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So what's the deal? After all, children absorb information like a sponge, forming 700 neural connections per second and learning language at a speed that any polyglot would envy.

Many believe the answer lies in the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus, a 19th-century German psychologist. For the first time, he conducted a series of experiments on himself to find out the limits of human memory.

To do this, he composed series of meaningless syllables (“bov”, “gis”, “loch” and the like) and memorized them, and then checked how much information was stored in memory. As the forgetting curve, also developed by Ebbinghaus, confirms, we forget what we have learned extremely quickly. Without repetition, our brain forgets half of the new information within the first hour. By day 30, only 2–3% of the data collected is retained.

While studying forgetting curves in the 1980s, scientists discovered David C. Rubin. Autobiographical Memory. that we have far fewer memories from birth to 6–7 years of age than might be expected. At the same time, some remember individual events that happened when they were only 2 years old, while others have no memories at all of events before they were 7–8 years old. On average, fragmentary memories appear only after three and a half years.

It is especially interesting that in different countries There are discrepancies in how memories are stored.

The role of culture

Psychologist Qi Wang from Cornell University conducted a study Qi Wang. Culture effects on adults’ earliest childhood recollection and self-description., in which she recorded the childhood memories of Chinese and American students. As one might expect from national stereotypes, American stories turned out to be longer and more detailed, and also significantly more self-centered. The Chinese students' stories, on the other hand, were brief and factual. In addition, their memories began, on average, six months later.

The difference is confirmed by other studies Qi Wang. The Emergence of Cultural Self-Constructs.. People whose memories are more self-centered have an easier time remembering.

“There is a big difference between such memories as “There were tigers at the zoo” and “I saw tigers at the zoo, they were scary, but it was still very interesting,” psychologists say. The emergence of a child’s interest in himself, the emergence of his own point of view helps to better remember what is happening, because this is what largely influences the perception of various events.

Ki Wang then conducted another experiment, this time interviewing American and Chinese mothers Qi Wang, Stacey N. Doan, Qingfang Song. Talking about Internal States in Mother-Child Reminiscing Influences on Children's Self-Representations: A Cross-Cultural Study.. The results remained the same.

“In Eastern culture, childhood memories are not given as much importance,” says Wang. - When I lived in China, no one even asked me about this. If society instills that these memories are important, they are more retained in memory.”

Interestingly, the earliest memories are recorded among the indigenous population of New Zealand - the Maori S. MacDonald, K. Uesiliana, H. Hayne. Cross-cultural and gender differences in childhood amnesia.
. Their culture is very great attention focuses on childhood memories, and many Maori remember events that happened when they were only two and a half years old.

Role of the hippocampus

Some psychologists believe that the ability to remember comes to us only after we master a language. However, it has been proven that children who are deaf from birth have their first memories from the same period as others.

This has led to the theory that we do not remember the first years of life simply because our brains do not yet have the necessary “equipment” at that time. As you know, the hippocampus is responsible for our ability to remember. Very early age he is not yet developed enough. This has been seen not only among humans, but also among rats and monkeys Sheena A. Josselyn, Paul W. Frankland. Infantile amnesia: A neurogenic hypothesis..

However, some childhood events affect us even when we don’t remember them. Stella Li, Bridget L. Callaghan, Rick Richardson. Infantile amnesia: forgotten but not gone., therefore, some psychologists believe that the memory of these events is still stored, but it is inaccessible to us. So far, scientists have not yet been able to prove this experimentally.

Imaginary events

Many of our childhood memories often turn out to be unreal. We hear from relatives about some situation, we imagine the details, and over time it begins to seem like our own memory.

And even if we really remember about a particular event, this memory can change under the influence of the stories of others.

So maybe main question It’s not why we don’t remember our early childhood, but whether we can even trust a single memory.

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Why don't we remember our dreams? This is also strange because dreams can be much more vivid and intense than everyday life. If some of the events that happen in a dream happened to us in reality - for example, falling from a roof or a romantic relationship with a movie star - this story would definitely remain in our memory (not to mention our social media feed).

There are several theories that help understand why dreams fade from memory so quickly. On the one hand, forgetting is a process that is extremely necessary from an evolutionary point of view: for a caveman, a dream that he jumped off a cliff while running away from a lion would not have ended well. Another evolutionary theory, developed by DNA discoverer Francis Crick, states that the main function of dreams is to forget unnecessary memories that accumulate in the brain over time.

