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A person sitting in front of a fireplace or stove is unlikely to have the idea that these heating devices have low efficiency. The contemplation of fire and the sensation of living heat cannot be replaced by any modern boiler, in which the burner flame is hidden in its depths and is not visible to the eye, and every kilowatt of thermal energy is carefully selected and transferred to the coolant. But it turns out that there is a beautiful, even elegant compromise solution - a stove with a water circuit for heating a house.

Stove heating

The stove has always been a kind of “heart” of the house. She always traditionally stood in the center, and all life boiled around her. They cooked food in the stove and warmed themselves near it in winter. A well-heated stove accumulated so much energy that even after the fire died out, it gave warmth to all household members for a long time, spreading it like the sun in all directions from its massive walls. And there was always a lot of fuel for the stove - ordinary firewood - in Russia, the main thing is not to be lazy and stock up on it in the summer.

Stove heating has a number of undeniable advantages:

• Firstly, the stoves do not require a connection to gas and electrical networks; they use mainly as fuel, which are a renewable type of fuel; there will always be a lot of them in most of Russia. reasonable prices, and sometimes completely free.

• Secondly, the stoves implement the most comfortable radiant heating, when the massive walls of the stove radiate heat, transferring it to surrounding objects and air.
• Thirdly, the stove can combine several functions at once: heating itself, cooking, heating water.

• Fourthly, contemplating an open fire in fireplaces (and they are, in fact, stoves) creates a comfortable atmosphere.
• Fifthly, the massive structure of the furnace during the cold season is capable of accumulating a huge amount of thermal energy, which it will gradually release. In the summer, everything happens the other way around: the stove, which is always built on a separate foundation, “dumps” excess thermal energy into the ground from the hot air, that is, it is a kind of air conditioner.
• And finally, stove heating does not cause harm environment, if it uses natural fuel, because combustion processes in nature occur constantly.

Let's add a little tar to the ointment and list the disadvantages of stove heating:

• Stove heating requires constant human participation: laying firewood, cleaning the ash pan and chimney, adjusting draft and other operations, although for country house periodic residence is more of a plus than a minus.

• The more power a stove has, the larger its geometric dimensions must be, and this “eats up” the usable area of ​​the house.
• The stove can only heat those rooms with which it is in direct contact. In remote areas, you will have to build or install another stove, as was done in old houses.
• Due to its inertia, a traditional Russian brick stove takes a very long time to reach operating mode. Partially free of this disadvantage modern fireplaces, potbelly stoves and
• Stove heating has low efficiency - no more than 40% and usually has excess power. When the stove enters operating mode and warms up, it is almost impossible to stand next to it, but then, as it cools down, it gradually gives off heat. In this case, a lot of energy simply flies into the atmosphere through the chimney.
• The combustion process of fuel in a furnace is more difficult to control than in boilers. It is almost impossible to extinguish the stove instantly, which increases the level of fire danger.
• Furnaces require chimneys with good draft so that combustion occurs intensely and flue gases escape into the atmosphere and do not penetrate into the premises. Chimneys must be insulated from combustible building structures.
• The furnace requires constant storage of a substantial supply of fuel, which must be periodically replenished, and slag and ash require disposal.

To summarize all of the above, we can say that stoves have a right to exist, but in many respects they still lose to other types of heating. In general, this is a troublesome business - stoves. If in the conditions of a country house, where a person appears periodically, this is a pleasant chore, then in houses permanent residence operating the stove turns into a routine and is most often forced measure when, for example, it is not possible to organize another heating system due to the lack of main gas.

Why does heating with coolant outperform stove heating?

As noted earlier, one of the main problems of stoves is the inability to heat rooms remote from them. IN modern models manufacturers of stoves and fireplaces have tried to solve this problem by equipping their heating systems devices with convection air channels, to which air ducts can be connected. Warm air from the stove spreads throughout the rooms, heating them. Very good decision, which, by the way, works great in some homes.

The air in such furnaces serves as a coolant, that is, a substance that can receive thermal energy from the furnace, and then be transported to its destination and transfer it to a remote room. To do this, you just need to build an air duct system, which is not without its drawbacks and is associated with certain difficulties:

• Firstly, air ducts are large and often cannot be hidden behind building structures.
• Secondly, air ducts offer strong resistance to the movement of heated air, especially if they have many turns. Therefore, there are restrictions on their length.
• Thirdly, air has a low specific heat capacity, so in order to transfer a certain amount of thermal energy to a room remote from the stove, a large amount of heated air is required. To do this, it is necessary to either build larger air ducts or forcefully supply heated air with a fan.
• And finally, a large amount of dust, soot and other contaminants are transmitted through the air ducts, of which there is always plenty near the furnace.

The best and most widespread The coolant used in home heating systems is water due to its advantages:

• Water has a very high specific heat capacity ( WITH=4,187 kJ/ (kg*°TO) ) compared to dry air ( WITH=1,005 kJ/ (kg*°TO)), therefore it can receive and transmit large amounts of thermal energy over considerable distances.
• Heated water is easy to transport to right place through pipelines with small dimensions.

• Water is absolutely harmless, non-toxic and does not burn.
• Water is always available, one might say that it is almost free.

The main disadvantage of water is its high temperature freezing - 0 °C, at the same time it expands in volume and damages the heating system devices. In addition, water, in combination with atmospheric oxygen, has high corrosiveness to ferrous metals. Hard water - with a high content of calcium and magnesium salts leads to the formation of scale on the inner surface of pipes, heat exchangers and radiators, which sharply reduces their performance. All this requires special measures:

• In houses for year-round use, during the winter season, which is dangerous for water, the heating system is not in danger, since it is constantly in operation. Modern gas and electric boilers have a protection function that will prevent the coolant temperature from falling below +5 °C.
• In houses where people do not appear in the winter, the water can simply be drained from the system, but in this case there will be accelerated corrosion of the steel parts of the heating system. Another solution is to use special antifreezes that reduce the freezing point, but they are not compatible with all boilers and radiators, are expensive and age over time.
• Very often, in heating systems where the coolant is water, a backup is placed “on guard”, the task of which is to maintain the temperature in the house, and, therefore, the coolant, at a certain minimum level. When the owners appear, the boiler is started, the stoves or fireplaces are lit and the temperature is raised to the desired temperature. After leaving, the “guard” again takes over the post.

• To reduce the corrosiveness of water, special additives are added to it or the system is made closed. Then atmospheric oxygen does not penetrate into the heating system and corrosion stops or proceeds very slowly and does not affect the overall service life of the heating system devices.

Of course, the question arises: is it possible to combine the delights of stove heating with the advantages of systems where water is the coolant. And at the same time try to get away from the shortcomings of both. It was not possible to completely solve this problem, but there are quite good technical solutions, both industrially produced and implemented by home Kulibins. Let's consider them, and after that it will be possible to draw certain conclusions.

Brief overview of industrially produced furnaces with a water circuit for heating

Among all the options for implementing a furnace with a water circuit, you must choose those that are already used and successfully operated. And first of all, you need to pay attention to already finished goods, which are produced by industry. And here's why:

• In the vast majority of cases, a ready-made stove will cost less than a self-made or built one.
• Entire teams of highly qualified specialists with extensive experience work on the creation of finished furnaces, who calculate the design, develop production technology and operating rules.
• In production, special heat-resistant grades of steel and cast iron are used, which are not available to the common man at metal warehouses.
• The quality of industrially manufactured stoves is higher than those made by handicraft methods, since they are used technological equipment high level.

• All stoves that go on sale from manufacturers undergo a long and painful process of testing and completing a package of documents with permitting and regulatory authorities.
• Industrially manufactured stoves have a warranty from the manufacturer, can be provided with spare parts, they are easier to install, it is easy to select a chimney for them, and they are supplied with a set of ready-made standard projects for creating a heating system or integrating it into an existing one.

Currently, there are many famous and not so famous manufacturers operating in the furnace equipment market: ABX (Czech Republic), NordFlam (Poland), EdilKamin (Italy), MBS (Serbia), Termofor (Russia), Romotop (Czech Republic), Chazelles (France), Invicta (France), Vira (Russia), Panadero (Spain), Storh (Germany) and many others. As an example, we decided to show two models of stoves with a water circuit: the Aquarius fireplace insert from the Termofor company and the Armada 20 stove produced under the Vira brand. We intentionally present both of these models from domestic manufacturers, since, with equal technical characteristics, some Western “brothers” are either indecently or simply shamelessly expensive.

Fireplace insert with water circuit "Aquarius"

The Termofor company, which is very well known on the market, produces the Aquarius fireplace insert, which can be equipped with a water heat exchanger circuit specifically for heating purposes. Any portal you like can be built for the firebox so that it becomes a harmonious part of the interior of the house. This product is available in two versions, both with and without a water heat exchanger. We specifically indicated the technical characteristics of both models in the table for comparison.

