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Among the huge number of roofing materials, wood occupies a separate segment. If earlier developers did not take it seriously, today you can increasingly see houses with wooden roofs. The article will talk about various designs wooden roof.

• environmental cleanliness;
• high noise insulation characteristics;
• “breathing” properties do not allow condensation to form under the roof;
• resistance to gusts of wind, with a low weight of about 15-17 kg/sq.m.;
• incredible appearance, such a roof creates a unique exterior.

Unfortunately, there are no less significant disadvantages:

• flammability;
• labor intensity of installation work;
• high price of both material and installation.

But those who are not afraid of difficulties can only be envied. After all, they acquire durable material (taking into account its original quality), which will last about 100 years without additional care. Wooden roof is capable of changing its shades throughout the year: from silver-gray to dark brown.

Practicality and durability of a wooden roof

• Piece material made of wood is just beginning to conquer modern market building materials. Most developers use it to cover small areas, such as gazebos, bathhouses, pergolas, etc. But there are also many people who use wood for roofs wooden houses and cottages.
• The wooden roof has a long history. This is confirmed by numerous historical monuments. For example, in Finland, a bell tower built in 1836 only needed restoration of its shingle roof a few years ago, which once again confirms the durability of the material.

Fire hazard

Distrust of wood flooring is mainly due to its increased flammability. Precautionary measures that compensate for this deficiency include the following:

• the area adjacent to the chimney must be equipped with spark arresters;
• at the exit point of the chimney pipe it is equipped with fire-fighting materials (asbestos sheets, mineralite, etc.);
• the coating is treated with modern fire retardants, which make the wood more resistant to flame.

The following example can be given in defense of a wooden roof: bitumen-based roofing material is no less flammable, but this does not make it less popular among developers.

Production of wooden roofing

• Roofing elements are often made from softwood (larch, cedar, aspen, spruce). Resins contained in large quantities, seal the joints between roofing parts, increasing the service life of the coating and ensuring better performance. Durable and reliable oak is also used in production.

• Help preserve the original color of a wooden roof various means, protecting the coating from exposure to ultraviolet rays. Treatment is usually carried out every 3-4 years. Wood also needs to be impregnated with fire retardants, which reduce the flammability of the material. It is also important to fireproof the entire wooden structure roofs.
• Increased demands are placed on the quality of wood. Therefore, before lumber is sent for sawing, it is inspected for knots, insect infestations and other defects. Only the core of the logs is used; the sapwood is removed at the first stage of processing.
• From the resulting blanks, craftsmen cut them manually into piece elements - wooden tiles. It is with this method that the capillaries of the wood remain intact and the pores are closed, ensuring longer operation of the coating.
• The sides of the boards are cut down so that they fit closely to each other with minimal gap. The inner side of the element, which will lie under the previous layer, is made thinner than the side protruding outward. The chamfer on the edge of each plank prevents snow and moisture from accumulating.

• Wooden blanks undergo a drying process in special cameras until the humidity level reaches 18%. This indicator does not allow the development of harmful microorganisms and is approximate for use in street conditions. Finished products are packaged in bundles for ease of loading/unloading and transportation.

Type of wooden roof

Wood roofing is summarized under the name “shingle roofing”, but the material used is divided into several types:

• Shingle. These are sawn or chipped plates that have recesses. They are fixed to the sheathing and connected to each other using the tongue-and-groove principle. Before purchasing, you should clarify the production method: chopped material is significantly superior to its sawn counterpart in terms of physical and technical properties. If the material is being sawed, then the direction that runs along the location of the fibers is selected.

• ploughshare. Each element can be considered a piece of art. Its edge often has an intricate shape. The tablets were used to cover the heads of churches and boyar chambers. Their production is carried out using exclusively high-quality wood. The raw materials are procured at the end of the day, the final design of the parts is done by hand, so ploughshare roofing is not a cheap pleasure.
• Shindel (shingles). Wooden shingles are mounted overlapping with some offset. Fastening to the sheathing is not done rigidly, giving room for the material to “swell” in wet weather. In sunny weather, the boards dry out and open, creating conditions for ventilation of the inter-roof space. When producing a spindle, many factors of the raw material are taken into account, including the location of the annual rings of wood, on which the performance characteristics of the coating depend.
• Woodchips. The previous material and wood chips differ only in their standard sizes, where wood chips are smaller than shingles. You can prepare the planks yourself. Strong coniferous logs are selected for splitting. Particular attention is paid to the level of humidity; poorly dried pieces become deformed during roof operation. This material is overlapped both vertically and horizontally. A tight fit to each other is ensured by pre-made chamfers having an angle of 45º. A professional will perform all procedures not only correctly from a technical point of view, but also in an attractive appearance.

Wooden roof installation

Requirements for the base for a wooden roof

• Laying any roofing material begins with preparing the roof. The type of planks used determines the location of the rafters (slanted, hanging or arranged wooden trusses) and type of sheathing (solid or open).
• Preparatory work consists of installing a trussed wooden roof, waterproofing it, and treating all elements with mastics and/or impregnations. The base must be level and rigid. Wooden roofing elements should not be laid directly on bitumen or airtight film. This will lead to damage (rotting, deformation) of even the highest quality coating.

