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Slide 12

According to the degree of readiness, they distinguish between the actual building materials and construction products- finished products and elements mounted and secured at the work site.

Construction materials include wood, metals, cement, concrete, brick, sand, mortars for masonry and various plasters, paints and varnishes, natural stones etc. Construction products are prefabricated reinforced concrete panels and structures, window and door units, sanitary products and cabins, etc. Unlike products, building materials are subjected to processing before use - mixed with water, compacted, sawn, kneaded, etc.

Slide 13

Based on their origin, building materials are divided into natural and artificial.

Natural materials are wood, rocks(natural stones), peat, natural bitumen and asphalt, etc. These materials are obtained from natural raw materials through simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition. Artificial materials include brick, cement, reinforced concrete, glass, etc. They are obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies.

Slide 14

According to their intended purpose, materials are divided into the following groups:

structural materials – materials that absorb and transmit loads in building structures; thermal insulation materials, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal conditions in the room at minimum costs energy; acoustic materials (sound-absorbing and soundproofing materials) - to reduce the level of “noise pollution” in the room; waterproofing and roofing materials - to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from exposure to water or water vapor; sealing materials - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures; finishing materials - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, thermal insulation and other materials from external influences; special-purpose materials (for example, fire-resistant or acid-resistant) used in the construction of special structures. general purpose materials - they are used both in their pure form and as raw materials for the production of other building materials and products

Slide 15

According to technological criteria, materials are divided, taking into account the type of raw materials from which the material is obtained and the type of its manufacture, into the following groups:

Natural stone materials and products are obtained from rocks by processing them: wall blocks and stones, facing slabs, architectural details, rubble stone for foundations, crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc. Ceramic materials and products - obtained from clay with additives by molding, drying and firing: bricks, ceramic blocks and stones, tiles, pipes , earthenware and porcelain products, facing and flooring tiles, expanded clay (artificial gravel for lightweight concrete), etc. Glass and other materials and products from mineral melts - window and facing glass, glass blocks, profiled glass (for fencing), tiles , pipes, glass-ceramic and slag-ceramic products, stone casting.

Slide 16

Inorganic binders are mineral materials, mostly powdery, that when mixed with water form a plastic body that over time acquires a stone-like state: various types of cements, lime, gypsum binders, etc. Concrete is an artificial stone material obtained from a mixture of binder, water, fine and coarse aggregates. Concrete with steel reinforcement called reinforced concrete, it resists well not only compression, but also bending and stretching. Building mortars are artificial stone materials consisting of binder, water and fine aggregate, which over time transform from a doughy to a stone-like state. Artificial unfired stone materials are obtained on the basis inorganic binders and various fillers: sand-lime brick, gypsum and gypsum concrete products, asbestos-cement products and structures, silicate concrete.

Slide 17

Organic binders and materials based on them - bitumen and tar binders, roofing and waterproofing materials: roofing felt, glassine, isol, brizol, hydroisol, roofing felt, adhesive mastics, asphalt concrete and mortars. Polymer materials and products-group materials obtained on the basis of synthetic polymers (thermoplastic non-thermosetting resins): linoleum, relin, synthetic carpet materials, tiles, laminated plastics, fiberglass, foam plastics, foam plastics, honeycomb plastics, etc. Wood materials and products are obtained as a result of mechanical processing of wood: round wood, lumber, blanks for various carpentry products, parquet, plywood, skirting boards, handrails, door and window blocks, glued structures. Metal materials - the most widely used in construction are ferrous metals (steel and cast iron), rolled steel (I-beams, channels, angles), metal alloys, especially aluminum.

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Question 3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Table 1 - Density of some building materials

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MEDIUM DENSITY

Average density ρс - mass per unit volume of material in natural state, i.e. with pores. The average density (in kg/m3, kg/dm3, g/cm3) is calculated using the formula: Where, m is the mass of the material, kg, g; Ve - volume of material, m3, dm3, cm3.

Slide 20

RELATIVE DENSITY

Relative densityd is the ratio of the average density of the material to the density of the standard substance. Water at a temperature of 4°C and having a density of 1000 kg/m3 is taken as the standard substance. Relative density (dimensionless value) is determined by the formula:

Slide 21

TRUE DENSITY

True density ρu is the mass per unit volume of an absolutely dense material, i.e., without pores and voids. It is calculated in kg/m3, kg/dm3, g/cm3 according to the formula: Where, m is the mass of the material, kg, g; Va is the volume of material in a dense state, m3, dm3, cm3.

Slide 22

POROSITY

Porosity P is the degree of filling of the material volume with pores. Calculated in % using the formula: Where: ρс, ρu are the average and true densities of the material.