We also forget dreams because it is unusual for us to remember what happened in the dream. We are accustomed to the fact that our past is organized chronologically, linearly: first one thing happened, then another, a third... Dreams are chaotic, full of associations and random, illogical turns.

In addition, everyday life, the need to get up on an alarm clock and immediately rush to do things does not contribute to remembering dreams - the first thing we think about (if we think at all) after waking up is: “Where to start, what should I do today?” Because of this, dreams dissipate like smoke.

What to do to remember a dream?

Before you go to bed, set two alarms: one to finally wake up, the other (musical) to focus on what you saw in your dream (the second should ring a little earlier than the first).

1. Before going to bed, place a pen and a piece of paper on the nightstand near your bed. Or use the application " Notebook» on your smartphone: write down everything you remember before you forget.
2. When the “musical” alarm clock rings and you reach for paper and pencil, try to move as little as possible.
3. Remember the feeling of the dream, its mood, write down what comes to mind. Do it in a free form, do not give events a sequence.
4. Keep a notepad nearby throughout the day: perhaps sleep will continue to “flirt” with us. Flirting dreams is a term coined by Arthur Mindell: dream shards can appear throughout the day or even several days, “teasing” us and our brain.
5. Once you learn to replay your dreams, it will be much easier for you to remember them.

We have all heard about such a phenomenon as Reincarnation. Some have read about this in books, some have seen films about it, heard from friends, but for the most part, this is where acquaintance and analysis of this concept often ends. But understanding this phenomenon and process plays important role for each of us.

Someone may ask why you need to know this and what is the benefit of it? The benefits are actually huge. It’s as if our cravings and desire for knowledge, our interest in understanding ourselves and the world around us, have been taken away. After all, every person must ask himself the question: Who am I, why do I live, and what will happen next? People need to see a deeper meaning in life than satisfying their physical needs at the level of existence. Human life is not just vegetation, as they try to convince us. A person has this natural interest and questions to which deep down he strives to find answers, but the social environment does everything possible to prevent this from being realized.

So to the question “What happens next?” answers, including such a phenomenon as reincarnation. More precisely, it reflects the answer, but there are other sources of the answer. Essentially every religion has this answer. The phenomenon of reincarnation of souls is considered in most Indian religions, but I would like to pay attention to where the Hindus got their knowledge about this, and what quality it was. The Hindus themselves know that the knowledge - the Vedas, including about reincarnation - was passed on to them by white people from the north. Hindus do not shout about this at every turn, but try to pass it off as their own. What country is it located? north of India and what kind of white people these are, I think it’s not difficult to guess. It turns out that this knowledge of reincarnation is not alien to us.

What do other religions say about what will happen to a person after death? Take Christianity, for example. The answer to this question in this religion is this: after death a person goes to either hell or heaven, i.e. This is where life in the physical body ends, according to the concepts of Christianity, and the soul ends up where it deserves to go. But few people know that the idea of ​​reincarnation previously existed in Christianity and was excluded from its doctrine only in 1082 at the next Ecumenical Council.

Here, for example, is a fragment from the Gospel of John, chapter 9, verse 2:

“One day, seeing a blind man on the threshold of the temple, the disciples approached Jesus and asked: “Teacher! Who sinned, he or his parents, that he was born blind?”

It follows that Jesus' disciples knew that the future incarnation would be affected by the quality of a person's life, and that the reincarnation of souls was a natural process. It turns out that in the past, most of the world, if not the whole, adhered to the idea of ​​reincarnation. So why was this concept suddenly excluded from Christianity? Has the phenomenon of reincarnation become so untenable that everyone has forgotten about it? Are there really no facts to support this? There are quite a few. Take, for example, Ian Stevenson’s book “Evidence of the Survival of Consciousness from Memories of Previous Incarnations.” The author, having been dealing with this issue for almost thirty years, has collected a huge amount of facts. It turns out that in the past the peoples of the world had reason to believe in reincarnation, just as today there is plenty of evidence of this “phenomenon”. So why are we being told the clearly opposite - that a person lives only once, and then, at best, he goes to heaven or hell?