Wooden roof knots

• The service life of the coating and the structure itself as a whole depends on the proper arrangement of both the roof itself and the space under the roof. Particular attention is paid to ventilation systems.
• As for the roof slope, this indicator must be at least 18º. And the larger the angle, the longer the roofing will last. The optimal slope is in the range from 18 to 45º. Therefore, it is not recommended to make flat wooden roofs.

Installation of wooden roofing shingles and shingles (shingles)

• In most cases, piece elements are laid on a discharged sheathing, thus improving air circulation in the inter-roof space. Low mass of material per 1 sq. m. allows you not to arrange an overly massive rafter system.
• For shingles, the sheathing is made from a lath with a section of 40x40 or 50x50 mm. The larger the board, the more massive the timber. The location step must correspond to the dimensions of the piece elements, where one part must rest at two or three points.

• For example, for 200 mm shingles, the pitch of the horizontal beam is 100-120 mm, depending on the thickness of the sheathing beam. An element 400 mm long already needs support on three bars, in which case the pitch will be 85-90 mm.
• The lathing itself is mounted directly on the rafters, or if the lathing is of a solid type, then a counter lathing is equipped, providing ventilation gap. Installation of planks begins from the roof overhang, moving up to the ridge, and from right to left.
• Before choosing a material, you should consider that visible part is 1/3 of the bar. For small ones architectural forms an element 200 mm long is sufficient. For bathhouses, cottages and country houses it is better to purchase larger planks.
• Wooden parts are arranged with overlap at the joints. Copper, galvanized or steel nails are used for fixation; galvanized self-tapping screws can also be used. The bottom row can be made of 200 mm elements, subsequent rows are mounted with longer tiles.
• The fasteners must pass through the upper and lower boards and penetrate into the sheathing bar by at least 15-20 mm. The fastener heads will overlap with the next row; this not only provides a decorative finish, but also protects nails (screws) from the formation of corrosion processes.
• Nails are driven in 20 mm from the edge. Each plank will require from 2 to 4 fasteners, depending on the size of the plank. There should be a gap of several millimeters between the nail head and the roofing material. This approach will prevent deformation of the material during seasonal swelling.

• Curly elements allow you to lay out various patterns on the roof. But in any case, it is necessary to follow the installation technology. Mount wet material closely; dry material requires a compensation gap of 2-5 mm. Displacement of the joints of the upper and lower elements should not be less than 3 cm, and every other row at least 2 cm.

Laying the share

• Aspen is used for the production of piece elements. Wood is harvested from April to June; it is during this period that it is filled with juices. The resin acts as a polymerizer; after drying, the boards become incredibly durable.
• For such roofing material, a continuous flooring is made, without the use of waterproofing. Otherwise it will be broken natural ventilation and the wooden roof will simply begin to rot. On complex roofs In valleys, the use of glassine is allowed. In this case, the wood must be carefully treated with impregnations that prevent the development of rot. From the inside of the roof mandatory vapor barrier is installed.
• The elements are attached using galvanized screws or nails. The arrangement is carried out in a checkerboard pattern. Each piece should overlap nearby planks by 2/3 of their size, both vertically and horizontally.

• In order for the roofing covering to last for decades, it is treated chemicals, protecting against the formation of lichens and the effects of tree pests. By the way, such processing should be carried out every 3-4 years.

Laying wood chips

• The advantages of these materials include the ability to carry out installation in a raw form. Wet wood It bends easily, which makes it attractive for arranging complex roofs. In this case, the contours remain unchanged after complete drying.
• The length of the chips determines the pitch of the sheathing. To calculate this wooden roof, it is necessary to take into account that for gazebos and outbuildings 3-4 layers are enough, for residential buildings the material is laid at least 5-6. The chips are stacked with overlap, the first row in one direction, the second in the other. This method allows you to obtain a dense coating that is resistant to various deformations.
• To fix the chips to the sheathing bars, professionals use staples and a pneumatic stapler. However, for one-time work such an acquisition will be inappropriate. Therefore, it is quite possible to use galvanized nails. The approximate number of nails is 160-200 pieces per 1 sq.m. with 4-layer coating.

• Use different waterproofing materials also shouldn't. For your own peace of mind, you can lay windproof membrane on the rafters, and install a counter-lattice on top with a pitch of 80-120 mm. This type of roofing material is ideal for roofs with a slope of 25 to 45º.

Chimney installation

• All wooden parts, located in the immediate vicinity of the chimney pipe are treated with fire retardants. A tight fit of wood to the heating elements is unacceptable.
• Building regulations state that chimneys passing through wood covering roofs are equipped with spark arresters or tin aprons. If wood chips or thin shingles are chosen as the material, then the apron is installed on the finished covering. With thick slats, tin protection is installed in front of the roof deck.

• However, it is not recommended to use metal or tin parts for overhangs and junction points of roof planes.