Models	Aquarius	Aquarius TO
Fireplace insert power, kW	12	12
Volume of heated room (maximum), cubic meters. m	200	200
Overall dimensions, W*D*H, mm	690*515*930	690*515*930
Firebox door opening size, mm	315*535	315*535
Weight, kg	68	77
Combustion chamber volume, l	70.7	62.5
Maximum loading volume, l	56	52
Maximum log size, mm	545	545
Chimney diameter, mm	200	200
Minimum chimney height, m	5	5
Heat exchanger volume, l	-	11.6
Heat exchanger power (maximum), kW	-	6
Maximum operating pressure, kgf/sq. cm	-	0.5

The design features of this fireplace insert model are:

• The large heat-resistant glass of the firebox door is protected from soot deposits and allows you to observe the fire.
• The large volume of the firebox ensures long burning.
• The firebox is additionally protected with fireclay stone, which extends its service life.
• Overall dimensions allow you to choose a standard lining for fireplaces or make your own.
• A fireplace insert with an Aquarius TO heat exchanger can only be connected to open-type heating systems.

From the technical characteristics of this device it is clear that through a water heat exchanger the firebox can transfer up to 6 kW of thermal energy to water, which means that the area of ​​heated premises can be about 50-60 m2 with a ceiling height of 2.5 meters. The remaining 6 kW of power can be used to heat the room where the fireplace is installed, so when constructing a portal, convection flows should be organized near the firebox with warm air exiting from above the fireplace.

This fireplace, like, in principle, any stove with a water circuit, is strictly forbidden to be lit without water in the heat exchanger, this will lead to its rapid failure. Connection option "Aquarius TO" in open system heating with natural circulation presented on following diagram:

Thus, in addition to its decorative function the fireplace can not heat big house. In order for heat exchange to take place more intensively, you can install a circulation pump with a bypass line on the return line. In the absence of electricity, natural circulation of water will occur, and if there is electricity, the pump will turn on. There are models of fireplaces that can be included in a closed-type heating system, but we will not consider them in this article.

Prices for the model range of fireplace inserts with a water circuit "Aquarius"

Fireplace insert with water circuit "Aquarius"

Solid fuel heating boiler "Armada 20 »

This boiler is produced in Russia at the Bermash plant in the city of Berezovsky. It may seem to the reader that the authors have left the topic of the article, because it is about stoves with a heating circuit, and suddenly the conversation turned to boilers. So the “Armada” boiler is nothing more than a furnace from the same manufacturer called “Legion” in which, instead of convection air heating pipes, a water circuit made of pipes was placed. Has this unit ceased to be a furnace? Of course not! The coolant just changed.

Furnaces are traditionally called heat generators that heat directly in their presence with radiant heat (IR radiation), as well as those that heat the air. Boilers are designed to heat water, which will subsequently be transported to various heating devices: radiators, convectors, heated floors and others. The main task of the boiler is to heat the coolant, and the furnace is to heat everything around it. But we will not deviate from the name declared by the manufacturer and will tell you about the Armada 20 boiler. We present its technical characteristics in the form of a table:

Technical characteristics of the boiler ARMADA 20
Boiler power (heating capacity), kW	20
Heated area (h=2.5 m), sq. m	Up to 200
Overall dimensions (W*D*H), mm	390*660*750
Firebox depth/log size, mm	510/480
Weight (without fuel and water), kg	115
Combustion chamber volume, l	90
Fuel loading weight (maximum), kg	12
4.8
Dimensions of firebox door openings, mm	190*292
Connecting thread for direct and return heating lines	G 1 ½“
Volume of water in the circuit, l	28
Working pressure in the system, MPa	0.3
Power of the heating element block, kW	3*2=6
Chimney diameter, mm	120
Chimney height (minimum), m	6
Maximum outlet coolant temperature, °C	95
Minimum inlet coolant temperature, °C	60-80

This furnace (boiler) has some design features, which must be mentioned.

• The heat exchanger has a large number of pipes, so the heat removal area in relation to the volume of water inside the heat exchanger is maximum. This achieves greater thermal output.
• The door is equipped with a transparent tempered glass screen, which allows you to visually observe the combustion of fuel.
• Located on top of the boiler hob. This allows you to heat or cook food.
• In the upper part of the firebox, the partition has a removable structure, which allows you to clean the boiler and chimney from soot.
• The outer parts of the heat exchanger are also an air convector, which is covered with panels painted with heat-resistant powder paint.
• The boiler is designed to burn wood (preferably hardwood), fuel briquettes (euro firewood), pellets, as well as brown coal with a fraction size of at least 4 cm.
• The boiler cannot be operated without water in the heat exchanger - this will lead to its rapid failure.
• The boiler design includes technological holes for installing heating elements, which will allow maintaining the coolant temperature in a safe range in winter without heating.
• The boiler can operate in both open and closed heating systems with a working coolant pressure of no more than 3 MPa.

Examples of boiler piping for closed system heating with forced circulation coolant, as well as open with natural circulation are shown in the figures:

Thus, the Armada 20 boiler (stove with a water circuit) can already heat a fairly large house and at the same time it can still be used for cooking and partially or completely heat the room where it is installed. Although the main heat removal is in favor of water, this boiler still has not ceased to be a stove. Or, on the contrary, this oven never became absolutely complete.

Prices for solid fuel heating boilers "Armada"

Solid fuel heating boiler "Armada 20"

Video: Review of furnaces with a water circuit

Water circuit for heating in a brick oven

It is very tempting to place the heat exchanger of the heating system in a brick oven, given that a huge amount of fuel combustion energy is spent on heating the massive structure. And in fact, stoves with a built-in boiler exist and are successfully operated. And this design has a lot of advantages:

• Due to their large mass and ability to accumulate heat, brick ovens are a certain buffer-thermal accumulator, which will take on excess heat and, if necessary, transfer it to someone who lacks it.
• In a large brick oven, a hob, a fireplace, and a water heating circuit successfully coexist, and for all these devices there is no need to build separate chimneys.
• Heat transfer on the surface and in the furnace mass occurs evenly, so heat will be transferred to the water circuit with the greatest efficiency.
• Even after the fire in the firebox has completely died out, a brick stove can “share” heat with the water circuit heat exchanger for several hours. But here everything depends on the design and weight of the stove.

The main disadvantage of this design is the complexity of implementation. It is best to think about using a stove as a heating boiler before the start of its construction or before reconstruction. In any other case, you will have to plunge into the very troublesome work of disassembling the stove and reassembling it. And the price of a mistake here is very high; it is very difficult to correct something.

If the owner has decided to take such an important step as organizing a water circuit in the building, then there is no way to do it without specialists. Furnaces should be made by stove makers, and developed by engineers together with the same stove makers. No one would think of going to a car mechanic to treat their teeth, so why do some homeowners hope for own strength or rely on the “rich experience” of a neighbor, godfather, matchmaker, brother. That is why it is best to order a furnace project with a water circuit from specialists or use ready-made technical solutions that can be obtained for nominal money or completely free of charge via the Internet. As they say, Google and Yandex will help you.

Any incorrect intervention in a finished furnace disrupts its operation, contributes to its rapid destruction, reduces efficiency and creates a danger to the health and life of people. Let's list typical mistakes when installing a water circuit in a brick oven:

• The heat exchanger was built into the firebox of a brick kiln, so its volume decreased sharply, which affects the power, filling volume and efficiency, and for the worse. If the coolant actively circulates through it, cooling the firebox, this will lead to a decrease in temperature, the formation of a large amount of soot and chemically aggressive condensate, which will quickly “eat” the heat exchanger if it is not made of stainless steel.

• The heat exchanger was built into the smoke channels of the furnace, thereby disrupting their throughput. As a result, some of the carbon monoxide is returned to the furnace room, and this can lead to very disastrous results.
• The heat exchanger was embedded in the masonry. When it is heated, linear expansion of the metals occurs, which leads to destruction of the furnace and the formation of cracks.
• An unreasonably high-power heat exchanger was built into the chimney. Circulating water reduces the temperature of the flue gases, this leads to an avalanche-like formation of condensation, which destroys both the chimney and the heat exchanger.

And there may be many more similar errors with unpredictable consequences. This once again proves that it is better to use a ready-made technical solution and involve professionals for masonry and installation, since for the money spent on a good stainless steel heat exchanger and the work of a stove maker you can already buy an excellent solid fuel boiler from well-known “brand” manufacturers.

Types of heat exchangers and their locations in a brick kiln

First of all, you need to decide what material the heat exchanger will be made of, which will be placed in a brick kiln. There are several options, let's look at each of them:

• Copper heat exchangers are very effective, since the thermal conductivity of copper is one of the best, but inside brick kilns They are absolutely not allowed to be used. Why? The fact is that the melting point of copper is 1083 °C, and in the firebox it can rise to 1200 °C. With a constantly circulating coolant, the pipe temperature, of course, will not rise to such values, but who can guarantee that emergency situations will not arise. In addition, copper is very afraid of aggressive chemical compounds that abound in condensate.