Let's see what they say famous people who were engaged to one degree or another in understanding the world, looking for answers to such important questions. Here is what the writer Voltaire says on this topic:

“The concept of reincarnation is neither absurd nor useless. There is nothing strange about being born twice and not once.”
Here are the words of Arthur Schopenhauer:

“If an Asiatic asks me to define Europe, I will have to answer this way: “It is a part of the world that is in the grip of the incredible delusion that man was created out of nothing, and that his present birth is his first entry into life.”
The words of these people make us think about understanding reincarnation or denying it. Knowing that reincarnation exists, a person will consciously acquire and accumulate in himself best qualities, strive to gain positive experience, new knowledge and understanding in order to move even further in the next life. And vice versa, by rejecting, a person in ignorance can make a mistake, for which he will then have to pay in the next incarnation or even fall out of the circle of incarnations, which often happens with suicide and other violations of the laws of nature. As they say, ignorance of the laws is no excuse.

And here it’s worth asking the question: “Who benefits from this?” Who benefits from people living their empty lives, not realizing themselves and their destiny, and often also creating problems for themselves that will then need to be sorted out? Let us remember that ideology is the most powerful weapon in dark hands. With each change of power in states, the ideology changed, and the one that was beneficial to one or another ruler was established. The people often only had to accept, what someone decided for them was often imposed by force, and gradually people forgot everything old and believed in the complete opposite, as if by command magic wand. Thus, everything important that man knew and realized was gradually forgotten, including the idea of ​​reincarnation.

I would also like to draw attention to why reincarnation exists and what some of its mechanisms are based on. Apparently the soul, or to put it another way, the essence, requires physical body to accumulate experience at a certain stage of development, otherwise the entity would not incarnate again and again. And here the interesting point is why a person, being born in a new body, does not remember his previous incarnations. Supposedly someone blocked our memory so that we would not go along the already beaten path, but would take a new path, since the previous path apparently turned out to be not so correct. It turns out that even nature itself disposes us at this moment to develop.

Let's look at a fragment from Nikolai Levashov's book “Essence and Mind” volume 2:

“It should be noted that in most cases, information about previous incarnations is not available to a person during his lifetime. This is due to the fact that information is recorded on the qualitative structures of the entity. And in order to “read” this information, a person in a new incarnation must reach the same level of evolutionary development that he had in previous or previous lives. And only when a person has progressed further evolutionarily during his life than in any of his previous lives, is it possible to open and read all the information accumulated by the entity over the entire history of its existence.”

But how can a person move forward if he doesn’t know that he needs it, or rather, it was instilled in him so. The illusion that we live once is detrimental to the development process. Thus, fertile ground is created for various manipulations and traps. Especially for young people, when the concept of freedom is substituted, presenting it as licentiousness and permissiveness. Slogans such as: “Life must be lived in such a way that you would be ashamed to remember later” are a consequence of a social illness that arose as a result of a stolen worldview and understanding of the laws of nature. Following the logic: “you only live once, you have to do everything,” and a person without understanding and proper education goes to great lengths in pursuit of pleasures, entertainment and imaginary happiness. But happiness still doesn’t come and doesn’t come.

All this negatively affects not only the individual, but also society as a whole. People were deliberately deprived of the core that would help them resist many temptations. People have been taught to be passive. With the ideology of a single life, the fear of death, the fear of getting problems, losing a job, money, home dominates a person, but if a person knows about reincarnation and the laws of karma, then the situation will change radically. The worst thing is not to die, but to step over such concepts as conscience and honor. A person would think twice before committing a crime, because then he will have to work it out in the next incarnation. After all, repentance will not correct the situation and there is no one who could atone for all the sins of humanity for us. Imagine what society could be like if the correct worldview prevailed in it.

Then a person becomes responsible for his own life. Injustice in society is no longer perceived as someone’s punishment or test, but as something that a person himself has the right to cope with. Without putting your vices aside, but starting to work with them, while changing yourself and your future, the future of your people and society as a whole. A person becomes responsible for his every action and thought. At the same time, he consciously develops positive traits not only for himself, but also for his future descendants, wanting to leave them goodness, not problems. But all this happened once, we just need to remember and figure it out. In conclusion, I will quote the words of Eduard Asadov:

It’s not enough to be born a person; you still have to become a person.

Most of us do not remember anything from the day we were born - the first steps, the first words and impressions right up to kindergarten. Our first memories are usually fragmentary, few in number, and interspersed with significant chronological gaps. The absence of such an important stage of life in our memory has depressed parents for many decades and puzzled psychologists, neurologists and linguists, including the father of psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud, who introduced the concept of “infantile amnesia” more than 100 years ago.

On the one hand, babies absorb new information like sponges. Every second they form 700 new neural connections, so children at an enviable speed master language and other skills necessary for survival in the human environment. Recent research shows that the development of their intellectual abilities begins even before birth.