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Question 4. HYDROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Hygroscopicity is the property of a capillary-porous material to absorb water vapor from moist air. The absorption of moisture from the air is explained by the adsorption of water vapor on inner surface pores and capillary condensation. This process, called sorption, is reversible. Water absorption is the ability of a material to absorb and retain water. Water absorption characterizes mainly open porosity, since water does not pass into closed pores. The degree of reduction in the strength of a material at its maximum water saturation is called water resistance. Water resistance is numerically characterized by the Krazm softening coefficient, which characterizes the degree of strength reduction as a result of its saturation with water. Humidity is the degree of moisture content in a material. Depends on humidity environment, properties and structure of the material itself.

Slide 24

WATER PERMEABILITY

Water permeability is the ability of a material to pass water under pressure. It is characterized by the filtration coefficient Kf, m/h, which is equal to the amount of water Vw in m3 passing through a material with an area S = 1 m2, thickness a = 1 m during a time t = 1 hour, with a difference in hydrostatic pressure P1 - P2 = 1 m of water column: The inverse characteristic of water permeability is water resistance - the ability of a material not to allow water to pass under pressure.

Slide 25

VAPTOR PERMEABILITY

Vapor permeability is the ability of materials to pass water vapor through their thickness. It is characterized by a vapor permeability coefficient μ, g/(m*h*Pa), which is equal to the amount of water vapor V per m3 passing through a material of thickness a = 1 m, area S = 1 m² in time t = 1 hour, with a partial pressure difference P1 - P2 = 133.3 Pa:

Slide 26

FROST RESISTANCE

Frost resistance is the ability of a material in a water-saturated state not to collapse during repeated alternate freezing and thawing. Destruction occurs due to the fact that the volume of water when turning into ice increases by 9%. The pressure of ice on the pore walls causes tensile forces in the material.

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Question 5. THERMAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Thermal conductivity is the ability of materials to conduct heat. Heat transfer occurs as a result of temperature differences between the surfaces bounding the material. Thermal conductivity depends on the thermal conductivity coefficient λ, W/(m*°С), which is equal to the amount of heat Q, J passing through a material with a thickness d = 1 m, area S = 1 m2 in a time t = 1 hour, with a temperature difference between the surfaces t2- t1 = 1 °C: thermal conductivity coefficient λ, W/(mx°C), of the material in an air-dry state:

Slide 28

HEAT CAPACITY

Heat capacity is the ability of materials to absorb heat when heated. It is characterized specific heat capacity s, J/(kg*°C), which is equal to the amount of heat Q, J spent on heating a material with a mass of m = 1 kg in order to increase its temperature by t2-t1 = 1°C:

Slide 29

FIRE RESISTANCE

Fire resistance is the ability of a material to withstand the simultaneous action of high temperatures and water without destruction. The fire resistance limit of a structure is the time in hours from the start of the fire test to the appearance of one of the the following signs: through cracks, collapse, temperature rise on an unheated surface.

Based on fire resistance, building materials are divided into three groups: fireproof, fire-resistant, and combustible. - fireproof materials do not smolder or char when exposed to high temperature or fire; - fire-resistant materials are difficult to ignite, smolder and char, but this happens only in the presence of fire; - combustible materials ignite or smolder and continue to burn or smolder after the source of fire is removed.

Slide 30

Fire resistance is the ability of a material to withstand prolonged exposure to high temperatures without deforming or melting. According to the degree of fire resistance, materials are divided into: - fire-resistant, which can withstand temperatures from 1580 ° C and above; - refractory, which can withstand temperatures of 1360... 1580°C; - low-melting, withstand temperatures below 1350 °C.

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Question 6. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS

To the main mechanical properties materials include: strength, elasticity, plasticity, relaxation, fragility, hardness, abrasion, etc.

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STRENGTH

Strength is the ability of materials to resist destruction and deformation from internal stresses resulting from the influence of external forces or other factors, such as uneven settlement, heating, etc. It is assessed by the tensile strength. This is the name given to the stress that arises in a material from the action of loads that cause its destruction.

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STRENGTH LIMITS

There are different strength limits of materials under: compression, tension, bending, shearing, etc. The compressive and tensile strength RСШ(Р), MPa, is calculated as the ratio of the load destroying the material R, N, to the cross-sectional area F, mm2: Ultimate strength when bending RI, MPa, is calculated as the ratio of the bending moment M, N*mm, to the moment of resistance of the sample, mm3:

Slide 34

CONSTRUCTION QUALITY COEFFICIENT

Important characteristic materials is the coefficient of structural quality. This is a conditional value that is equal to the ratio of the ultimate strength of the material R, MPa, to its relative density: k.k.k. = R/d

Slide 35

ELASTICITY

Elasticity is the ability of materials under the influence of loads to change shape and size and restore them after the load ceases. Elasticity is assessed by the elastic limit bup, MPa, which is equal to the ratio heaviest load, not causing residual deformations of the material, RUP, N, to the initial cross-sectional area F0, mm2: bUP = RUP/F0

Slide 36

Plasticity is the ability of materials to change their shape and size under the influence of loads and retain them after the load is removed. Plasticity is characterized by relative elongation or contraction. The fracture of materials can be brittle or ductile. During brittle fracture, plastic deformations are insignificant. Relaxation is the ability of materials to spontaneously reduce stress under constant influence of external forces. This occurs as a result of intermolecular movements in the material. Hardness is the ability of a material to resist the penetration of harder material into it. For different materials it is determined using different methods.