• Cast iron heat exchangers have the advantage of having very high corrosion resistance. Their main drawback is their fragility and fear of sudden temperature changes. If you run a portion of cold water into a hot cast-iron heat exchanger, temperature deformations lead to the formation of cracks and its failure. Cast iron is difficult to process and is produced in the form of cast parts, which are then assembled with threaded elements through seals, which reduces their reliability. Some craftsmen use cast iron radiators as a heat exchanger, but their effectiveness is low, except for washing dishes or taking a shower.

• Steel heat exchangers are the most common, since steel is an affordable and easily processed material. For the furnace heat exchanger, it is recommended to use heat-resistant steel with a wall thickness of at least 3 mm, and preferably 4-5 mm. It is better to choose seamless pipes. Unfortunately, steel is susceptible to corrosion, so you need to heat the furnace in modes that are least conducive to the formation of condensation, and never drain the coolant from the water jacket.

• Stainless steel heat exchangers are the best, but also the most expensive. Most widespread steel grade - AISI 304. It is better not to make these parts yourself, but to order their production at enterprises that have equipment for laser cutting of metals and welding in an argon environment. Then the quality of the seams will be as close as possible to the material of the pipe itself.

What is the heat exchanger made of?

Heat exchangers can be made of metal sheet, round or profile rectangular pipes and their combinations. Let's look at their main types.

• A heat exchanger made of sheet steel is usually located in the hottest place - right in the furnace firebox, it fits the walls and ceiling and at the same time it has holes for loading firewood and venting flue gases. It is made from a sheet 3-4 mm thick, and pipe sections with a diameter of 40-50 mm for the supply and return lines are welded on top and bottom. The internal gap in the heat exchanger should not be less than 3 cm - to prevent water from boiling. In this case, it is necessary to strictly ensure that the upper supply pipe is at the highest point of the heat exchanger, otherwise steam plugs may form in it, which, when released into the heating system, threaten with a hydraulic shock that can damage pipes or radiators.

• Heat exchangers made of pipes are also most often located in the firebox. To manufacture such heat exchangers, take tons of pipes with a diameter of 40-50 mm or profile rectangular pipes 40*60 mm, 60*60 mm. These are used to weld a spatial structure, which will be different in each individual furnace. The main thing is that the heat exchanger does not block the loading door and smoke channels.

• If the stove is used for cooking and has a hob, then there are no heat exchangers in the upper part of the firebox; in this case, they should fit around the side surfaces.

• Very often, heat exchangers made of pipes in the form of flat registers are located in the furnace hood or in smoke circulation channels. They can remove less heat in these places, so they are usually of impressive size, but they work in milder conditions, so they can last longer. The main condition is that they should not interfere with the exit of flue gases. That is why their design is calculated in advance. It is strictly prohibited to install such heat exchangers in a ready-made furnace.

Calculation of the power and dimensions of the furnace heat exchanger

Naturally, for heating purposes, the power of the heat exchanger must be calculated. An incorrectly calculated water circuit will either not provide the required temperature in the rooms, or, conversely, if there is excess power in the rooms it will be like in the Sahara Desert and it will be very difficult to reduce the temperature, since it is very difficult to control the flame in a brick oven. How to do it right?

Heating must compensate for heat loss in the house, so assessing them is the first thing to do. Such calculations are made by heating engineers. The calculation method has a rather complex algorithm and requires a large amount of initial data. It is quite difficult to make such calculations on your own, but practice shows that in most cases, for every 10 m 2 of house area, from 1 to 1.2 kW of heating system power is required. In this case, the ceiling height should be from 2.5 to 2.7 m.

After calculating the heat loss, you can proceed to calculating the power of the water circuit itself (heat exchanger), which depends on the environment with what temperature it is located in and on its area of ​​​​contact with this environment. Practice shows that from each square meter heat exchanger can be “removed” on average 5-10 kWt of thermal energy. But we cannot be satisfied with approximate indicators, so we will calculate more accurately.

Obviously, the power of the entire heat exchanger will depend on its area S and a certain indicator - specific power Q, which reflects how much thermal energy a heat exchanger of a unit area of ​​1 m2 can provide: Q=S*Q.

Specific power is also a calculated value and can be calculated using a simple formula:

Q y =k*(Tm—t m), kcal/hour, where:

• k– heat transfer coefficient of the material per 1 °C. For steel used in heat exchangers k=12 kcal/hour .
• Tm– temperature of the heating medium (average), which is the arithmetic mean between the maximum and minimum temperatures. T m =(T max+T min)/2.
• t m– arithmetic mean of temperature in the water circuit. t m =(t under +t arr )/2, Where t under– temperature of the coolant at the outlet (supply) from the heat exchanger, and t arr.– inlet (return) temperature .

Let's assume that the stove runs on coal, then average temperature in the firebox there will be: Tm =(1000°C+600°C)/2=800°C. Let's take the coolant temperature: t m =(80°C+60°C)/2=70°C. Then the specific power of the heat exchanger will be: Q y =12*(800-70)=8760 kcal/hour. Let's convert calories to watts: 1 Watt = 859.85 cal, Means, Qу =8760000 kcal/859.85=10187.82 Watt≈10.2 kW. It turns out that theoretically 10 kW of thermal energy can be removed from one square meter of heat exchanger.

If firewood is used instead of coal, then, naturally, its calorific value is lower. The maximum and minimum temperatures in the firebox will be: Tmax =700° WITH , T min =300° WITH, Means Q y =12*(500-70)=5160 kcal/hour, what is in watts 5160000/859,85=6001,05 ≈6 kW. It turns out that when burning a stove with wood, it is possible to remove about 6 kW of thermal energy from 1 m2 of heat exchanger area located in the firebox.

Depending on the need for the amount of thermal energy, you can calculate required area heat exchanger: S= Q/Q. Let’s assume that 15 kW of thermal energy is needed to heat a house, which means that the area of ​​the heat exchanger that comes into contact with the hot medium in the combustion chamber should be 15/6=2.5 m 2. If the heat exchanger is made of steel sheet, then its area is easy to calculate, and if from round pipes, then the area of ​​each pipe is calculated: Str =2*π*D*l, Where D– diameter tr uby, and l– pipe length. The area of ​​rectangular pipes is calculated as their perimeter multiplied by their length. This is how you can calculate a heat exchanger that will satisfy the heating needs of your home.

Installation of a water circuit in a brick oven

Note important features installation of heat exchangers in a brick kiln:

• The heat exchanger must only be installed in a furnace specifically designed for this purpose. When reconstructing old furnaces, you need to contact specialists; they will make the necessary calculations and propose a heat exchanger design that will not interfere with the normal operation of the furnace.
• After manufacturing the heat exchanger, it must be pressurized with a pressure of 6 bar, both before installation in the furnace and after it is installed.

• Typically, heat exchangers are installed immediately after the furnace foundation is laid out, and only then the masonry is carried out.
• To compensate for thermal expansion, when installing the heat exchanger, it is necessary to leave a gap between it and the furnace walls of at least 10-15 mm. It is strictly prohibited to embed a heat exchanger into the body of the furnace.
• The exit points of the heat exchanger pipes do not need to be walled up mortars. For pipes, a gap of 5 mm should be left, into which a heat-resistant seal, for example, an asbestos cord, is placed. The exit of the pipes from the furnace must be at least 10-15 cm, so that it is possible to re-cut the thread if it is damaged.
• The connection of the heat exchanger to the pipes of the heating system must be done only with heat-resistant seals.

Rules for operating a furnace with a water circuit

Not only are the calculations and the actual installation of the heat exchanger in the furnace quite labor-intensive and responsible operations, but for normal heating operation it is also necessary to comply with a set of rules:

• Under no circumstances should you operate the stove with empty heat exchangers, this will lead to their rapid burnout.
• It is prohibited to cut off the heat exchanger from the heating system while the stove is running. When water is heated, it expands in volume and pressure increases, which can even lead to an explosion. It's better not to put any shut-off valves at the outlets of the heat exchanger.

• Do not supply cold water to the heat exchanger when the oven is hot. Temperature deformations can damage it. The weakest point is the welds.
• To increase the efficiency of the heating system, it is better to use an appropriate capacity with a bypass.

• In the heating system, it is necessary to provide a tap at the lowest point to drain water from the system.
• If necessary, water circuit ovens, you can use special antifreeze.

Construction of a heating and cooking furnace with a water circuit with your own hands

As has already been recommended by the authors of the article, it is better to use a ready-made and time-tested furnace design, which is described in detail in the famous book by Ya. G. Porfiryev “Furnace Works”. This heating device occupies a base area of ​​1020 * 1160 mm and has a height of 2380 mm. The water circuit heat exchanger has dimensions (750*500*350 mm), is made of sheet steel and is located in the firebox, so the hob is used only for heating food. According to the author of the design, the heat transfer into the water circuit is approximately 5.5 kW with a firebox twice a day, and with increased heating it can reach 18 kW, which allows heating rooms with a total area of ​​up to 180-200 m2.

