later), he defines his merit as follows:

I was the first to translate Aeolia's songs into Italian.

Horace not only adopted the forms and meters of the Greek lyricists. He filled them with new content. He gave his poems a classical finish.

GLORIFICATION (OCTAVIAN AUGUSTUS. Odes Horace is the artistic embodiment of his political philosophy. The poet carefully follows the intense struggle for power in Rome after the assassination of Caesar. The state is seen as a ship caught in a storm (this metaphor was first used by Alcaeus).

O ship, here you are again carried into the sea by a stormy wave. Hold on! Drop your anchor in the harbor!

The rigging is cracking terribly - the fasteners are all torn off, And the bottom can barely withstand the formidable

The power of the waves?

In the future, the theme of the ship-state, and even more broadly, of society, will pass through world poetry: here and Longfellow ("Building a Ship") And Whitman ("O Captain, My Captain") And Arthur Rimbaud (“The Drunken Ship”).

POLITICAL MOTIVES OF OD. Odes of Horace are a kind of mirror of political events in Rome. The latter often appear indirectly, in the form of mythological images. In the 15th ode of the 1st book, the flight of Paris and Helen to Troy is compared with the fate of Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian’s enemies, who face an unkind fate. Octavian's victory at Actium for Horace is the result of the will of the gods. In the 2nd ode of the 1st book, the poet depicts terrible events: the flood of the Tiber that followed the murder of Caesar. The poet prays to Jupiter, Apollo, Venus to spare Rome, the poet’s main hope is the son of “blessed Maya” - Mercury. And his earthly incarnation is August. The poet asks Mercury, i.e. Augustus, to be called “father”, to become “first citizen”. And indeed, four years later, after the victory at Actium, the princeps received the title of Augustus (“divine”), which actually introduced him to the host of gods.

Horace turns to Clio, the muse of history, who gives her favorites glory throughout the ages. With truly “Pindaric” enthusiasm he glorifies Horace the Father, i.e. Jupiter, guardian of the human race. Rock “entrusted him with the guard of Caesar,” i.e. Augustus, who rules as second in command after the supreme god himself. Augustus, a worthy successor of the great Julian family, is destined to be in charge of earthly affairs. Exalting Augustus, Horace gave his power a sacramental, divine coloring.

OVIDY

In the history of Roman poetry, the epic genre is represented by two “peak” works: Virgil’s Aeneid and Metamorphoses. The Book of Ovid, his most ambitious work, is different in character from Virgil's masterpiece. At the same time, Ovid, of course, took into account the experience of the author of the Aeneid. What they have in common- it's on an epic scale. But Ovid was far from composing a national heroic poem following the example of Virgil; it did not correspond to his creative individuality. Exploits on the battlefield were not his element. But what he wrote was no less significant.

After the release of three books, rich in love themes, Ovid, who entered a new stage of creativity, gives it a new direction. "Metamorphoses" is an extensive work written in dactylic hexameter, about 12 thousand poems making up 15 books.“Metamorphoses”, literal meaning: transformations. Before us are about 250 myths, fascinating and colorful, about the various transformations of people, mythological heroes, animals into plants, stones, stars, into various objects. Ovid spent almost seven years working on this work and managed to complete the work just on the eve of his ill-fated exile. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE POEM. Ovid gave his compatriots, and subsequent generations, a poetic collection of many mythological subjects. In this the poem, innovative in concept and structure, is a synthesis of the achievements of Roman poetry. Here is a subtle description of human feelings, spiritual pictures of nature, symbolism and beliefs; visual, living details and details. The main thing is the spiritual life of the ancient world. It was a poem that was not like Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Aeneid, or Lucretius’ On the Nature of Things. In terms of genre, the work has no analogues in ancient poetry.

SOURCES. Working on his poem, immersing himself in library volumes, consulting with learned philologists, the poet mastered a whole body of knowledge on mythology. The works of Greek authors, mostly from the Hellenistic era, who offered treatments of legendary and mythological subjects, turned out to be especially useful for him. The poets of the Hellenistic era loved to artistically explore the motif of transformations: Eratosthenes wrote about the transformation of people into stars; Boyce - in birds; Callimachus had a similar motif in his main work “Reasons,” a collection of poems of an elegiac mood. Subsequently, many of the texts used by Ovid were lost; It was only thanks to him that myths came to us. However, it was not only information obtained from books that nourished the poet.

Even in his youth, during his wanderings through Greece, Asia Minor and Sicily, Ovid visited those places where, as it was believed, events and episodes captured in myths and legends unfolded. Thus, in Thessaly he saw rivers, on the banks of which a beautiful nymph, turned into a laurel, frolicked; in Sicily - a cave, entering which Pluto took Proserpina to the underworld; near Syracuse - the source of Arethusa, a nymph whose love was sought by Alpheus, who was in love with her.

Let us add to this that certain legendary-mythological episodes and images were immortalized in sculptural sculptures, mosaics, vase paintings, architectural elements, even decorations that have become part of everyday life. Roman matrons, for example, believed that the amber beads from their necklaces were cap- whether petrified juice. They flowed out of the poplar, and were the tears of the sisters of Phaethon, who were turned into poplars. Another detail of the jewelry is corals. It was believed that these were shoots of underwater plants that hardened if removed from the water. This happened because once the hero Theseus placed the head of the terrible Medusa on them, whose gaze was enough for the object she looked at to petrify.

The myths that made up the famous book of Ovid are the fruit of the imagination of people in ancient times. For the Hellenes of Homer's era, much in myths was a living, real object of faith. For Ovid's contemporaries, who lived in a different historical time, these were in many ways just beautiful fairy tales. It is unlikely that they believed in such transformations. Does this mean that Ovid wrote an essay that has only historical value?