Slide 37

ORDER OF MINERALS ON THE MOH SCALE

When testing natural stone materials, they use the Mohs scale, made up of 10 minerals arranged in a row, with a conventional hardness indicator from 1 to 10, when a harder material with a higher serial number scratches the previous one. The minerals are arranged in the following order: talc or chalk, gypsum or rock salt, calcite or anhydrite, fluorspar, apatite, feldspar, quartzite, topaz, corundum, diamond.

Slide 38

ABRASION WEAR FRITTILITY

Abrasion is the ability of materials to collapse under the influence of abrasive forces. Abrasion I in g/cm2 is calculated as the ratio of the mass loss of the sample m1-m2 in g from the influence of abrasive forces to the abrasion area F in cm2;

I = (m1 - m2) / P Wear is the property of a material to resist the simultaneous effects of abrasion and impact. The wear of a material depends on its structure, composition, hardness, strength, and abrasion. Brittleness is the property of a material to suddenly collapse under load, without a prior noticeable change in shape and size.

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Question 7. THE CONCEPT OF ROCKS AND MINERALS. MAIN ROCK FORMING MINERALS Rocks are the main source of building materials. Rocks are used in the building materials industry as raw materials for the manufacture of ceramics, glass, thermal insulation and other products, as well as for the production of inorganic binders - cement, lime and gypsum. Rocks are natural formations of a more or less definite composition and structure that form independent geological bodies in the earth's crust. Minerals are called homogeneous in chemical composition and physical properties constituent parts of rock. Most minerals are solids

, sometimes liquid (native mercury) is found.

GENETIC GROUPS OF ROCKS

Depending on the conditions of formation, rocks are divided into three genetic groups: 1) igneous rocks, formed as a result of cooling and solidification of magma; 2) sedimentary rocks that arose in the surface layers earth's crust from products of weathering and destruction of various rocks; 3) metamorphic rocks, which are the product of recrystallization and adaptation of rocks to the physicochemical conditions that have changed in the earth’s crust.

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ROCK FORMING MINERALS

The main rock-forming minerals are: - silica, - aluminosilicates, - ferrous-magnesium, - carbonates, - sulfates.

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SILICA GROUP MINERALS

Minerals of this group include quartz. It can be in either crystalline or amorphous form. Crystalline quartz in the form of silicon dioxide SiO2 is one of the most common minerals in nature. Amorphous silica occurs in the form of opal SiO2 * NH2O. Quartz is characterized by high chemical resistance at ordinary temperatures. Quartz melts at a temperature of about 1700°C, so it is widely used in fireproof materials.

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ALUMINOSILICATE GROUP MINERALS

Minerals of the aluminosilicate group - feldspars, mica, kaolinites. Feldspars make up 58% of the entire lithosphere and are the most common minerals. Their varieties are: orthoclase Plagioclase Orthoclase - potassium feldspar - K2O * Al2O3 * 6SiO2. It has an average density of 2.57 g/cm3, hardness - 6-6.5. It is the main part of granites and syenites. Plagioclases are minerals consisting of a mixture of solid solutions of albite and anorthite. Albite - sodium feldspar - Na2O * Al2O3 * 6SiO2. Anorthite - calcium feldspar – CaO * Al2O3 * 2SiO2.

Slide 44

MICA

Micas are hydrous aluminosilicates with a layered structure that can split into thin plates. The two most common types are muscovite and biotite. Muscovite is a colorless potassium mica. It has high chemical resistance and is refractory. Biotite is ferrous-magnesian mica of black or green-black color. An aqueous variety of mica is vermiculite. It is formed from biotite as a result of hydrothermal processes. When vermiculite is heated to 750°C, chemically bound water is lost, as a result of which its volume increases by 18-40 times. Expanded vermiculite is used as a thermal insulation material. Kaolinite - Al2O3 * 2SiO2 * 2H2O - a mineral obtained as a result of the destruction of feldspars and micas. Occurs in the form of earthy, loose masses. Used for the manufacture of ceramic materials.

Slide 45

IRON-MAGNESIAN SILICATES.

The minerals of this group are pyroxenes, amphiboles and olivine. Pyroxenes include augite, which is part of gabbro, and amphiboles - hornblende, which is part of granites. Olivine is part of diabases and basalts. The weathering product of olivine is chrysotile asbestos. These minerals are silicates of magnesium and iron and are dark in color. They have high impact strength and resistance to weathering.