List of required materials and equipment

Image	Description of materials (stove appliances)	Quantity, pcs
	Red solid brick (excluding chimney)	710
	Fireclay fireproof brick SHA-8	71
	Fire door 210*250 mm	1
	Blower door 140*250 mm	1
	Ash pan cleaning door 140*140 mm	7
	Grate 250*300 mm	2
	Cast iron plate 710*410 mm	1
	Heat exchanger made of sheet steel 750*500*350 mm	1
	Furnace valve 130*250 mm	1
	Gate valve for cooking chamber 130*130 mm	1
	Steel strip:
	50*5*400 mm	1
	50*5*980 mm	2
	Steel corner 50*50*5*980	2
	Pre-furnace sheet 500*1000 mm	1

Work order

Before starting work on the construction of a furnace with a water circuit, it is necessary to carefully study the design of the furnace, look at it general view and how it looks in sections. This is all presented in the three subsequent figures.

After this, it is necessary to make a heat exchanger for the water circuit of the furnace, the drawing of which is presented in the following figure.

What should be considered when making a heat exchanger?

• The walls facing the fire are made of 5 mm sheet steel.
• The outer walls, which carry a lower thermal load, can be made of 3 mm steel.
• A gap of at least 50 mm wide must be left on the rear side for gases to escape from the firebox.
• The heat exchanger outlet (supply) is made of seamless steel pipe with a diameter of 40 mm, and it should be welded at the highest point.
• The other outlet (return) is made from the same pipe and welded at the lowest point of the heat exchanger.

The order of laying a furnace with a water circuit

Before laying the stove, it is necessary to build an appropriate foundation for it, but in this article we will not consider this issue, but will move on to the order. Before that, let's take a look at symbols which will be encountered in the future.

Drawing	Volumetric view	Additional view
1 continuous row of bricks is laid out. It is very important to maintain horizontality and rectangularity, since much will depend on this later. There are 36 red bricks in this row.
On the 2nd row masonry, the formation of the base of the ash chamber begins. A door measuring 140*250 mm is installed. 31 whole red bricks and one half are used.
Row 3 is laid according to the pattern. The number of bricks is the same as in the previous one - 31 red whole and half.
On the 4th row, the formation of the firebox begins, so 11 fireclay bricks and 21 red ones are already used. To install grate bars, cutouts are made in the SHA-8 brick.
At the stage of forming 4 rows, gratings are placed in the cut grooves. To compensate for thermal expansion, a gap of about 5 mm is left.
A heat exchanger (boiler) is installed at the bottom of the firebox
When laying the 5th row, a gap of 5-6 mm is left - for thermal expansion of the heat exchanger. A free space is left behind it, connecting to the horizontal channel. At the same stage, 2 doors 140*140 mm are installed - for cleaning the channel. 14 red and 3 fireclay bricks are used.
6th row. The horizontal channel is separated by the channel behind the boiler; the hole left in the previous row will increase the draft of the stove. The firebox door is installed on the same row. 15 whole red bricks and one half are used, as well as 1 fireclay.
According to the diagram, row 7 is laid out. 15 and ½ red and 2 fireclay bricks are used.
When laying the 8th row, the boiler firebox door is closed. For this, a strip of 50*5*400 mm is used. There are 11 and ½ red bricks and 6 fireclay bricks laid out in a row.
In row 9 the boiler supply pipe is released. The fireclay brick halves above the firebox door are cut at an angle. The horizontal channel is divided into two equal parts. 12 and ½ red bricks and 7 fireclay bricks are used.
On the same 9th row, above the firebox door, ¾ of the fireclay brick is cut diagonally downwards.
On the 10th row, the bricks are released inward, so the space above the boiler narrows. 3 red and 18 ½ fireclay bricks are used.
11th row. Bricks from the ends of the furnace are also released inside. Cutouts are made in the bricks for laying cast iron hob. It is taken into account that the thermal gap must be at least 5 mm. Number of bricks used: 10 red and 16 ½ fireclay.
A cast iron stove is installed on the 11th row. In the place where there will be an opening into the cooking chamber, a corner of 50*50*980 mm is installed.
On row 12, the cooking chamber begins to form. You should pay attention to the fact that the cast iron cooking surface is removable - lifted by the front part and removed. 12 red and 5 fireclay bricks are used.
Row 13 is laid out according to the pattern, which uses 16 ½ red bricks.
In the 14th row, the vertical channel increases to the entire available width. To clean it, a door 140*140 mm is mounted. 14 ½ red bricks are used.
The 15th row is laid out similarly to the previous one according to the scheme, which ensures ligation of the seams. 14 ½ red bricks are used.
In the 16th row, the facade of the cooking chamber is covered with a steel strip 50*5*980 mm and a corner 50*50*5*980. Uses 15 red bricks.
The 17th row completes the covering of the facade of the cooking chamber; 18 ½ red bricks are used for this.
18th row. To completely cover the cooking chamber itself, two strips of steel 50*5*980 mm are mounted, and 19 red bricks are laid out according to the drawing.
Row 19 completes the covering of the entire cooking chamber. The remaining passage of half a brick is needed for exhaust hood. Recesses for the valve are cut in the passage. Uses 32 red bricks.
Row 19 is completed by installing a small chamber valve 140*140 mm.
Row 20 forms the base of the upper flues. To do this, halves are laid out according to the drawing, which will be the basis of subsequent partitions. For cleaning and inspection, 4 doors 140*140 mm are mounted. Laying this row requires 18 red bricks.
Row 21 continues the formation of partitions. It requires 17 ½ red bricks.
22 row. It requires 21 red bricks.
In the 23rd row, the upper flue ducts are divided into 4 channels. One of them (lower left in the drawing) will later be the main chimney, and the rest serve as a common hood, separated by partitions. Uses 24 red bricks.
Laying 24 rows requires 24 red bricks.
Laying the 25th row requires 23 ½ red bricks.
Laying the 26th row requires 23 ½ red bricks.
Laying the 27th row requires 23 ½ red bricks.
To lay the 28th row, 23 ½ red bricks are required.
Laying the 29th row requires 23 ½ red bricks.
In row 30, the unification of all smoke circulation channels begins, except the main one. Uses 20 red bricks.
Row 31 continues the combination of vertical channels. It requires 21 ½ red bricks.
Row 32 prepares the furnace ceiling. Uses 25 ½ red bricks.
Row 33 covers the oven. The main channel measuring 130*260 mm is left, 35 red bricks are used.
Row 34 covers the oven for the second time. To do this you need 37 red bricks. To install the main smoke damper, grooves are cut.
The smoke damper is installed and adjusted in place.
Row 35 completes the laying of the furnace body. A base is made for the chimney cap pipe. To do this you need 5 red bricks.

Video: Heating and cooking oven with a water circuit

Pitfalls of furnace water circuits

Such a tempting task as arranging a water circuit in a furnace is not as perfect as we would like, since this seemingly correct undertaking has its pitfalls. And the topic would not be fully disclosed if the authors kept silent about it. So, what can the owner of a stove with a water circuit for heating expect?

• First of all, such furnaces cannot be operated with an empty water circuit, as noted earlier. Let's imagine a situation where a family decides to visit a country house in winter for the weekend and light the stove or fireplace. The prudent owner, of course, drained all the water from the heating system in the fall, so it needs to be refilled. Inconvenience? Of course yes! It is not a fact that there is running water at the dacha, but a good antifreeze based on propylene glycol, poured into the system, costs a lot and can behave unpredictably in ovens. The temperature volumetric expansion of antifreeze is much higher than that of plain water, which is why the pressure increases like an avalanche.
• Another pitfall of operating stoves with a water circuit is that in the warm season, having lit a stove for cooking or a fireplace, the owners will have to put up with the fact that the batteries will also be hot, because it is impossible to operate the stove without water, and the excess heat in the summer is completely no need. What should I do? Possible option The solution to this problem is to install heat accumulator, which costs much more than even a very good solid fuel boiler. Another solution may be to install heating radiators somewhere in the attic or basement and summer time simply switch the water circuit to them, dumping excess heat and making a small contribution to global warming and melting of Arctic ice. But again, these are unnecessary worries and expenses.
• Almost everything modern systems Heating is done with forced circulation of coolant, for which special pumps are used. This allows for more efficient heat transfer and the use of smaller diameter pipelines. And nothing prevents you from equipping the water circuit of the furnace with a circulation pump, a safety group, an expansion tank and other mandatory components of the system. But is it worth doing this? The big question is. Modern boilers have a safety-thought-out design, are tested under high pressure, and are protected. The occurrence of a dangerous emergency situation in the case of boilers, including solid fuel ones, is extremely unlikely, which cannot be said about homemade designs of stoves with a water circuit. The influence of the human factor in them is too great.