I think that this is not so. Genuine encyclopedia of myths, accumulated by him is not only a treasury of stories. The motley, colorful plots contained universal meaning. Behind the legend and fairy tale shone through the truth of human identities and relationships. IN they had everything: love and jealousy, deceit and generosity, touching friendship and marital affection, maternal tenderness and lust for power, and much more.

ARTISTIC TREATMENT OF MYTHS. To convey all this to the reader, Ovid’s flexible, strong poetic gift was needed. Many of the stories were well known to his contemporaries and were well known. Ovid did not simply seek to reproduce them. He aesthetically transformed them, giving them clarity, color and authenticity.

To this end, he carried out the necessary material selection, cut off everything unnecessary. The emphasis on Details, the most significant details, which he could expand and deepen, was extremely important for him. This gave his legendary fairy-tale world tangibility and concreteness. He could also transform individual storylines of the myth to achieve greater impressive power.

So, he mastered it artistically myth O Pygmalione, one of the most poetic. An ancient legend said that the king of Cyprus, Pygmalion, was in love with an ivory statue of the goddess Venus, which he considered a living being. Ovid made adjustments to the legend. King Pygmalion turned into a sculptor. He himself created a marvelous statue, not of a goddess, but of a mortal woman. Finally, the poet makes the statue come to life from the love of its creator.

In Ovid, the myth acquires philosophical content. The theme of this charming miniature is the nature of artistic creation, which is deeply close to Ovid. The fairy-tale plot convinces: only those creations of art are perfect and vital, the creation of which the artist gave inspiration, the heat of the soul. The sculptor Pygmalion was offended by the vices of women, whom Venus turned to stone for their obscene behavior. Pygmalion lived “single, lonely” and his bed “was deprived of a girlfriend for a long time.” Here is how Ovid describes his creative process:

Meanwhile, he is snow-white with constant art

I cut ivory. And he created an image like

The world had never seen a woman, and he fell in love with his creation!

She had a girl's face; just like alive

It’s as if she wants to leave the place, but she’s just afraid.

That's how hidden art was hidden by art itself!

The Creator marvels and burns for the likeness of the body.

He often stretched out his hands to the statue, torturing

Is it a body or a bone? No, it's not a bone! - admits.

He kisses the virgin and thinks it’s mutual.

In love with his creation, the sculptor makes sacrifices to the gods, begging them to give him a wife who would be similar to the one made of bone. The goddess Venus hears his prayers. The marble softens. “The body is in front of him - under the pressing finger the veins tremble.” The statue comes to life.

Mouth pressed

He finally comes to genuine lips - and feels the kiss of the Virgin: she blushes and, raising her timid eyes Bright to the light, she immediately sees heaven and her beloved. The goddess sits as a guest at the wedding she arranged. In the poetic version, Ovid's skill was revealed. It is no coincidence that this myth, precisely thanks to Ovid, has repeatedly become a source of artistic embodiment in almost all types of art: here is the famous comedy by B. Shaw “Pygmalion”, and the popular musical by F. Lowe “My Fair Lady”, and the cantata by J. Bach , and the operas of Rameau and Cherubino, and Suppe’s operetta La Belle Galatea, and many others.

COMPOSITION. It seems that in Ovid's Metamorphoses there is no clear plan: one myth “flows” into another. However, this is not so: the extensive material collected and processed by the poet is subject to internal logic and a general philosophical concept, and is also purposefully structured.

The final fifteenth book sets out the views Pythagoras (VI V. BC), the famous Greek philosopher, founder of his own philosophical school, a kind of brotherhood of students, the so-called. Pythagoreans. (The scientist was also a mathematician, and schoolchildren are introduced to the basics of geometry by mastering the Pythagorean theorem.) Ovid, perhaps not without the influence of Lucretius, artistically formulates for the reader the law of eternal change in the following way.

Updating

Things, one from another, revives the appearance of nature.

Nothing dies - believe me! - in the great universe.

Everything diversifies and renews its appearance; be born -

It means to begin to be different from what you were in your former life; to die -

To be what was, to cease; for everything is transferred in the world

Eternally here and there: but the sum of everything is constant.

The material in “Metamorphoses” is grouped V historical sequences. And about this “beginning” in the first song of the poem:

Gods - after all, you accomplished these transformations -

Give my plan a go from the beginning of the universe

Bring a continuous song to the coming times.

MAIN MYTHS. Transformations began already in ancient times. The world was in a state of formless chaos, which gradually began to acquire more harmonious and orderly outlines. Further follow four traditional centuries, as the ancients believed: gold, silver, copper and iron, followed by a flood. From antiquity Ovid passes To modernity, to Julius Caesar, who turned into a comet. But the historical principle is not fully maintained. Further myths ranked in terms of their origin and topics. In books III And IV ancient myths of the Theban cycle, associated with such famous figures as Cadmus, Harmonia, Tiresias. IN these books included two widely popular novellas: Narcissus and Echo, Pyramus and Thisbe.

NARCISSUS. A young man of rare beauty, son of the river god Kephissus, Narcissist rejected love nymphs Echo, for which he was punished by the gods. They made him fall in love with his own reflection V water of a chilly stream.

He wanted to quench his thirst, but a new thirst arose: He drinks water, and meanwhile he is captured by the beauty of the face, He loves a dream without flesh and mistakes a ghost for flesh. He himself was amazed and stood motionless above the water. With a youthful face similar to the sculptured Parian marble.

Tormented by unrequited passion, the hero of the myth dies and turns into a narcissus, into “a saffron flower with snow-white petals around it.” This character gave the name to the psychological phenomenon, the so-called. narcissism, i.e. narcissism. Ovid offered a poetic version of one of the most popular and poetic ancient myths, which served as a source for the plays of Calderon and Rousseau, the operas of Scarlatti, Gluck, Massenet, and the paintings of Tintoretto and Poussin.