Slide 46

MINERALS OF THE CARBONATE GROUP

These include calcite, magnesite, and dolomite. They are part of sedimentary rocks. Calcite-CaCO3 - has an average density of 2.7 g/cm3, hardness - 3. Boils when exposed to a weak solution of hydrochloric acid. Included in limestone, marble, and travertine. Magnesite - MgCO3 - has an average density of 3.0 g/cm3, hardness - 3.5-4. Boils from hot hydrochloric acid. Forms a breed with the same name. Dolomite - CaCO3 * MgCO3 - has a density of 2.8-2.9 g/cm3, hardness - 3.5-4. In terms of properties, it occupies a middle position between calcite and magnesite. Included in marble. Forms a breed with the same name.

Slide 47

SULPHATE GROUP MINERALS

Gypsum - CaSO4 * 2H2O - has an average density of 2.3 g/cm3, hardness - 1.5-2.0, colors - white, gray, reddish. The structure is crystalline. It dissolves well in water. Forms a rock - gypsum stone. Anhydrite - CaSO4 - has an average density of 2.9-3 g/cm3, hardness - 3-3.5, structure - crystalline. When saturated with water it turns into gypsum.

Slide 48

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS BY ORIGIN

Stone building materials include a wide range of products obtained from rocks: - torn stone in the form of pieces of irregular shape (rubble, crushed stone, etc.), - products of regular shape (blocks, piece stone, slabs, bars), profiled products, etc.

Slide 49

By origin, rocks are divided into three main types: igneous, or igneous (deep, or erupted), formed as a result of solidification in the bowels of the earth or on its surface, mainly from silicate melt - magma; sedimentary, formed by the deposition of inorganic and organic matter at the bottom of water basins and on the surface of the earth; metamorphic - crystalline rocks resulting from the transformation of igneous or sedimentary rocks under the influence of temperature, pressure and fluids (essentially hydrocarbon dioxide gas-liquid or liquid, often supercritical solutions).

Slide 50

Igneous rocks

subdivided into: - deep, - eruptive, - clastic.

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DEEP ROCKS

Formed as a result of cooling of magma in the depths of the earth's crust. Hardening occurred slowly and under pressure. Under these conditions, the melt completely crystallized with the formation of large grains of minerals. The main deep-seated rocks include granite, syenite, diorite and gabbro. Granite consists of grains of quartz, feldspar (orthoclase), mica or ferromagnesian silicates. It has an average density of 2.6 g/cm3, compressive strength is 100-300 MPa. Colors - gray, red. It has high frost resistance, low abrasion, can be sanded and polished well, and is resistant to weathering. It is used for the manufacture of facing slabs, architectural and construction products, stair steps, and crushed stone. Syenite consists of feldspar (orthoclase), mica and hornblende. Quartz is absent or present in small quantities. The average density is 2.7 g/cm3, the compressive strength is up to 220 MPa. Colors - light gray, pink, red. It is easier to process than granite and is used for the same purposes. Diorite consists of plagioclase, augite, hornblende, and biotite. Its average density is 2.7-2.9 g/cm3, its compressive strength is 150-300 MPa. Colors range from gray-green to dark green. It is resistant to weathering and has low abrasion. Diorite is used for the manufacture of facing materials and in road construction. Gabbro is a crystalline rock consisting of plagioclase, augite, and olivine. It may contain biotite and hornblende. It has an average density of 2.8-3.1 g/cm3, compressive strength is up to 350 MPa. Colors range from gray or green to black. Used for cladding plinths and flooring.

Slide 52

Erupted rocks

Formed when magma cools at shallow depths or on the surface of the earth. The erupted rocks include: - porphyry, - diabase, - trachyte, - andesite, - basalt.

Slide 53

Porphyries are analogues of granite, syenite, and diorite. The average density is 2.4-2.5 g/cm3, the compressive strength is 120-340 MPa. Colors range from red-brown to gray. The structure is porphyritic, that is, with large inclusions in a fine-grained structure, most often orthoclase or quartz. They are used for the production of crushed stone and for decorative and ornamental purposes. Diabase is an analogue of gabbro and has a crystalline structure. Its average density is 2.9-3.1 g/cm3, its compressive strength is 200-300 MPa, its color is from dark gray to black. Used for external cladding buildings, production of side stones, in the form of crushed stone for acid-resistant linings. Its melting point is low - 1200-1300 °C, which makes it possible to use diabase for stone casting. Trachyte is an analogue of syenite. It has a fine-porous structure. Its average density is 2.2 g/cm3, its compressive strength is 60-70 MPa. Color: light yellow or gray. Used for making - wall materials, coarse aggregate for concrete. Andesite is an analogue of diorite. It has an average density of 2.9 g/cm3, compressive strength - 140-250 MPa, color - from light to dark gray. Used in construction - for the manufacture of steps, facing material, as an acid-resistant material. Basalt is an analogue of gabbro. It has a glassy or crystalline structure. Its average density is 2.7-3.3 g/cm3, its compressive strength is from 50 to 300 MPa. Colors are dark gray or almost black. Used for the manufacture of side stones, facing slabs, crushed stone for concrete. It is a raw material for the production of cast stone materials and basalt fiber.