So, what conclusions can be drawn? Will a furnace with a water circuit become a full-fledged boiler? Never in my life! Yes, this is more than just a stove, but not yet a boiler. And vice versa - a boiler is unlikely to become a stove. These devices have different functions from each other, and their intersection may be economically unjustified, difficult to implement, and in some cases downright dangerous. It is cheaper and better to have a separate stove and boiler, then each of these devices can be implemented in all its glory without interfering with each other.

The ideal location for a water loop furnace from an engineering point of view

Does such a thing exist? perfect place, where a stove or fireplace with a water circuit is realized in all its glory? Absolutely yes. Let's look at the picture, which shows a diagram of an energy-efficient house.

It can be seen that one of the main components of the overall heating and hot water supply system of the house is heat accumulator, also called a buffer tank, installed in the boiler room on the ground floor. It is a large capacity container (usually at least 500 liters) in which there are heat exchanger coils from various heat sources. It can be a gas or solid fuel boiler, panels solar collectors, and, as can be seen from above drawing, there was also a place for a fireplace with a water circuit. Analysis of coolant for various purposes (radiator heating,warm floors) comes from this container. All “requests” are monitored by sensors with controllers and pumping groups.

Hot water is supplied from an internal tank, hermetically separated from the main tank. The water is heated through metal walls. If necessary, through special flanges into the internal tank with hot water a heating element can be installed, which “helps” at night, when reduced electricity tariffs apply. The body of the buffer tank is enclosed in powerful thermal insulation made of polystyrene foam with a thickness of at least 100 mm, which ensures minimal heat loss.

Heating systems based buffer tanks have undoubted advantages:

• Thermal accumulator a large volume absorbs excess heat, which can be generated by solid fuel boilers, as well as stoves with a water circuit or solar systems. This prevents overheating and extends the life of the equipment.
• A heating system with a buffer tank operates more stable, since it is not dependent on only one heat source.
• Application heat accumulator allows you to save up to 30% of energy resources.

The main disadvantages of systems with buffer capacity are their volatility and the very high price of equipment. Therefore, the use of a furnace with a water circuit, impeccable from the point of view of engineering science, may become completely unjustified from the point of view of common sense. Although, of course, such systems are the future. In developed countries, where the state subsidizes the use of various alternative energy sources, such systems are already used quite widely.

Conclusion

To summarize the article, we can conclude that stoves with a water circuit can be used for heating a house, but with many reservations:

• It is best to use industrially manufactured stoves and fireplaces that are specially adapted for.
• When using a brick oven to heat the coolant, it is best to build from scratch a structure specially adapted and designed specifically for these purposes.
• Implementing a furnace and boiler in one design is a difficult task that has its pitfalls.
• The ideal location for furnaces with a water circuit is a heating system with a buffer tank.

The issue of heating in winter is acute for anyone who plans to build their own country house. Electrical equipment for most consumers it is too expensive, and connecting to the gas supply network is not always available everywhere. In this case, the alternative will be the well-known wood-burning stoves for summer cottages, which have not lost their relevance for many centuries.

Varieties

Depending on needs, consumers can choose furnace equipment with a water circuit of various capacities. There are stoves equipped with a tank for storing wood pellets, as well as an automatic pellet feeding mechanism. It is a screw conveyor or pneumatic device.

Modern wood-burning stoves are equipped with a control system that allows you to set the optimal operating mode, providing a specific temperature for a certain period of time. With a light load, loading fuel and cleaning ash does not need to be done often.

If a large volume of water is required for various household needs, it is recommended to purchase units in which 10% of the heat is spent on heating needs, and 90% is spent on heating water, which will subsequently be sent to the heating system or to the storage tank.

There are furnaces with a water circuit, which are equipped with a system forced ventilation, automatic programming and remote control.

Such equipment can be called universal heating devices that simultaneously combine the functions of titanium and a boiler. This makes water heating from a wood stove an ideal option for country houses, dachas and cottages.

Design

A classic stove consists of the following main elements:

• chimney;
• boilers through which combustion products and smoke rise upward;
• a firebox in which wood is burned;
• ash collector for effective cleaning of the firebox from ash.

During operation of the furnace unit, all four walls of the structure are heated. Briquettes or firewood can be used as a heat source. The main material for constructing the stove is red brick.

Operating principle

Units with a water circuit are equipped with a heat exchanger built into the firebox or chimney duct. There are models that can operate in steam circulation mode.

A wood heating stove can be made of boiler steel or cast iron, designed to operate under high steam pressure. These devices are used as additional equipment, and as the main source of heat.

A heat exchanger is installed inside the furnace unit. Heated gases move through the channels of the heating reservoir, transferring heat to the liquid. A furnace with a boiler in its design can have several tanks at the same time, which can significantly increase its efficiency. Water is heated in one tank, and with increased heating, the process of vaporization occurs in the second.

To heat a large building with traditional furnace heating, several furnaces will be required, and the consumption of coal or fuel will be quite high. Therefore, a more economical and alternative option would be a stove for water heating a house using wood, equipped with a special hot water boiler built into the firebox. Even with severe frosts For such a heating system, lighting the stove twice a day is enough.

Such devices are capable of heating the building even during breaks between fireboxes. During the cooling process, the pipelines give up their heat for another 5-6 hours, thereby providing heating without consuming fuel. Water heating from a wood-burning stove has an efficiency of 80-85%.

Heat dissipation

For example, let's take a stove with an iron boiler 35 cm high, 48 cm wide, 75 cm long and a water circuit measuring 1020 x 1020 mm. In this case, the efficiency of the furnace unit, subject to proper operation, can reach about 85%. With a double firebox, the heat output of the furnace will be 6500 kcal/h (7600 W), and the heat output of the boiler will be 15,000 kcal/h (17,500 W).

If you calculate the total heat output of a wood-burning stove with a water tank and boiler, you get about 21,500 kcal/h (25,000 W). Using this heating option in severe frosts will allow you to heat a room up to 300 m2 in size.

Greater heat transfer from the furnace unit is achieved by heating the surface of the water boiler. The body of the metal tank is washed from all sides by hot gases. At the same time, the inner surface of the heating chamber also heats up well, which allows you to maintain a heated state of the water boiler during the break between fireboxes (about 7-8 hours).

Thus, compared to conventional solid fuel boilers, water heating from a wood-burning stove is much cheaper.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Despite the emergence of an incredible number of technical innovations designed for heating premises, owners of private houses prefer stove equipment. And there are many significant reasons for this.

Advantages

• Economical. The services of a stove maker will cost much less than the purchase of modern devices, their maintenance and installation. The stove can be made from mortar and bricks that were left over after building the house. Repair and operation of such devices does not require large investments.
• Design variability. A modern master can build a stove of any shape and size. It can be decorated with exquisite designer decor, color in various colors. There are designs that combine a fireplace and stove.
• High degree of maintainability. Over many years of operation, this equipment requires only minor cosmetic repairs. This is much faster, cheaper and easier than taking an expensive unit for service.
• Possibility of regulation of combustion intensity in the firebox.
• An atmosphere of comfort, which is characteristic only of Russian ancient huts with stoves.
• The intensity and speed of air heating is determined by the position of the dampers.

Flaws

• It will take some time for water heating from a wood-burning stove to produce sufficient heat. Brickwork takes a long time to warm up.
• The presence of dry wood and open fire are factors of high fire danger. When fuel burns, you will have to stay at home and monitor the stove.
• Ash, soot, sawdust from firewood, dust. The room where the stove is located will have to be cleaned more often.
• Uneven distribution of heat in the living space reduces the level of comfort.
• Large overall dimensions structures reduce the usable area of ​​the building. By definition, a stove cannot be small, since efficiency depends on its size.

Project development

As mentioned above, water heating from a wood-burning brick stove is a rather dangerous design. Therefore, development project documentation It is recommended to entrust it to a specialist who will take into account all the details.

Design Features

• In general, it is advisable to design water heating before the start of construction in order to think through the optimal layout of the living space. The equipment should be located closer to the center to ensure easy access to the firebox. You should not place the front part of the stove in the room; it is preferable to take it out into the interior corridor or hallway.
• In case of close location of the unit and interior partitions, it is necessary to provide a ventilated space between them or air gap to prevent overheating of wooden structures. For greater safety, the furnace side can be lined with fire-resistant materials or the partitions can be lined with bricks. This will reduce fire danger heating systems.

Water heating from a wood-burning stove: diagram

First of all, you should decide on the functionality of the future furnace unit. Will it be used only for heating water or for other purposes? As a rule, a brick kiln for water heating is performed in conjunction with hob, which is relevant for country houses.

Additionally, you should do complex system chimneys. As hot carbon monoxide passes through them, the walls will heat up and heat will enter the room. They can take up about 70% of the oven volume, which is not always possible for small houses.