PYRAMUS AND THISBES. The myth of Pyramus and Thisbe also had considerable success. It was widespread in the East and played on the traditional motif of love, which turned out to be stronger than death. Ovid colored it with his imagination. Young people in love lived in two houses adjacent to each other, but their fathers forbade them to marry. Pyramus and Thisbe could talk and see each other using a narrow gap in the wall. Powerless to fight the passion that gripped them, they decided to meet in freedom, outside the city, near a tomb near a tree with white fruits.

The first to come to the tomb is Thisbe, who is noticed by a lioness, inflamed by “fresh bull blood”; Thisbe manages to take refuge in a cave, but in the process loses her blanket. The lioness grabs him and tears him apart with her bloody mouth. When Pyramus arrives at the appointed meeting place, he notices the veil With blood stains. His first thought: “The lioness tore Thisbe to pieces.” Shedding tears, Pyramus blames himself for the death of Thisbe. In despair, Pyramus stabs himself with a dagger. His blood turns mulberries purple. Soon, leaving the cave, Thisbe finds the dying Pyramus. She decides to follow him into death:

Your hands and love have destroyed you, oh unfortunate one! I have the same bold hand: my love will make me strong. I will follow you and, unfortunate, I will be considered the cause and companion of the Death of Pyramus.

Thisbe throws herself on Pyramus's sword and dies. The fruits of the tree preserve the color of the blood of two unfortunates, who “rest in one urn.” This plot was used by Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales and parodied in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream; embodied in the painting by Cranach the Elder and Gluck's opera.

NIOBE. Myths in V- VII books date back to the time of the famous campaign of the Argonauts to Colchis for the Golden Fleece. These are myths about Jason, Medea, characters memorable from the tragedy of Euripides “Medea”. Here we meet the famous story about Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, wife of King Amphion of Thebes. At first, fate was favorable to her: she belonged to an ancient Family, her husband was a powerful ruler, but most of all Niobe was proud of her many children: seven sons and seven daughters. In her maternal vanity, she allowed herself to mock the goddess Latona herself.

Niobe considered herself superior and more noble, since Latona gave birth to only two children, Apollo and Artemis. Touched to the quick, Latona complains to her powerful children about Niobe, who decide to brutally punish her. One by one they strike with arrows all the sons of Niobe; Ovid describes in detail the death of each of them. Her husband Amphimon kills himself in despair.

Immeasurable is the grief of Niobe, who lost both her children and her husband: Oh, how Niobe was now different from the old Niobe, That she recently turned people away from Latonya’s victims, Or walked through the city, along the main street, arrogant. The envy of everyone! - And now her enemy would regret it. She fell to the cold bodies; without order, she lavished kisses on all seven sons for the last time.

Then, one after another, all seven sisters die. In horror, Niobe freezes, Zeus turns her into a rock.

Niobe remains an artistic symbol of both arrogance and inescapable suffering. The story of the death of her children, the Niobids, became popular in art. In the VI century. AD Fourteen figures representing the Niobide group were discovered in Rome. It has been suggested that this is a copy of a composition created by the Greek sculptor Skopas.

DAEDALUS AND ICARUS. In books VIII-IX- myths dating back to the time of Hercules. Among them is the famous myth of Daedalus and Icarus. During a flight from the island of Crete with his father, the mythical sculptor Daedalus, the young man Icarus ignored his parental warning and, rising high, approached the sun, after which the wax holding the feathers of his artificial wings melted, and Icarus fell into the sea. In this plot, which also received varied echo in art, reflected in a naively touching form, the age-old dream of mankind to conquer airspace.

PHILEMON AND BAUKIS. The myth is filled with vital truth O Philemona and Baucis, a pious old couple. When Jupiter and Mercury (according to the Greek version, Zeus and Hermes) descended incognito into the swampy area where the heroes of the myth lived, their neighbors did not show them worthy hospitality. Only Philemon and Baucis, despite extreme poverty, generously shared their modest reserves with the newcomers. Having “opened up,” the touched gods decided to punish the neighbors, but reward the old people. The neighbors' fields were flooded, and on the site of the old couple's house a temple was erected, of which they became priests. The gods also responded to their lowest request: to allow them to die at the same time. This happens, after which they turn into two trees, "from single root of the grown." The pathos of this story is expressed in the words: “The gods protect the righteous: he who worships is honored.”

Philemon and Baucis remained in memory: they - embodiment of marital love, carried until old age, until the last breath. Goethe immortalized this mythological couple in the final scenes of the second part of Faust. In Goethe, Philemon and Baucis symbolize both love and patriarchy: their modest hut is destroyed in the process of draining the swamp. The ancient way of life is being destroyed in the course of inexorable economic progress. The images of Philemon and Baucis come to life in the operas of Haydn and Gounod, and in the paintings of Rubens and Rembrandt.

OTHER MYTHS. Among the myths of the X book are the myths about Orpheus and Eurydice, about Hyacinth; in the XI book - the myths about the gold of Midas, about Peleus and Thetis, the parents of Achilles. Books XII-XIII contain myths related to the Trojan War, the story of Iphigenia in Aulis (known from the tragedies of Aeschylus and Euripides), the death of Achilles, and the fate of Priam’s wife Hecuba. Ovid also reproduced the love story of the cyclops Polyphemae and the nymph Galatea, poetically embodied in the XI idyll of Theocritus.

THE WEALTH OF THE ARTISTIC WORLD OF THE POEM. The final books of Metamorphoses (XIII- XV) take the reader already into the mythological history of Rome. Following Virgil, Ovid poetizes the emergence of Rome from the Trojans who sailed to Italy led by Aeneas. Exalted and legendary Roman king Numa Pompilius, who learns the lessons of wisdom taught by Pythagoras. Numa is credited with the implementation of many beneficial government acts, laws and decisions. This thematic line ends with the story of Julius Caesar. His death was the beginning of his immortality.