Slide 54

Clastic rocks

They are emissions from volcanoes. As a result of the rapid cooling of the magma, rocks with a glassy porous structure were formed. They are divided into loose and cemented. Loose materials include volcanic ash, sand and pumice. Volcanic ash is powdery particles of volcanic lava up to 1 mm in size. Larger particles ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm are called sand. Ashes are used as an active mineral additive in binders, and sands are used as a fine aggregate for lightweight concrete. Pumice is a porous rock with a cellular structure, consisting of volcanic glass. The porous structure was formed as a result of the action of gases and water vapor on the cooling lava, the average density is 0.15-0.5 g/cm3, the compressive strength is 2-3 MPa. As a result of high porosity (up to 80%), it has a low thermal conductivity coefficient A = 0.13...0.23 W/(m °C). It is used in the form of aggregates for lightweight concrete, thermal insulation materials, as an active mineral additive for lime and cements.

Slide 55

Cemented rocks

Cemented rocks include volcanic tuffs. Volcanic tuffs are porous glassy rocks formed as a result of compaction of volcanic ash and sand. The average density of tuffs is 1.25-1.35 g/cm3, porosity - 40-70%, compressive strength - 8-20 MPa, thermal conductivity coefficient 1 = 0.21...0.33 W/(m °C). Colors - pink, yellow, orange, bluish-green. They are used as wall material, cladding slabs for internal and external cladding of buildings.

Slide 56

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Metamorphic rocks include: gneisses, shales, quartzite, marble

Slide 57

Igneous rocks

Igneous rocks are rocks formed directly from magma (a molten mass of predominantly silicate composition), as a result of its cooling and solidification. According to the conditions of formation, two subgroups of igneous rocks are distinguished: intrusive (deep), from Latin word“intrusio” – implementation;

effusive (poured out) from the Latin word “effusio” - outpouring.

Slide 58 Intrusive (deep) rocks are formed during the slow gradual cooling of magma embedded in the lower layers of the earth's crust, under conditions high blood pressure

and high temperatures. Effusive rocks are formed when magma cools in the form of lava (from the Italian “lava” - flood) on or near the surface of the earth’s crust.

Slide 59 Basic features

effusive (outpoured) igneous rocks, which are determined by their origin and formation conditions, are as follows: most soil samples are characterized by a non-crystalline, fine-grained structure with individual crystals visible to the eye;

Some soil samples are characterized by the presence of voids, pores, and spots;

in some soil samples there is some pattern in the spatial orientation of the components (color, oval voids, etc.).

Slide 60

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Formed as a result of physical weathering, i.e. exposure to wind, water, and alternating temperatures. They are divided into loose and cemented. Loose materials include sand, gravel, and clay. = Sand is a mixture of grains with particle sizes from 0.1 to 5 mm, formed as a result of weathering of igneous and sedimentary rocks. =Gravel is a rock consisting of rounded grains from 5 to 150 mm of different mineralogical composition. Used for concrete and mortars, in road construction. = Clays are fine clastic rocks consisting of particles smaller than 0.01 mm. Colors - from white to black. Based on their composition, they are divided into kaolinite, montmorillokite, and halloysite. They are raw materials for the ceramic and cement industries.

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CEMENTED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Cemented sedimentary rocks include sandstone, conglomerate and breccia. =Sandstone is a rock consisting of cemented grains of quartz sand. Natural cements are clay, calcite, and silica. The average density of siliceous sandstone is 2.5-2.6 g/cm3, the compressive strength is 100-250 MPa. Used for the production of crushed stone, cladding of buildings and structures. =Conglomerate and breccia. Conglomerate is a rock consisting of gravel grains cemented with natural cement, breccia is made of cemented crushed stone grains. Their average density is 2.6-2.85 g/cm3, their compressive strength is 50-160 MPa. Conglomerate and breccia are used to cover floors and make aggregates for concrete.