The main component of water heating from a furnace is the heat exchanger. This element transfers thermal energy from the combustion of fuel (coal, firewood) to the coolant. The heat exchanger is located at the rear of the combustion chamber.

Having chosen the most suitable scheme, you can begin construction. The best option would be to purchase a ready-made steel model, which can subsequently be covered with protective refractory brick in 1 layer. However, if a large, powerful unit is required, it is recommended to make it yourself.

DIY oven

The construction of the furnace begins with the construction of the foundation. It is important that it is not tied to the foundation of the house. To do this, it is poured into the ground concrete screed, its height should not exceed the floor level by more than 5-7 cm. Only after this can the construction of the structure begin.

• The first rows of the ash pan are laid in accordance with the selected pattern.
• Next, the blower door is installed and the structure is lined with brick. The door should be made of cast iron, measuring 19.5 x 24 cm.
• The combustion chamber is made in a similar way.
• It is preferable to install a ready-made chimney with a round cross-section.

For the ash pit and combustion chamber, it is advisable to use fire-resistant brick. For cladding, you can choose ordinary sand-lime brick, since it is characterized by good heat capacity.

Construction of proper heating is a very responsible process. The issue of heating houses in the private sector is becoming particularly acute. Owners of such real estate are considering the possibility of using a large list of equipment that can be purchased in the store.

Stove heating at home

The most common types of heating are stove heating in a private house with ordinary water heating. But technology does not stand still, and new solutions appear all the time, with improved functionality and convenience.

In pursuit of convenience, people try to choose systems that combine best quality. There is nothing strange that stove heating at home along with a water circuit has become very popular.

Modern heat sources of this type distribute the temperature evenly throughout the room, have good performance characteristics, and, therefore, consume fuel more economically.

In this article we will talk about such equipment, look at its photos and videos, and reveal the details of its operation and creation.

Features of operation and device

Traditional heating with a Russian stove has one significant drawback - uneven heating of the building. When using such equipment, it will be very hot near the stove, but the further you move away from it, the less heated the rooms become. Because of this, in Rus' all life in the house was centered around the stove.

Heat generators with a water heating circuit stand out against the background of an ordinary Russian stove. In this case, the operation of the stove can be compared with Using such a water circuit leads to uniform heating of all rooms in the building.

Important. One significant difference from solid fuel sources is that in addition to heating the coolant, the walls are heated through special channels through which flue gases pass. They also participate in heating the room. In addition, when heat transfer occurs from the battery to the room air, thermal radiation also occurs from the boiler firebox and its heated walls.

Such water-heated generators have become very popular in villages and dachas. This is explained by the fact that gas pipelines are not connected to them and people have no choice but to create a house with stove heating. In country houses, such sources are also widely used, this fact can be explained by their convenience and simplicity, efficiency and the need for small capital investments.

The cost of factory-made boilers will cost you a good amount, so heating your home with a stove with a water circuit is the best option for a low budget.

Registers for furnaces with a heating system

A register is an ordinary coil that is installed in the furnace firebox or the beginning of the chimney. Thanks to it, it becomes possible to connect a water heating system.

There are many various designs such elements. They are made from metal pipes or sheet steel. The main requirement is a metal thickness of at least three millimeters, and ideally five. Sheet steel is popular because it is easier to work with.

Important. A properly made register should work in such a way as to correctly perform maximum heat transfer water (coolant), as well as high-quality circulation.

An important fact is that coils made of sheet steel can be easily cleaned from combustion products formed during operation. The disadvantage is that they have a small heating area, while pipe registers, on the contrary, have a large heat exchange surface.

To make such a coil, you can seek help from a professional welder who has knowledge of such equipment. But if you are good “friends” with welding machine, then you can do all the work yourself.

You can also independently prepare all the components of such a coil, and welding work resort to the help of a welder. This way you will save money and be confident in the quality of the work.

Types of stoves with a water circuit

Such equipment is manufactured in two variations:

• An already installed stove is taken and a coil is installed in it. This variation is considered the most labor-intensive, and therefore is used less often. This is due to the fact that when making a coil you need to rely on the existing dimensions of the firebox;
• The heat source is laid out independently, according to the dimensions of the register. A correctly built stove will be your guarantee that it will last a long time and be reliable. It is imperative to ensure that internal dimensions shirts started from 4-5 centimeters.

If you “close your eyes” to this fact, then the water in it will begin to boil. This is even more likely when there is poor water circulation. Installing a pump can correct this drawback. The heat exchanger wall must be at least five millimeters; if it is smaller, the register will simply burn out and will need to be replaced. To replace it, you will need to disassemble the oven floor, so the cost of such carelessness will be high.

The thickness of the walls directly depends on the type of fuel used, or more precisely on its calorific value. So, for example, if you only heat with wood, then you can do less than three millimeters, but if you heat with coal, then it is better to take five millimeters.

In the latter case, it is necessary to create a gap between the register and the wall; it should be within one to two centimeters. This is done in order to level out the thermal expansion of the metal, thereby maintaining its integrity.

Flaws

In this section we will look at the disadvantages of such equipment:

• The register reduces the volume of the firebox. But this disadvantage can be minimized if you correctly calculate the width of the stove and heat exchanger. If the latter is installed in a ready-made stove, then you need to add fuel more often. Install the coil into the finished oven, perhaps only partially disassembling it. The disassembly process itself must be carried out efficiently so as not to spoil the bricks;
To operate such equipment, periodic human intervention is required;
• No automatic adjustment capabilities;
• Periodic cleaning of the heat exchanger, as it becomes contaminated with soot and ash.

The appearance of such heating

Such heating operates on the same principle as conventional solid fuel heating. The difference is that the heat exchanger is located higher and this must be remembered when installing pipelines. The layout of a house with stove heating should also take this into account.

IN mandatory An expansion tank is installed at the top of the system, which ensures the integrity of the system. During the installation of the pipelines themselves, their slopes must be taken into account; if this point is not observed, a pump will be required. It can also be installed to improve the efficiency of the system, but ideally the heating should work with or without it.

The great advantage of such ovens is that they can be used for cooking.

Stove heating of a private home is still one of the most popular in all Russian regions. Previously, several stoves were used to heat a large house, which were installed in different rooms, but this is not the most economical option, as it requires a large amount of solid fuel.

Stove heating of a private house - sketch

Today, thanks to the developed modern schemes, as well as the fact that many different modern types of stoves have appeared on sale, organizing heating has become much easier. It happens different types and using different fuels. To choose the most suitable option for your home, which will suit all parameters, you need to take a closer look at some of the types and find out how they work.

• For small, well-insulated houses, consisting of one or two rooms and a kitchen, one heating and cooking stove made of brick will be sufficient.
• For larger buildings, it is necessary to carefully consider the heating system so that one stove can heat the entire house. For this purpose, heating is used using a water or steam circuit.
• For a one-story building, such a circuit can be connected to a brick stove or one made of cast iron. When installing a system in a two- or three-story house, a cast iron stove-boiler is more suitable.

The next thing you need to decide is the type of fuel. The system can be heated with wood, coal, peat, gas, diesel fuel, electricity or several of them. This choice will determine which heating stove to purchase.

Brick oven

So, as mentioned above, for a small building it is enough to build one stove, which will be heated with wood or coal.

The stove model must be chosen in such a way that it can not only heat the premises, but also be an assistant in cooking.

To ensure that this heating structure does not cause any inconvenience and is as efficient as possible, you need to choose a suitable location for it. A well-placed stove can easily warm two rooms and a kitchen.

For example, this model shown in the figure would be a good option for heating three rooms. You need to know that the heat transfer from the stove depends on the surface area of ​​the structure, i.e. if one side of the stove opens into the room, it will be fully heated. In addition, the massive structure takes much longer to cool down. By heating the building in the evening, you can be sure that it will radiate heat into the room until the morning.

The stove must be laid during the construction of a house, but its foundation must be separated from the general foundation of the building. It is possible to install a brick stove in an already built house, but this will be more difficult, since you will have to raise part of the floor and make a hole in the ceiling and roof to install a chimney.

This diagram clearly shows the structure of the building, the structure of the foundation, the chimney channels and the passage of the pipe through the floors with all the necessary parameters that must be adhered to.

What size house can be heated with a brick stove with a water circuit?

A brick stove can also be adapted for heating large areas if, when building it, a heat exchange element is placed near the firebox through which the coolant will pass, heating up and then circulating in the heating system distributed throughout the house. In this case, you may need to connect a water pump, which will accelerate the movement of coolant in the system.

Heat exchange elements can be of different shapes; the photo shows one of them. It is embedded in the structure of the stove near the combustion chamber so that, passing through it, the water quickly heats up and enters the pipes and radiators.

The inlet and outlet pipes from the heat exchanger are led outside the furnace structure, and the heating circuit is connected to them. Next, the system is filled with water, which will act as a coolant.

In this case, metal-plastic pipes are used for wiring and connection to the circuit.