But even as adults, we forget information over time unless we make special efforts to retain it. Therefore, one explanation for the lack of childhood memories is that childhood amnesia is simply the result of a natural forgetting process that almost all of us experience throughout our lives.

The answer to this assumption was helped by the research of the 19th century German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus, who was one of the first to conduct a series of experiments on himself to test the capabilities and limitations of human memory. In order to avoid associations with past memories and study rote memory, he developed the method of nonsense syllables - learning rows of made-up syllables of two consonants and one vowel.

By reproducing learned words from memory, he introduced the “forgetting curve,” which demonstrates the rapid decline in our ability to remember learned material: without additional training, our brain discards half of the new material within an hour, and by day 30 we are left with only 2-3% of the information received .

The most important conclusion in Ebbinghaus’s research: forgetting information is quite natural. To find out whether infant memories fit into it, it was only necessary to compare the graphs. In the 1980s, scientists did some calculations and discovered that we retain much less information about the period between birth and age six or seven than would be expected from a memory curve. This means that the loss of these memories is different from our normal forgetting process.

Interestingly, however, some people have access to earlier memories than others: some may remember events from age two, while others may not remember any life events until age seven or eight. On average, fragmentary memories, “pictures,” appear approximately from the age of 3.5 years. Even more interesting is the fact that the age at which first memories relate varies among representatives different cultures and countries, reaching the earliest value at two years.

Could this explain the gaps in memories? to install possible connection Similar inconsistencies and the phenomenon of “infantile forgetting”, psychologist Qi Wang from Cornell University collected hundreds of memories from Chinese and American college students. According to prevailing stereotypes, American stories were longer, more complicated, and clearly self-centered. The Chinese stories were briefer and mostly factual, and on average they were set at a period six months later than those of the American students.

Numerous studies have shown that more detailed, person-centered memories are much easier to retain and relive. A little egoism helps our memory work, since forming our own point of view fills events with special meaning.

"There's a difference between saying, 'There were tigers at the zoo' and 'I saw tigers at the zoo, and although they were scary, I had a great time,'"-says Robyn Fivush, a psychologist at Emory University.

Can you tell us about what happened to you in early childhood? What is your earliest memory and how old were you then? It's worth noting that most people only have difficulty remembering small portions of their early childhood, such as when they were about three, four or five years old. What is this connected with and why do we not remember ourselves when we were still very young children? In this article we will try to find answers to this question.

Shelley Macdonald Research

In one of her studies, Shelley McDonald (a psychologist from New Zealand) decided to find out why children do not remember themselves well in childhood and what exactly this depends on. To do this, she conducted an experiment in which New Zealanders of various origins (European and Asian), including representatives of the country's indigenous population - the Maori tribes - participated. As a result, it was possible to find out that representatives of Asian countries remember their childhood the most poorly, because on average, the first memories of their childhood in this group appear only after four and a half years.

People from European countries can remember a little better what happened to them in the first years of life. Most of them were able to remember some life episodes starting from the age of three and a half. But best memory in this regard, representatives of the Maori tribes had. It turned out that, on average, they could talk about individual situations that happened to them when they were still two and a half years old.

Psychologist Shelley MacDonald explained this by saying that the indigenous people of New Zealand have a very rich oral culture, the peculiarity of which is to create an emphasis on events that occurred in the past. Representatives of the Maori tribes pay a lot of attention to past events, which certainly affects the emotional situation in the family in which small children grow up.

Stress and communication with relatives

Similar studies were carried out in other parts of the world. For example, Italian psychologist Federica Artioli conducted a number of studies in which residents of Italy took part. She was able to find out that those participants in the experiment who lived in large families with grandparents, aunts and uncles can tell much more about what happened to them in early childhood than those who were raised only by their father and mother.

At the same time, the most vivid memories of that period are interesting stories and fairy tales that their parents and closest relatives told them. In addition, stress can also affect memory formation. After all, children whose parents divorced when they were not yet six years old remember their early childhood much better.

What could be the reason?

About the exact reasons bad memory In children, scientists and psychologists still argue today. Some believe that this is a consequence of the rapid perception of information that a child “absorbs like a sponge” in the early years. As a result, newer memories are “overwritten” in our memory on top of older ones. Others explain this by the insufficient level of memory development in young children. Sigmund Freud also proposed an interesting theory, describing it in his work “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.” He proposed a term such as “infantile amnesia.” In his opinion, this is precisely the reason for the lack of clear memories of the first years of our lives.