Slide 63

Chemical precipitation

Chemical precipitation was formed as a result of salt precipitation during the evaporation of water in reservoirs. These include gypsum, anhydrite, magnesite, dolomite and calcareous tuffs. = Gypsum consists mainly of gypsum minerals - CaSO4x 2H2O. This breed is white or gray in color. Used for the production of gypsum binders and for cladding internal parts buildings. =Anhydrite includes anhydrite minerals - CaSO4. The colors are light with bluish-gray shades. It is used in the same place as gypsum. = Magnesite consists of the mineral magnesite - MgCO3. It is used for the production of binding caustic magnesite and refractory products. =Dolomite includes the dolomite mineral - CaCO3x MgCO3. Color - gray-yellow. They are used for the manufacture of facing slabs and internal cladding, crushed stone, refractory materials, and a binder - caustic dolomite. =Calcareous tuffs consist of the mineral calcite – CaCO3. These are porous rocks of light colors. They have an average density of 1.3-1.6 g/cm3, and a compressive strength of 15-80 MPa. Piece stones for walls, facing slabs, lightweight aggregates for concrete, and lime are made from them.

Slide 64

Organogenic rocks

Organogenic rocks were formed as a result of the life and death of organisms in water. These include limestone, chalk, diatomite, and tripoli. =Limestones are rocks consisting mainly of calcite - CaCO3. May contain impurities of clay, quartz, iron-magnesium and other compounds. Formed in water basins from the remains of animal organisms and plants. Based on their structure, limestones are divided into dense, porous, marble-like, shell rock and others. Dense limestones have an average density of 2.0-2.6 g/cm3, compressive strength - 20-50 MPa; porous - average density 0.9-2.0 g/cm3, compressive strength - from 0.4 to 20 MPa. Colors - white, light gray, yellowish. They are used for the manufacture of facing slabs, architectural details, crushed stone, as raw materials for cement, and lime. Limestone-shell rock consists of mollusk shells and their fragments. This is a porous rock with an average density of 0.9-2.0 g/cm3, with a compressive strength of 0.4-15.0 MPa. Used for the manufacture of wall materials and slabs for internal and external cladding of buildings. =Chalk is a rock consisting of calcite – CaCO3. Formed by the shells of simple animal organisms. White color. Used for cooking colorful compositions, putty, production of lime, cement. =Diatomite is a rock consisting of amorphous silica. It is formed by the smallest shells of diatoms and the skeletons of animal organisms. Weakly cemented or loose rock with an average density of 0.4-1.0 g/cm3. Color - white with a yellowish or gray tint. =Trepel is a rock similar to diatomite, but of earlier formation. It is composed mainly of spherical bodies of opal and chalcedony. Diatomaceous earth and tripoli are used for the manufacture of thermal insulation materials, light bricks, and active additives in binders.

Slide 65

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Metamorphic rocks include gneisses, shales, quartzite, and marble. Gneisses are schist rocks, most often formed as a result of the recrystallization of granites at high temperature and uniaxial pressure. Their mineralogical composition is similar to that of granites. They are used for the manufacture of facing slabs and rubble stone. Shales are rocks formed as a result of the modification of clay under high pressure. The average density is 2.7-2.9 g/cm3, the compressive strength is 60-120 MPa. Colors - dark gray, black. They split into thin plates 3-10 mm thick. Used for the manufacture of facing and roofing materials. Quartzite is a fine-grained rock formed as a result of recrystallization of siliceous sandstones. The average density is 2.5-2.7 g/cm3, the compressive strength is up to 400 MPa. Colors - gray, pink, yellow, dark cherry, crimson red, etc. Used for cladding buildings, architectural and construction products, in the form of crushed stone. Marble is a rock formed as a result of the recrystallization of limestones and dolomites during high temperatures and pressure. The average density is 2.7-2.8 g/cm3, the compressive strength is 40-170 MPa. Coloring - white, gray, colored. It is easy to saw, grind, and polish. Used for the manufacture of architectural products, facing slabs, as a filler for decorative mortars and concrete.

Slide 66

APPLICATION OF NATURAL STONE MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION

Natural stone materials are divided into raw materials and finished materials and products. Raw materials include crushed stone, gravel and sand used as aggregates for concrete and mortars; limestone, chalk, gypsum, dolomite, magnesite, clay, marls and other rocks - for the production of building lime, gypsum binders, magnesium binders, Portland cements. Finished stone materials and products are divided into materials and products for road construction, walls and foundations, cladding of buildings and structures. Stone materials for road construction include cobblestone, crushed stone, paving stones and side stones, crushed stone, gravel, sand. They are obtained from igneous and durable sedimentary rocks.

Slide 67

Cobblestone is a rock grain with oval surfaces up to 300 mm in size. The split stone must have a shape close to a multifaceted prism or truncated pyramid with a front surface area of ​​at least 100 cm2 for stones up to 160 mm high, at least 200 cm2 for stones up to 200 mm in height, and at least 400 cm2 for stones up to 300 mm in height. The upper and lower planes of the stone must be parallel. Cobblestones and crushed stones are used for foundations and coverings highways

, fastening slopes of embankments, canals.