Good Venus

The Roman Senate appeared and, unseen by anyone, kidnapped Caesar's soul. Without allowing it to disintegrate in the air space, it carries it into the sky. And there he places it among the eternal constellations. And, rushing away, she senses: the soul is turning into a god...

In “Metamorphoses,” perhaps Ovid’s “main book,” his artistic palette was enriched and sparkled with new colors. In his first books, his talent was realized in depicting experiences associated with different facets of love. The poem contains scenes and episodes reflecting the tragic, dark aspects of existence. The king of Aegina, for example, tells Kephalus about the ruthless plague that hit his country:

It is known that infection has penetrated into the springs and lakes,

And they wandered through deserted fields that were not plowed at all.

Many thousands of snakes made the rivers poisonous,

In the death of dogs, and sheep, and bulls, and animals, and birds

For the first time, the unexpected strength of the illness became clear.

He also depicted people bent by need and poverty; This is the description of the Goddess of Hunger, striking with naturalistic details unusual for Ovid:

Working with her fingernails and teeth, she tore up the scanty herbs. Her hair was disheveled, her eyes were sunken, her face was bloodless, her lips were white from thirst, her teeth were corroded by corruption, her skin was hard, and you could see the whole inside underneath.

Ovid, without false modesty, was aware of the scale of his creative efforts. The final chord of “Metamorphoses” echoes Horace’s “Monument.” My work has ended, and neither Jupiter’s malice, nor sword, nor fire, nor greedy passion can destroy it.

He believes in his own “metamorphosis.” The fact that a true poet continues to live in his creations.

We don't need the help of friends so much,
How confident are we that we will get it?
(Democritus)
This happened to me ten years ago. In the summer, everyone spends their vacation in their own way. And I already forgot when I vacationed in the summer. I have been picking blueberries for almost twenty years. I travel by commuter train to the city of Chelyabinsk.
For two days I disappear from morning to evening in the forest or in the mountains, and on the third day I work at the market. In the morning I had to get up at three in the morning, because the train leaves at four zero seven. Every time after a successful market, I stopped by the village where my sister lives. Before the evening train I had time to go to the lake with my relatives, swim and sunbathe. That ill-fated evening I also visited them and went home.
Only this incident happened to me. I wake up and ask the woman who was traveling with me in the same carriage: “Please tell me, haven’t we passed Mauk yet?” She answers in the affirmative that the carriage has just started moving. Looking out the window, I realized that we had passed – it was only about two hundred meters from the station. And I must say that the train stood at our station for fifteen minutes, and during that time I slept soundly and didn’t even wake up.
I was very upset, but I realized that there is no hopeless situation in any situation. That woman was worried about me and said that I should have at least warned her, just in case. How could I have known that such an opportunity would turn out? I remembered that my friends from the bazaar live in the neighboring village. And there was also a girl living there who studied at our school and is now married there. My conscience did not allow me to break the stop valve. I have no idea where my guardian angels were looking. As if it was impossible to wake me, a tired worker, a minute earlier. I arrived at the desired station, reached my friend and asked her to accompany her to Lyudmila, so that she could take her home by car.
She and her husband ran their own store, they had their own car, they just asked to wait a little. They urgently needed to make a report and deal with the goods that had been delivered earlier in the day.
I got home at twelve o'clock at night. The train arrives at ten in the evening. Two hours of wasted time.
The next year the berry market season began again. My daughter-in-law and my brother's wife had an accident in Ufa. She was hit and killed by a car on the highway.
I went to the funeral in my native village. They saw off their daughter-in-law on her final journey. The mullah read a prayer at the table. We ate soup and drank tea with various dishes and concoctions. In a house where prayer is being read, alcohol should never be consumed. Then the relatives from the brother’s and daughter-in-law’s sides agreed to go to the thicket of the forest and sit there for a while. We set the table, bought vodka, wine, and beer. Then it was just the height of summer, the beginning of July to be precise. In the evening I took the local train home again.
I wake up and see that I am already in another town, which is an hour’s drive from us. If the first time I got to the next station, then the second time I got to the final one. Fortunately, cell phones have already appeared. I called a friend of our family, with whom we were also from the same village. And he was also a distant relative of us. His brother was married to my fourth cousin.
Zhamil did not have to wait long. When I arrived at the gas station, I felt uncomfortable because I didn’t have any money with me. Fortunately, he had his own. When I got home, I paid for the fare. She took money out of the house.
I went to rest, but I couldn’t sleep. So I spent three hours half asleep and got up. There was a product waiting for me. I collected them and left them for sale after the funeral.
I dragged myself to the station, feeling like a sleepy fly. I used a little, either my nerves or fatigue took its toll. I immediately went to rest, especially since it was a four-hour drive to the city.
Another year has passed since that unfortunate incident. As always, I finished the market early and went to the village to visit my sister.
She was mowing. I went to see my niece, her daughter. Mindigul was on maternity leave. It was incredibly hot outside. Then my niece suggested that I relax and drink beer. Thus, relieve fatigue and quench thirst. I took out an old stash left over from her birthday. She couldn’t keep company herself, so she invited a neighbor, a young woman who had given birth two years ago and had not breastfed. She took another beer with her, also an old stash, hidden from her husband. For two it turned out to be four liters. There was almost five hours before the train. We took our time, snacking, and sipping beer. It was produced in our area, it was tasty, not like it is now. To be honest, I don’t really respect this drink, not to mention the stronger ones.
I got into the last carriage, there was not a single passenger there except me. The head is in good health. It was very cloudy inside. She took out the bag, and all the contents taken at the table went there. The train was still standing, so I managed to throw the bag away.
She sat down, the carriage started moving, and off we went. I woke up only when I heard that the stop was final. I passed my home station again for the third time. There is nothing to do, I call my friend and explain the situation. She and her husband, in an old, beat-up red Zhigulenka, took me home.
This disgrace lasted for three years in a row. And it doesn't happen again. Ugh, ugh, so as not to jinx it. As the ancient Roman poet Horace Flaccus Quintus said: “There must be measure in everything.”