In this diagram, the heat exchanger is located above the firebox and is shown as a red grate. The blue line marks the cooled coolant, which passes through the circulation pump and enters the heat exchanger - this part of the circuit is called return. The red line marks the heated water entering the radiators.

Also installed in the heating circuit membrane tank, which can be located in any accessible location in the circuit, but it is advisable to install it on the return pipe.

It is also called a closed expansion tank. There is a nipple on its upper part, through which air is pumped into the upper chamber. When water in the system heats up, it expands and excess water rises into the tank, stretching the membrane. When cooling and the corresponding pressure drop, water is pressed back into the system. In this way, possible pressure surges in the pipes are smoothed out, and the risk of destruction of the integrity of the system from overheating is minimized.

Video sketch: an interesting version of a fireplace stove with a heating circuit

Cast iron stove

Cast iron stoves although they are small in size, they are capable of heating a fairly large room with a volume of up to 80-90 cubic meters. meters. This option will be ideal for a country house, since the device has a hob function. Thanks to their elegant design, today they are also happily installed in expensive mansions, as they are an interior decoration.

The best option of all cast iron models is a stove long burning. It is capable of transferring heat into the room for a long time, despite the fact that firewood is placed in it once during the entire heating period. This effect is achieved due to internal structure stove, which allows you to reduce the active flame to slow smoldering.

A long-burning boiler-stove can also have a water circuit.

Cast iron stoves with water circuit

Cast iron stoves with a water circuit are produced in different capacities and are designed for heating various sizes. Some of them are capable of heating a two- and three-story house. The heating circuit is constructed using the same system as for brick stoves.

Furnaces are produced from cast iron and combined type, i.e. having electric heating, which turns on automatically when the temperature of the smoldering firewood decreases. This combination of oven functions will always help maintain the heating system at the desired temperature.

Cast iron boiler-stoves can also be designed for a double-circuit heating system, i.e. In addition to the warmth in the house, the owners will also have heated water.

What should you consider when choosing and installing a stove?

When choosing which heating stove will be installed in the house, you need to correctly formulate the requirements for it, and, based on them, purchase or build a heating device.

• The heating properties of the entire brick kiln structure are very important. Therefore, if you decide to install such a stove, you need to choose correct project and ensure the perfect construction of the building.
• The efficiency of the heating system will also depend on the design and layout of the water circuit, as well as the choice of radiators for the heating system. There are stove designs that can operate in summer and winter mode- this factor also contributes to the economical operation of the device.
• Part of the savings can be attributed to the long cooling of the furnace, which will allow you to use less fuel.
• An important point is ease of operation and maintenance.
• The design must comply with all rules fire safety according to its location and installation.
• A properly executed design will have the required draft, which will protect the house from carbon monoxide entering the premises.
• The oven must be calculated on for long periods of operation.
• Of course, it would be nice for the stove to become a real decoration of the house, and not just be functional from a practical point of view.

Positive and negative aspects of stove heating in a private house

In most cases, stove heating is installed if necessary, in the absence of main natural gas. But heating with a stove has its advantages and disadvantages, which it would also be nice to know about.

What are the disadvantages?

Negative points include:

• It takes quite a long time to heat up the stove, and therefore the premises. This occurs due to prolonged heating of the walls and coolant in the system.
• Not very high efficiency of a brick building. To increase it, you have to build a higher chimney, make it a labyrinth type, so that the heat remains inside the structure longer.
• A brick oven takes up enough large area, but only on such a scale is it capable of heating several rooms at the same time.
• Unlike heating with natural gas, the stove must be supervised throughout its entire combustion, since brick options require constant addition of fuel. Long-burning cast iron stoves are an exception, since firewood is added once per burning session.

Positive points

Stove heating also has many positive qualities, which are often decisive in choosing it for installation in a private home.

• Autonomy, which means reliability. The house will always be heated, even if the electricity and water are turned off.
• Affordability of construction and operation of the structure.
• Cost-effectiveness in purchasing fuel and no bills for the main gas or hot water supply, which, unfortunately,
• Simplicity in operation - oven does not require programming, and if problems arise, they can be resolved independently, without the involvement of specialists.
• Since the stove does not require communications for its operation, it can be installed or erected in a house located in any region and locality.

Video: how to build a stove with a heating circuit yourself

Due to the fact that today gas lines are not installed everywhere, stove heating remains relevant and indispensable. Stocking up on fuel in advance and keeping the fire burning in the stove is all that is required of the owner of a stove-heated home. Therefore, in some houses, even with gas heating, they are in no hurry to get rid of reliable brick buildings, and also install cast iron fireplace stoves to create not only a warm, but also a cozy atmosphere in the house.

Users of the site know well that from the right choice heating equipment The comfort and safety of living in the house depends. Due to the steady rise in energy prices and the high cost of gas connections, many developers are looking for an alternative to blue fuel. There are, but stove heating is not going to give up its position. In this article we look at how effective stove heating is in a private home in modern conditions.

From this article you will learn:

• What are the advantages and disadvantages of a stone stove?
• Where is the best place to install a stove in the house?
• Stove heating in the house: problems and features;
• What kind of brick should the structure be made of?
• What are the requirements for the foundation for a stone stove?
• Can it become an alternative to a solid fuel boiler?
• What you need to know about fire safety standards for stove heating in a private home.

Stove heating in a private house: pros and cons

To understand whether stove heating is suitable for a modern cottage, you need to understand its main advantages and disadvantages.

TO important advantages include:

• Complete energy independence and autonomy;
• A brick stove has a high efficiency: it heats hot, retains heat for a long time and releases heat for a long time;
• It is easy to use and has many exterior finishing options;
• It simultaneously heats the house and allows you to cook tastier and healthier food, bake pies and heat up lunch;
• A favorable and especially cozy atmosphere is created in the house;
• The air in the room does not overheat or dry out;
• The stove in the house can become a multifunctional heat-generating device, combining a heating, cooking and water heating device;
• High maintainability. If necessary, any of the bricks can be quickly replaced.

Stove maker from St. Petersburg:

– The heat generated by the heated brick warms the human body from the inside, which is good for health . It will warm you, feed you, and heal you!

Opinion of the company's furnace master "Art Master" Vadim Kornev :

– If there is no gas in the house, and heating with electricity or diesel fuel is very expensive, then heating with a stove is what you need!

Expert on pipe and furnace works of the company "SPP Rubin" Alexey Telegin, Moscow:

– In the absence of central heating, in a non-gasified building and a very limited budget, using this method is the best option for permanent family residence outside the city!

Despite many advantages, stove heating in a private home also has a number of disadvantages:

• Prolonged warm-up before heat transfer begins. From the moment of ignition to the time when full heat transfer begins, several hours may pass.
• Inability to automate work and achieve uniform heating. As it burns out, the firewood will have to be added manually;
• Increased requirements for the quality of materials (bricks) and the professionalism of performers;
• Loss of usable space in the room. The larger the oven, the more space it can heat, which leads to an increase in its dimensions;
• Large mass. Depending on the size and number of bricks used, it can weigh from 4.5 tons (this is approximately 1000 bricks) to 20 tons (5000 bricks). Therefore, under the device it is necessary to build separate foundation or resort to strengthening the main one;
• Uneven heating of rooms. The further you are from the stove, the colder it gets. That is why in village houses all life has traditionally centered around it;
• A heating device built in violation of norms and regulations is a possible cause of a fire;
• Sudden heating can lead to cracks in the structure.

Vadim Kornev:

– The main disadvantage of this heating method is the need to manually add fuel. But if you are not too lazy to work with a saw and an ax, then owning such beauty will bring true pleasure!

Any homeowner, as soon as he thinks about stove heating, has a number of questions: is it profitable, how well can the cottage be heated, and are there any general criteria by which one can understand the degree of efficiency of such heating.

MasterOk:

– For the device to work
effectively, it is necessary to calculate its dimensions. The dimensions, and therefore the power, are determined in accordance with the heat loss of the house.

The heat loss of a building largely depends on the location of the rooms. For preliminary calculation, you can use the following formula:

On average 1 sq. m stove can heat up to 30-35 sq.m of living space.

Vadim Kornev:

– A house of 200 square meters in winter can be heated with a conventional Dutch heating and cooking system.

A Russian can heat a house much more large sizes. If the house has a complex configuration, you can put two small stoves at different ends of the house, this is better than one, but massive, large one. The main economic component is the price of firewood. They are different everywhere. To supply hot air to distant rooms of the house, you can use flexible heat-resistant hoses. But this is rarely done - it is unaesthetic.

It should be remembered that it is best to install a heating stove in a special furnace, or in the kitchen, living room or dining room, but so that the flood is located in a non-residential area of ​​the house. It is better not to place it in the corners of the house, because... the circulation of warm air throughout the house deteriorates. The closer to the center, the better.