Slide 68 Paving stone for road surfaces

has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped. By size they are divided into high (BV), length 250, width 125 and height 160 mm, medium (BS) with sizes 250, 125, 130 mm, respectively, and low (BN) with sizes 250, 100 and 100 mm. The upper and lower planes of the stone are parallel, the side edges for BV and BS are narrowed by 10 mm, for BN - by 5 mm. It is made from granite, basalt, diabase and other rocks with a compressive strength of 200-400 MPa. Used for paving squares and streets. Side stones made from rocks are used to separate roadways from sidewalk dividing strips, pedestrian paths and sidewalks from lawns, etc. Based on the manufacturing method, they are divided into sawn and chipped. The shapes are rectangular and curvilinear. They have a height from 200 to 600, a width from 80 to 200 and a length from 700 to 2000 mm. Rubble stone is irregularly shaped pieces of stone no larger than 50 cm in greatest dimension. Rubble stone can be torn (irregularly shaped) and bedded.

Crushed stone is a loose material obtained by crushing rocks with a strength of 80-120 MPa. With a grain size of 5 to 40 mm, it is used for black crushed stone and asphalt concrete in the construction of highways; crushed stone with grains of 5 to 60 mm is used to construct a ballast layer for railway tracks. Gravel is a loose material formed during the natural destruction of rocks. It has a rolled shape. To make black gravel, gravel with a grain size of 5 to 40 mm is used, and for asphalt concrete it is usually crushed into crushed stone. Sand is a loose material with grain sizes from 0.16 to 5 mm, formed as a result of natural destruction or obtained by artificial crushing of rocks. It is used for underlying layers of road pavements, preparation of asphalt and cement concrete and mortars.

Slide 70

PROTECTION OF NATURAL STONE MATERIALS

The main reasons for the destruction of stone materials in structures: - the dissolving effect of water, enhanced by gases dissolved in it (SO2, CO2, etc.); - freezing of water in pores and cracks, accompanied by the appearance of large internal stresses in the material; - a sharp change in temperature, causing microcracks to appear on the surface of the material. All measures to protect stone materials from weathering are aimed at increasing their surface density and protecting them from moisture.

Slide 71

LITERATURE:

Beletsky B.F. Technology and mechanization construction production: Textbook. 4th ed., erased. - St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing House, 2011. – 752 pp. Rybyev I.A. Construction materials science. - M.: Higher School, 2002. - 704 p.

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Construction materials are materials used for the construction and repair of buildings and structures.

The classification of building materials is diverse. Based on their origin, materials are divided into:

Natural (materials obtained from natural raw materials through simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition) forest (roundwood, lumber); stone dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay)

Artificial (obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies) binders (cement, lime), artificial stones (brick, blocks); concretes; solutions; metal, heat and waterproofing materials; ceramic tiles; synthetic paints, varnishes

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Construction materials are materials used for the construction and repair of buildings and structures.

Reinforced concrete structures

BY ORIGIN - natural (materials obtained from natural raw materials through simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition) forest (roundwood, lumber); dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay) - artificial (obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies) binders (cement, lime), artificial stones (brick, blocks); concretes; solutions; metal, heat and waterproofing materials; ceramic tiles; synthetic paints, varnishes

General purpose materials (building materials that serve various purposes and are used in the construction of buildings and structures different types) forestry (roundwood, lumber); dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay) - special-purpose binders (building materials that have certain properties), fireproof, heat-insulating, waterproofing, acoustic, X-ray protective

BY PURPOSE - wall - finishing (to give building structures decorative qualities - cladding (to protect the interior and exterior from harmful environmental influences - roofing or waterproofing (to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from harmful influences) moisture) - fireproof (have increased fire resistance) - thermal insulation (to ensure a certain thermal regime) - acoustic (have sound absorption and sound insulation properties) - sanitary and technical - structural (materials that perceive and transmit loads in building structures

BY DEGREE OF READINESS Construction materials themselves (they are processed before use) Building structures and products (finished parts and elements installed in a building at the construction site)

BY CHEMICAL NATURE Organic (flammable, easily decomposed) Mineral Metals

ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES -manufactured machining natural raw materials - obtained by roasting mineral raw materials - produced on the basis of inorganic binders - obtained as a result of processing organic raw materials - produced by technological processing of organic binders

Regulatory documents for building materials For building materials manufactured by enterprises, there are State All-Union Standards - GOSTs and technical conditions - TU. The standards provide basic information about the building material, give its definition, indicate raw materials, areas of application, classification, division into grades and grades, testing methods, transportation and storage conditions. GOST has the force of law, and compliance with it is mandatory for all enterprises producing building materials.

Regulatory documents for SM Nomenclature and technical requirements to building materials and parts, their quality, instructions for selection and use depending on the operating conditions of the building or structure being constructed are set out in “ Building codes and rules" - SNiP I-B.2-69,

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Plan of the final lesson in the discipline "Building materials and products"

Plan - summary of the final lesson in the discipline "Building materials and products" in specialty 270802 Construction and operation of buildings and structures. Elements methodological development busy...