Everything needs moderation! Children's rights, what does this mean? Should he have any rights? It seems to me that we, parents, often make mistakes. It seems that the child has the right to study, to personal space, to freedom of action. But why do parents remember the rights of the child only when they need to give written permission to the teacher for our child to wash the floors in the classroom or pick up leaves on the school grounds? Why don’t parents remember their rights when they force their child to study additional foreign languages, take part in two or three sports sections or clubs, or take music classes? Why do parents think that their child is the most talented, the smartest, that they can decide everything for him? When will we be able to teach our children to be independent? It is impossible to explain why being on duty in the classroom while washing desks has become forbidden for a child, because it violates the rights of a little person. What is happening to our children? What kind of drones will we raise with this formulation of the question? Yes, I believe that a child should have the right to choose what he wants to do more. But everything should be good and in moderation. And what do we get? Social educators, psychologists, etc. work with them in schools.

Let me give you an example. The girl is a third-grader with good, loving parents, but the little girl really doesn’t want to study, so she doesn’t get to school unless she’s led by the hand. Having repeatedly visited the social teacher, the girl got it into her head that her parents were treating her poorly, beating her, and scolding her. The social teacher gave the child a helpline, saying that the child has the right to go there at any time. She immediately called, reporting bad parents. We immediately had an educational conversation with the parents over the phone. But the matter did not stop there. The girl learned from a social teacher that if her parents treated her poorly, she would be sent to a boarding school. The child again called the helpline, claiming against her own parents that she was being treated poorly. Now this child is in a boarding school, enjoying life, doing whatever he wants and also skipping classes. Freedom! Parents are shocked, because they could not even think that their child in the third grade would turn out like this... They don’t know what to do now, how to wash off the shameful stain. So think about it, was it necessary to give the child so many rights? But such things happen at every step. In our time, we must already think about limiting these same rights and freedoms. Man - that sounds proud! But we need moderation in everything, we need to cultivate a sense of responsibility in our children, we need to clearly separate these same rights and responsibilities. In the end, we need to more often refer to the work of S. Marshak “What is good and what is bad?” We need to be less led by our children, we need to educate them, and not dump this work on kindergarten and school. The Soviet education system was the best in the world, we must not forget about this. Perhaps this system brought up the so-called “herd feeling”, but the younger generation was envious of this upbringing and is still envied by the whole world! And, in my opinion, all children had enough rights and freedom. There were free sections and clubs, there were almost no street children, children were not left orphans with living parents, they walked calmly on the streets of our cities!

We must take all the good things from the old system while those people are still alive from whom we can learn a lot! in

At a large press conference on December 23, Vladimir Putin answered questions from representatives of leading Russian and foreign media. The President answered questions from journalists for almost four hours, and we will not retell the entire conversation: the transcript and video recording of the event were published on the Kremlin website. Let us dwell on the topics that are constantly in the field of view of the profiok.com portal.

About technological lag

According to Vladimir Putin, the problems of the domestic economy are related to the fact that for a long time there was the possibility of obtaining super-profits in industries not related to high technology. Accordingly, these industries have not developed properly. Now the country’s leadership is making attempts to radically change the situation, “to change the structure of the economy, set it up in a new way, and create prospects for development.”

Attempts include, for example, the creation of preferential treatment for high-tech industries, the adoption of the National Technology Initiative, the creation of priority development areas, and the preparation of a comprehensive economic development plan for the period until 2025, which will be formed by May 2017. Putin believes that the first results have already appeared. Thus, exports of information technology products grew from almost zero to $7 billion per year (for comparison, annual arms exports are estimated at $14.5 billion). The defense industry has undergone “serious internal structural changes,” Putin recalled.

At defense industry enterprises, as the president puts it, there is an “explosive” increase in labor productivity, and this trend should eventually spread to the civilian sector.

In other words, according to Putin, we are not talking about any technological lag. In a number of industries, Russia still retains leadership (nuclear technology, space and rocketry, defense industry, etc.), in others “growth points” have emerged.

“I believe that not only should we not give up, on the contrary, we have every reason to believe that we will not only be leaders in many key areas, but will also retain this leadership for many decades,” said Vladimir Putin.

Let us add that later the adviser to the head of state on the Internet, German Klimenko, explained that one of the “growth points” in the IT sector is software. By 2025, according to Klimenko, software exports are expected to grow to $20-30 billion per year.

“Simply transferring money is not always the most effective way to support,” the head of state believes. Vladimir Putin explained that the issue needs to be resolved comprehensively. It is clear that paper books and magazines are gradually being replaced by more modern media. But it is necessary to ensure that “the necessary content is available on modern media,” the president is confident. Therefore, now the question is about reviving libraries in a new quality, about turning them into modern multimedia centers, where you can not only “just come and leaf through books,” but also gain access to the Internet and databases of electronic publications. This problem is supposed to be solved at the level of municipalities and regions. However, if specific assistance is needed at the federal level, “we can think about that too,” Vladimir Putin said.

About patriotism and a sense of proportion

The President once again repeated that the state supports and will support patriotic movements. “We have no other and cannot have any other unifying principle,” Vladimir Putin emphasized. At the same time, the head of state called on “not to feed on information phobias” and maintain a sense of proportion.

“We have a large, complex country,” Putin said. - Some radically defend liberal values, organize provocative exhibitions, and at the same time say that they do this deliberately in order to arouse interest in their actions. There should be a measure here too, right? The same can be said about the so-called jingoists. I said that we will support patriotic movements, but nothing can be distorted.”