Maintenance comfortable temperature in the house depends on many factors: the quality and energy intensity of the stove itself; thermal insulation and room volume; fuel quality. You can use old boards, oak firewood, etc. as fuel. Naturally, heat transfer from different types of fuel varies significantly, which affects the degree of efficiency of stove heating in the house.

Stove heating at home: o device features

When choosing stove heating, one of the most common mistakes is the idea that you first need to build a house, and only then start laying the heating device. The house and the stove should be perceived as two closely interconnected objects that require an integrated approach and careful calculation.

“Dance from the stove!” – this is exactly what the stove-makers’ motto sounds like. This means that before starting construction, you must:

1. Understand what kind of oven you need;

3. Determine the location of its installation in the house.

5. Consider the chimney system.

Figuratively speaking, it is not the stove that is built inside the house, but the house that is built around the stove!

Alexey Telegin:

– It happens like this: the developer first builds a house, puts on the roof, does the finishing, and then suddenly remembers about heating and wants to install a stove. Here it turns out that she simply does not “fit” into the room. We have to solve this problem, redo or strengthen the foundation, break and rebuild the floors and rafter system.

“Implanting” a heating device into an already built house leads to unjustified costs.

MasterOk:

– Only if you have a project or sketch of a stove, you can link it to the house plan.

Therefore, the construction of the stove should be divided into a number of successive stages. Namely:

1. Design. At this stage:

• choose the type and design of the furnace;
• we first determine the place for it;
• we calculate safe distances at the points of intersection and abutment of its surface with the floor, ceiling, ceilings, roof, walls, partitions;
• think over its appearance, finishing materials, surface texture.

2. Control. At this stage, you need to make sure that all work is carried out in accordance with the project.

This approach guarantees a high-quality result.

It is also necessary to select in advance the correct material for the manufacture of the stove and chimney. It is better to use solid plastic-molded bricks, since dry-pressed bricks cannot withstand high temperatures.

Alexey Telegin:

– The masonry must be made from solid red ceramic bricks, normally fired, without cracks and foreign impurities, grade not lower than M100.

It is prohibited to use burnt or unburnt, hollow, silicate, porous or lightweight bricks for laying chimneys and stoves!

Vadim Kornev:

– For laying solid wood, it is best to use good red brick, and make the firebox from fireclay brick.

Technical features

Like any construction, the construction of a furnace begins with the construction of a foundation. You need to know a number of features that will help you avoid mistakes.

Stove maker from St. Petersburg:

– There are no light brick kilns. Even a low 630x630 mm 1/4 brick with lining will weigh about 700-800 kg.

Even such a relatively “light” device cannot be installed on every floor.

Installation of stoves, fireplaces and chimneys weighing over 750 kg must be carried out on a separate foundation.

According to Alexey Telegin, the foundation must provide:

1. Uniform distribution of load on the ground in accordance with the bearing capacity of the soil;

2. Stability and protection of building structures and furnaces from external influences during house movements, shrinkage and heaving of soils.

Any foundation (its depth, dimensions and reinforcement) is calculated based on the load acting on it, as well as the bearing capacity of the soil.

The load on the furnace foundation (given its large mass) is very different from the load acting on the main foundation. If the foundation is made in one piece, it turns out that at the site where the furnace is erected, the loads are added up, which can lead to undesirable consequences.

For buildings subject to shrinkage and movement, it is necessary to build a separate foundation for the stove, not connected to the foundation of the house.

MasterOk:

– The foundations are made independent, and if two foundations are adjacent to each other, a soft insert is installed between them.

The simplest soft insert between two foundations can be made of a foam plastic board 5 cm thick.

This will protect the foundation from any lateral loads and the destructive properties of frost heaving of the soil. It’s not without reason that they say that a separate foundation for a stove is folk wisdom.

If a single foundation is laid, the uneven load must be taken into account in the calculation. And in order to compensate for it, additional reinforcement is laid in the “body” of the foundation, in the place where the furnace is planned to be installed.

Heating water circuit

To get rid of one of the main disadvantages of a conventional stove - uneven heating of rooms, you need to:

1. Install a heat exchanger (register) filled with water into the oven;

2. Connect a circulation pump to the system, which will circulate heated water through the heating system - radiators or heated floors.

This system operates on the principle of a solid fuel boiler and a closed heating system.

In this case, the stone stove is multifunctional: it simultaneously performs the function of water and stove heating, which ensures uniform distribution of heat throughout the rooms.

Vadim Kornev:

– It is better to place a stove with a water circuit against one of the walls of the house to facilitate the wiring of batteries. The presence of a circulation pump, as well as expansion tank, are required. Such devices are quite safe if the heating element is professionally welded and there is always water in the circuit.

Interesting practical experience building a house based on a stone stove with a water circuit by a specialist from our portal Vasily Katriychuk :

– I installed a water tank in my stove. The total capacity of the system including the pipes to the riser was 65 liters. When it is heated, the water in the tank is simultaneously heated, after which, with the help of a circulation pump, the coolant is driven into the heated floors and radiators of the heating system.

With such a heating system, it is necessary to provide all safety measures. In the event of a power outage, the circulation pump will stop working, but the stove will still continue to heat the water (it cannot be turned off instantly). As a result, the water may boil and the pipes will burst. To prevent this from happening, a security group is installed in the system. And if the coolant boils, excess water is discharged.

The operating pressure in the heating system ranges from 0.6 to 2 atmospheres. The safety group will operate at a pressure of 3 atmospheres.

Vasily Katriychuk:

– In case of a power outage, you can provide a backup electricity supply system - an individual inverter or a gas generator.

In addition to providing the house with heat, a stove with a water circuit prepares hot water for the DHW system. And in order not to heat the stove in the summer, you can additionally install an electric boiler for the hot water system.

Let's figure out whether the house becomes dirty from a working stove and how much one stack of firewood is enough.

Vasily Katriychuk:

– I lay firewood twice – in the afternoon and in the evening. Thanks to the large firebox, I can even put logs in my wood stove. This extends the burning time on one tab. And since the heating stove is built according to all the rules, it is very economical, does not smoke, and the ash must be removed once every three days.

The register can be installed in the oven in two ways:

1. Install the heat exchanger into the already folded stove. This is expensive and you will have to partially disassemble the device. Also, the volume of coolant in the register will limit the size of the furnace;

2. Design and build the furnace under a carefully calculated heat exchanger. This method will allow you to achieve perfect combination oven and register, which will ensure their efficient operation.

Vasily Katriychuk:

– In my case, the water tank is installed in the firebox through removable doors.

To remove the tank at any time (for repair or maintenance), a gap of 3-4 mm is left between the walls of the heat exchanger and the walls of the furnace.

The gap is also necessary to compensate for the thermal expansion of the steel heat exchanger.

Basic knowledge of fire codes

Chimneys and heating stoves can pose a threat to combustible building structures. Fire-resistant retreats and cuttings will help to avoid this.

A setback is a fire protection structure that protects the combustible surfaces of parts of the building from the heated parts of the stove and chimney, when they are placed in parallel.

It is a set of safe distances and measures to protect combustible parts of the building.

Cutting is a fireproof structure that forms a non-combustible space, performed when crossing combustible parts of a building - when driving a chimney through an interfloor ceiling or a wall stove, etc.

According to Alexey Telegin, The following methods help protect structures from fire:

1. The use of fireproof materials in the chimney system;

2. Increasing the distances from the heated surfaces of the stove to the combustible parts of the house in accordance with the standards;

3. Thermal insulation of furnace surfaces and nearby parts of walls, ceilings, etc.;

4. Shielding. Radiant energy emanates from any heated body. The light spectrum of high-intensity infrared radiation can ignite combustible structures at a distance of up to several meters. Fireproof partitions and screens are necessary to prevent the spread of this radiation. The shield protects against fire only in conjunction with other protection methods such as: ventilated gaps, spacing and heat dissipation;

5. Heat dissipation. Thermal insulation prevents the spread of heat, but it is also capable of storing energy, which often leads to ignition of combustible structures after the combustion process is completed. A vertical steel plate located in the groove “pulls” some of the heat to the surface, thereby reducing the temperature inside;

6. Ventilated gaps. Thanks to them, the temperature decreases (heat is removed) from heated surfaces;

7. Airtightness (tightness). The purpose of this method is to prevent oxygen from reaching the site of a likely fire.

Read our article, which talks in detail about fire safety standards and distances using an example of installation .

Alexey Telegin:

– Ideal protection is a structure made of fireproof materials, in which all combustible parts are removed at safe distances. It must be multi-layered, moderately strong so as not to collapse, but at the same time resist fire, heat and thermal radiation even if the walls of the stove or chimney are destroyed.

To summarize, we can say that stone ovens, with a competent approach to design, laying and installation, can become a complete heating system for a modern cottage. And the heat from the stove cannot be compared with any other!

Find out how to build it yourself. Get to know the basic principles. In the forum topic you can ask questions to professionals. We will help you build the most correct brick!