Exam questions for the discipline "Building materials and products"

Exam questions and assignments are an integral part of the CBS set for the discipline "Building materials and products"....

Lecture No. 1.

Topic No. 1. Introduction. Subject of the course, its structure. Physico-mechanical and protective properties building materials and their practical assessment

Questions: Time: 2 hours.

1. The importance of building materials in the construction of industrial and civil facilities.

2. Objective and content of the course, volume and organization academic work by studying it.

3. Classification of properties of building materials. Dependence of properties on composition and structure.

Literature: p. 15…19, 74…94. With. 1…12.

Discipline:

"Materials Science. Technology of Structural Materials"

3rd semester Lectures – 8 – 16 hours.

Laboratory work – 8 – 16 hours. Test.

4th semester Lectures – 9 am – 6 pm Exam.

INTRODUCTION:

Materials Science– the science of production methods, the most important properties and areas of application of materials.

The costs of building materials and products in construction account for more than half of the total cost of construction and installation work.

Construction materials and products used in production must fully comply with regulatory requirements.

Unreasonable reduction in the quality of materials in order to save money is unacceptable and can lead to even greater losses in the event of accidents.

“Paradox” – matter does not disappear, but materials often disappear without a trace!!! It is not the laws of physics that are to blame here, but criminal crimes: theft, violations of regulations and negligence!

In materials science, rules are studied careful attitude to materials, their reliable storage, economical consumption and rational use.

BUILDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

The basis of any type of construction:

Capital construction of buildings and structures

Repair and restoration

Construction and reconstruction

Quality, economic

efficiency and aesthetic properties largely determine reliability, durability, utilitarian and social purpose objects, cost and timing of construction and installation work.

HISTORICAL ASPECT OF THE APPLICATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Ancient Rus' Natural (natural) materials: forest, stone,

clay (non-firing - mortars, raw bricks), reeds, straw, natural paints, drying oil, etc.

First artificial materials: building lime, lime mortars and paints, window glass, hardware, etc.

Middle Ages Natural (natural) materials – expansion

nomenclature – the origin of factory production and processing.

Artificial materials: alabaster, hydraulic lime, ceramic brick, tiles, tiles, colored glass; cast iron, forged steel products etc. - development of factory production.

New history Natural materials - further

expansion of the range – introduction of industrial production and processing.

Artificial materials: cements, cement concretes and mortars, petroleum bitumen and asphalt concretes, polymer binders and compositions based on them - the development of industrial production.

Recent period Natural materials – further

expansion of the range - industrial production, processing, modification with polymers.

Artificial materials: rapid development nomenclature; special cements, reinforced concrete products and structures, polymer and composite materials and products – development of information technologies.

THE CONCEPT OF THE PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

Each building material has certain properties.

Properties of materials– this is objective existing features their condition and behavior depending on various factors.

Density;

Strength;

Hardness;

Porosity;

Humidity;

- hygroscopicity;

"Coal industry" - Underground mining method. Fuel. Mine. Coal. Transportation. Raw materials for chemical industry. During enrichment, dumps of “waste rock” are formed - waste heaps. Ferrous metallurgy. Coal industry. Consumer. Electric power industry. Coal. Lignite. Coal. Enrichment. Open mining method.

"Industry of Kazakhstan" - Oil export. Development prospects oil industry on modern stage. Kazakhstan's oil production indicators. The basis is the export of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Presentation plan: Kazakhstan ranks fifteenth in the world in terms of natural gas reserves. The main sectors of the fuel and energy complex of Kazakhstan.

“Production of building materials” - 1. When creating a company, a joint-stock company issues shares. Public corporation. The business plan of the Monolit company is the production of building materials. Strategic square. Finance: Organizational and legal form of the enterprise – Joint-Stock Company open type. Organization of company activities.

"Industry of Foreign Europe" - Timber industry. "ICARUS" Hungary. Czech Republic. Next to Kyiv. "Road of the Sun" Italy. Kishinev. Features of the economy foreign Europe. Copenhagen. Galati Northeastern. Nautical. Trans-European Highway. Channel Tunnel. Tunnels and bridges. Prague. Agriculture: three main types. Berlin.

"Mining industry" - Thematic news. Mining industry of the Russian Federation (daily). Investment projects in the mining industry (weekly). Investment projects What does the project description include? Design and construction organizations. Problems and prospects of ore cargo logistics. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (daily).

"Silicate industry" - Khrustalny. Cement production. The main raw materials for cement production are limestone and clay. Silicon in nature. The first glass factory. Construction Materials. Job folk artist E.I. Rogova. Types of glass. "Sogdiana". Silicon (IV) oxide – silica (the main part of sand).