According to the president, the measure should be “developed within society itself.”

The measure should be in everything - including the amount of income of the heads of state-owned companies and “the construction of provocative real estate projects,” the president emphasized. Measures, as Vladimir Putin noted, should also be in the actions of journalists, who sometimes cross the line and invade the private lives of public people.

Thus, in the ongoing discussion around the Yeltsin Center in Yekaterinburg, the head of state does not see anything special, “this is a normal phenomenon.” Another thing is that we must not allow the discussion to escalate and tensions in society to increase. Vladimir Putin recalled that in the coming 2017 we will celebrate the centenary of the revolutionary events of 1917, and in this context it is important to “work towards reconciliation, towards rapprochement, and not to rupture, not to inflame passions.”

About professionalism. Comment profiok.com

I humbly ask you, when you go to St. Petersburg, tell all the various nobles there: senators and admirals, that, your Excellency, Pyotr Ivanovich Bobchinsky lives in such and such a city. Just say: Pyotr Ivanovich Bobchinsky lives.

N.V. Gogol. Auditor

Discussing the president's press conference, many complain that they did not hear anything new: everything happened for a long time, boring and absolutely predictable. In our opinion, the result is quite logical: as are the questions, so are the answers. It is not the head of state’s fault that the questions asked were completely devoid of signs of professionalism. Any journalism student (if he studies normally, of course) is aware that a press conference as a genre does not imply a dialogue with the speaker. You cannot ask several questions at once, because this at least gives you the opportunity to choose which question is worth answering and which one you can “forget”. The question should be formulated in such a way that it cannot be answered or answered in monosyllables. There is also an ethical side: there is probably a great temptation to show off on live television for as long as possible, but one should remember that this wastes the time of the president, his colleagues, and millions of viewers.

There is a feeling that many people asked questions just to ask something. Otherwise, why was it necessary to ask the question a second time about what the Kerch Bridge should be called (Nikolai Dolgachev, TC “Kaliningrad”), why was it necessary to raise the topic of animal protection twice (Ilona Linart, MTRK “Mir”, Tatyana Melikyan, Lenta.ru)? “I already said...” Putin sighed patiently, nevertheless repeating his answers. I was surprised by Andrei Kolesnikov from Kommersant who asked whether Vladimir Putin would participate in the presidential elections in 2018. I wonder what answer he was expecting? Is it really for something more specific than “time will tell”?

Answering a question from Vladimir Gusev from the news agency Bloknot about the mistakes made, the president could barely contain his irritation: “You know, I have been asked questions of this kind many times and your colleagues have asked exactly the same question.” What did Denis Polyakov from the Kungur newspaper Iskra expect to hear when he asked about the development of chess? “It is necessary for chess to develop throughout the country,” answered Vladimir Putin. In the same way, one could ask about the development of sports, the modernization of healthcare, increasing the birth rate, labor productivity, and the level of income of the population, the development of tourism, hunting and fishing. This journalist, it seems, did not even achieve any personal goal - unlike, for example, the editor-in-chief of the St. Petersburg newspaper “Society and Ecology” Sergei Lisovsky, who obtained an invitation from the president to a meeting of the State Council on Ecology.

I was very offended by the “Hello, Mr. President” that came from the mouth of the Ekho Moskvy journalist. I shuddered no less strongly from the flow of flattery: Marat Sagadatov, editor-in-chief of the Ufa newspaper “For the Sovereignty of Russia,” before moving on to the question, thanked Putin for literally everything for a long time. The liberals were also not distinguished by their originality: the president had to stop the journalist of the publication znak.com Ekaterina Vinokurova altogether, otherwise her accusatory speech would never have ended. Even like-minded people from Meduza admitted that this emotional speech can hardly be called a question. “We just witnessed a live editorial column. The answer, in general, is not that important,” Meduza says online.

It’s a pity, but there are fewer and fewer differences between the “Direct Line”, where the head of state is asked questions by “people from the people”, and the “Big Press Conference”, where the president answers questions from supposedly professional publications.

And if the participants of “Direct Line” can still be forgiven for their excitement, and attempts to flatter, and the desire to be original, making the most of the opportunity to say something to the whole country, and difficulties with clear formulations, then with regard to media representatives there remains only bitter bewilderment. It seems that the problem of the shortage of qualified personnel, which has long been a concern for the real sector of the economy, has not bypassed domestic journalism.

It seems that this format of communication with the president will soon die out as a genre. And complaints about the failure to have a frank conversation about something important are hardly worth bringing to the head of state, who honestly found four whole hours in his busy schedule to answer stupid questions. He found the time, but what's the point?

P.S.

Speaking of professional ethics. Journalists from Ekho Moskvy play on the story that Putin allegedly stumbled on the word “culture.” Before you joke about this topic, take the time to watch the video. The President just clarified with Peskov the exact name of the Cultural Council, which is not surprising if you try to count the number of different councils on which he is a member.

P.P.S. For those who may need a refresher, here are some excerpts from popular training manuals for future journalists.

Journalism does not know a case when so-called tricky or “tricky” questions bore fruit. Such questions, as a rule, reveal a person who is inexperienced or concerned with the impression they make rather than with the thought of a good article. The simple questions are: Who? What? Where? When? How? Why? [...] Try not to ask cliché questions. Asking someone who has just experienced tragedy, “How do you feel?” - means asking for it in response to a hackneyed phrase.

David Randall. Universal journalist

At a press conference, you can ask any question, and at the same time listen to what your colleagues ask. Look, you will collect some material for the article. However, practice has shown that no one is in a hurry to ask interesting questions. Often journalists simply do not have them, since they did not have the time, opportunity, or desire to prepare for a press conference. [...] You shouldn’t “privatize” the “star’s” attention with your questions pouring in like from a cornucopia. Let your colleagues work too.

SolntsevaT.V. INthe second oldest, or How to become a feather shark

Moderation is important in everything.(1)

There are no extremes in anything! (2)

Moderation in everything is beautiful. (3)

So is it white or black? Long or short? Cold or hot? What to say? Choose for yourself, but do not forget about moderation.

With the same measure you use, it will be measured back to you. (4)

Man is an amazing creature, he has endless freedom of choice, which is balanced by freedom itself restrictions. A person can do everything, well, literally everything he wants and what his capabilities allow him to do. You can imagine what would be happening on earth if there were no second point and what creates the need for limitation: normative ethics, the Principle of Responsibility and the Principle of Necessity.

Everything is permissible for me, but not everything is beneficial;

everything is permissible for me, but nothing should

possess me. (5)

Man is a rope stretched between animals

and superman - a rope over the abyss. (6)

A person, in his ideal version, is an individual personality who has his own goals and objectives, which require this or that from him and from the outside world strictly according to the Principle of Necessity, determined by these very goals and objectives. The Principle of Necessity, coupled with ethical norms (universal laws, ignorance of which does not liberate... - well, you remember) hang red flags in the path of our desires, whims and lust, because they can lead us anywhere, into the most dangerous quagmires of both black and white. and the white half of fullness.

Even in the spiritual realm one should

maintain prudence. (7)

So, in everything we do, whatever we do, the measure is important: how deeply we climb into one half or the other and deviate from the cherished path. Remember: we stick to the golden mean, we walk along the edge of the medal.

It is not food that is evil, but gluttony, not childbearing, but fornication, not money,

but the love of money is not glory, but vanity, and when this is so, then in existence there is no

nothing evil except abuse that happens from negligence

the mind about the cultivation of nature (mental forces and their good direction). (8)

And now I turn to you, whose extravagance is as boundless as greed! I'm telling you! How long will there not be a lake over which the roofs of your country houses do not rise, a river whose banks are not lined with your houses? Wherever hot springs emerge, new havens of luxury will immediately arise. Wherever the shore bends like a bay, you lay the foundations of buildings and, satisfied only with the soil created by your hands, drive the sea back. Let your dwellings shine everywhere, sometimes on the mountains, from where there is such a wide view of land and sea, sometimes on the plain, but rising up level with the mountains; no matter how much you build, no matter how high you build, you are only tiny bodies, and nothing more. Why do you need many bedrooms? After all, you only lie in one! And where you are not, everything is not yours. (9)

The glutton digs his own grave with his teeth. (10)

Absolutely all aspects of our life - food, sleep, work, rest, love, sex, sports, entertainment, communication - must obey not only the Law of Love (Lectures No. 2.2.4.-2.2.7), the Principle of Necessity (Lecture No. - 1.2.3.), but also controlled by our sense of proportion (Theory of Measure - Lecture No. 2.2.3.6.). In a simple way, in everyday life, this is expressed by the elementary phrase: “That’s enough, stop!” It always sounds in everyone's head at the moment when you really go too far. At these moments you hear the same Voice of Conscience (Lecture No. 1.1.7.1.) or Firm Yes (Lecture No. 2.1.2.1.) and you are obliged to obey it. This will be compliance with YOUR measure, because, as you might guess, it is strictly individual for each individual. Some people can smoke a pack of cigarettes, but for others even just one is contraindicated.

A cigar can be good

a surrogate for thought. (eleven)

Scripture does not take away from us anything given to us by God.

for use, but curbs excesses and corrects recklessness. That is, it does not prohibit either eating or giving birth

children, nor have money and spend it correctly; but forbids gluttony, adultery, etc. Doesn't even prohibit

and think about it, for that is why it was created; but prohibits

think passionately. (12)

Dispassionate reflection is a tool for objective analysis. Passion for something and passionate thoughts about it are always a reason for violating the measure. Be attentive to the quality of your passion, its legitimacy, because the passion of passion is discord. Who knows your measure better than yourself? Who can order you anything if not yourself? Who will you listen to if not the voice of YOUR Conscience? After all, she represents your tasks and your measure much better than anyone else, and often even better than you yourself.

Both those who are always worried and those who are always calm deserve censure. After all, a passion for vanity is a sign of a spirit that is not active, but restless in constant excitement, and the habit of considering every movement painful is a sign not of its serenity, but of effeminacy and licentiousness. ...Everything must be combined: both the lover of peace needs to act, and the active one needs to be in peace. Ask nature for advice: she will tell you that she created both day and night. (13)

Should love (especially maternal love) know its limits, or is immeasurable love what we should strive for? How to give a lot of strength, time, money, patience, care, tenderness? How long can I endure reciprocal neglect, rudeness, and bullying? Is everything and always O Should I forgive? Are we not raising soulless, irresponsible egoists with our blind love? Maybe it’s time to let this prodigal son go and look for a better life in the world: “I love you very much, but there are limits to everything. Here is God, here is the threshold, son, learn some wisdom”?..

You yell at the child, punish him, even if it’s for a reason, and suddenly there is a clear and clear message inside: “Stop! Enough!" So why do you continue, and even take the belt in your hands? “The dog calmed down a long time ago, but the owner kept yelling and yelling”? (14) You came to a dinner party, there are so many delicious things on the table... Wow, now let's eat! It gets to the point where we can’t get out from behind the table. Remember the story of the legendary Winnie the Pooh. We are the same. We are invited to visit, we organize a massacre, we are called to a meeting, we say “Bring on the revolution!”

Don't eat too much and don't abstain from food,

don’t forget about sleep, but don’t sleep too much; don't torment your

soul with cruel tapas - do yoga with firmness,

without giving in to despondency. (15)

They say: “Russians don’t know measures.” Exactly. We do not eat, but overeat, we do not argue, but fight, we do not rest, but have a blast, we experience passions, not feelings, we do not drive, but fly—and so on in everything. “If we have grief, then without measure, if we have happiness, then in mortal battles, every god grows to enormous proportions in these parts...” (16) So it swings us from qualitatively white to qualitatively black. What they deserve!..

The distinctive property of the Russian mind is

in the absence of a concept of boundaries. Can

to think that the entire vast space of our

fatherland is imprinted on our brains. (17)

Russia is a country of maxims. Eternal fever. And we all dream of a stable and high-quality life, which begins only when measure begins, regularity - the measure of fulfilling the law.

...The Attic landscape indicates what a person should be: well-built, taciturn, alien to excessive luxury, strong and at the same time able to curb his strength and keep his imagination within limits. Sometimes the Attic landscape approaches the boundaries of severity, but never transgresses them, remaining within the limits of a cheerful, compliant seriousness. His grace does not fall into romanticism, just as his strength does not fall into rudeness. Everything here is well weighed, well calculated, the merits do not turn into excessiveness and do not violate human measure, stopping exactly there, moving a little further from where, all this would become superhuman or divine. The Attic landscape does not fluff, does not florid, does not turn into melodramatic cloying and says only what is needed, with courageous, calm strength. He expresses the essence in the simplest means. (18)

Every law, every principle, every norm has its own framework and its own exceptions, which, as we know, do not always lead to a good end and at the same time assert the designated boundaries. Don’t marry them, at least in your inner world, and then at least your life will proceed naturally, i.e. in compliance with moral and legal laws. And the Life of a nation consists of the Lives of its individual representatives. It's so simple.

Who gave up excesses,

he got rid of hardships. (19)

“Each of us is just a person, just an attempt, just something moving somewhere.” But he must move to where perfection is; he must strive for the center, not the periphery. Remember: you can be a strict logician or grammarian and at the same time be full of imagination and music. You can be a musician or play glass beads and still show the greatest devotion to law and order. The person we have in mind and who we need, to become whom is our goal, could at any day exchange his science or his art for any others, the most crystalline logic would sparkle in his glass bead game, and the most crystalline logic in his grammar. creative fantasy. This is how we need to be, we need to be able to be placed in another post at any time and this would not cause us either resistance or embarrassment.

“I think I understand,” said Knecht. “But don’t those who have such strong likes and dislikes simply have a more passionate nature, while others simply have a calmer and gentler nature?”

“It seems that this is so, but it is not,” the master laughed. “In order to be able to do everything and give everything its due, you need, of course, not a lack of mental strength, passion and warmth, but an excess. What you call passion is not the strength of the soul, but the friction between the soul and the outer world. Where passion reigns, there is no excessive force of desire and aspiration, this force is simply directed towards some isolated and wrong goal, hence the tension and stuffiness in the atmosphere. He who directs the highest power of desire to the center, to true being, to perfection, seems calmer than a passionate person, because the flame of his burning is not always visible, because, for example, he does not shout or wave his arms during a dispute. But I'm telling you : it should glow and burn!(20)

How true.

Notes:

1. For more details, see Measure Theory (Lecture No. 2.2.3.6.).
2. Buddha.
3. Gregory of Sinaite // Philokalia. — M.: LLC “AST Publishing House”; Kharkov: “Folio”, 2001. P.370.
4. Gospel of Luke: 6, 37.
5. Apostle Paul, 1st letter to the Corinthians: 6, 12.
6. F. Nietzsche. Thus spoke Zarathustra. // Nietzsche F. Works in 2 volumes - M.: Mysl, 1990. Vol. 2, p. 9.
7. Sri Aurobindo. //A.B.Purani. Evening conversations with Sri Aurobindo. - St. Petersburg: JSC “Komplekt”, 1994. T.2, p. 192.
8. Maxim the Confessor // Philokalia. — M.: LLC “AST Publishing House”; Kharkov: “Folio”, 2001. P.300.
9. Seneca. Moral letters to Lucilius. - M.: Khud.lit., 1986, p. 190.
10. English proverb.
11. A. Schopenhauer.
12. Maxim the Confessor // Philokalia. — M.: LLC “AST Publishing House”; Kharkov: “Folio”, 2001. P.325.
13. Seneca. Moral letters to Lucilius. - M.: Khud.lit., 1986, p. 36.
14. M. Zhvanetsky.
15. Krishna.
16. A. Ivashchenko and G. Vasiliev. "Cheerful wretches."
17. Boris Chicherin.
18. Kazantzakis N. Report to El Greco. – Lotus, 2005. pp. 120-121.
19. I. Kant.
20. G. Hesse. Bead game. //G.Hesse. Peter Camenzind. Bead game. - M.: Olimp; Astrel Publishing House; Company Publishing House AST, 2000, p. 214. (our italics)

Abstracts:

¨ “Modernity is beautiful in everything.”

¨ “With the measure you use, it will be measured back to you.”

¨ Man has freedom of choice and freedom itself restrictions.

¨ A person, in his ideal version, is an individual personality who has his own goals and objectives, which require this or that from him and from the outside world strictly according to the Principle of Necessity, determined by these very goals and objectives.

¨ The Principle of Necessity, coupled with Ethical Norms, are designed to limit human desires, passions, whims and lusts.

¨ In everything a person does, whatever he does, the measure is important: how far to the side he deviates from the middle path. Remember: you must stick to the golden mean, walk along the edge of the medal.

¨ “That’s enough, stop!” When these words sound in your ears and soul, you need to stop.

¨ A stable and high-quality life begins only when measure begins, regularity - the measure of fulfilling the law.

¨ Every law, every principle, every norm has its own framework and its own exceptions, which, as we know, do not always lead to a good end and at the same time assert the designated boundaries.

¨ “Whoever has given up excesses has gotten rid of deprivations.”