Using wood to cover the roof, you can give the structure an amazing, authentic appearance. Such a roof would be appropriate not only for houses built from logs or timber. This material also harmonizes well with brick walls. In addition, if desired, shingles, shingles or wood chips can also be used to decorate walls.

To increase the rigidity of the entire structure, the racks are additionally tied with boards 0.2 m wide. For greater resistance to wind loads, the layered rafter system is fixed with wire, which is attached to wooden elements using anchors. This rafter structure is the most popular today and is suitable for houses of any shape.

Important: to install a layered rafter system you will need one bearing wall in the middle of the building. The width of the house cannot be less than 7 m.

If the design of the house does not require the presence of a transverse load-bearing wall, then it is recommended to build wooden roof from hanging rafters. main feature These rafters are the absence of an upper support like layered rafters. The permissible width of the house is no less than 8 m. Most often, this system is used for small outbuildings. At the bottom, the rafters rest on the outer top of the wall, resulting in significant pressure being applied to it. To give greater rigidity, the rafters are tightened. All parts of the structure are connected with bolts, construction nails or metal staples.

Important: if attic space in the future it will be used as a residential area. It is recommended to place the rafter ties as high as possible.

Wooden trusses are rarely used in private construction today. Such designs are suitable for buildings with large spans - up to 20 m. The system itself is difficult to implement. It consists of several units that form beams with a cross section of up to 150 mm.

Selection of roofing material

Shingle. A wooden roofing material consisting of small plates joined together with tongues and grooves. Shingles are made from particularly durable wood pores.

Shindels are small chipped plates. Outwardly they resemble tiles only of unequal shape.

A ploughshare is a type of shindel. Its form is more complex - top part made in a shovel shape, the lower one is openwork.

Tes – is an edged board made of coniferous wood.

Important: an important difference between a wooden roof and any other is its high maintainability. You can carry out the work of replacing a roof element quickly and independently.

Do-it-yourself wooden roof installation

Before starting to build a wooden roof, it is necessary to treat all timber and boards with special antiseptics and fire retardants to protect against fungus, rot and fire.

Roofing work begins with laying the Mauerlat. For its installation, it is recommended to use timber 15 cm wide and 5 to 10 cm thick. Installation can be done in two ways:

Route to brick wall at home, katana-type wire, then use it to secure the Mauerlat to the wall of the house. To do this, you will need to thread the wire through the mounting holes previously made in the beam and secure it firmly.

Install steel rods with a cross-section of at least 1.5 cm vertically into the wall or install a concrete beam on the wall that already has vertical steel studs. The permissible pitch between the rods is no more than 12 cm. A beam is placed on these studs through the mounting holes. The resulting holes are secured with nuts.

Important: it is unacceptable for the timber to come into contact with brick or concrete surfaces! To protect the tree from these materials, it is necessary to lay a protective lining made of roofing felt.

Laying timber beds. They are installed parallel to the side walls of the house, the beam cross-section is 15*15 cm. Laying occurs strictly along the lines of the walls of the adjacent attic. If the length of the timber is not sufficient, you can increase it by connecting several sections with tenons.

Installation of racks on beds. The section of the beam is 5*15 cm. The pitch of the racks is equal to the selected pitch of the rafters.

Installation of extreme rafters. Mounted on a Mauerlat supported on racks. The place where the rafters are fixed to the Mauerlat should have a shaped cut with reinforced connections with metal overlays.

Installing a ridge girder on the received top corners pediment.

Installation of ordinary rafters with the necessary spacing. They rely on the mauerlat, ridge element and support posts.

Pediment lining. For this, a 5*15 cm board is used.

Important: when installing rafter legs, you must always remember that the eaves overhangs will be formed by the ends of the rafter legs. If the timber is not long enough, extensions must be made with fillies.

Wooden roof frame photo

After the rafter system has been assembled, the next stage of roof assembly begins:

Laying the roofing “pie”.

Installation of sheathing.

Installation of roofing.

The roofing “pie” can consist of different layers. It all depends on whether the roof is warm or not. If the house permanent residence or the attic will be used as a living space in the future; it is better to make the roof warm.

Vapor barrier layer. The material is attached from the attic side construction stapler. After the roof is finally assembled, the vapor barrier is sewn up with boards. The films must be laid with an overlap, the seams are closed with tape.

Insulation. Most often this is basalt wool. The slabs are laid between the rafter legs in the place of expansion.

Waterproofing. Placed on insulation and secured with a stapler.

Wooden roof construction: video

Roof structure and design wooden house must comply with current regulations regarding the construction of timber buildings.

Modern construction technologies allow you to make a light, aesthetic and durable roof with specified performance characteristics.

What to cover: choosing a practical and durable roofing material

The roof of a wooden house should be light, silent, fireproof and resistant to static and dynamic loads without frequent restoration. Roofing materials that meet the above requirements include the following:

• Galvanized steel (seam roofing)
• Metal tiles
• Corrugated sheet
• Creaton, Braas, Biber, Mierholz (ceramic roofing)
• Ondulin
• Bitumen shingles (soft roofing)

Galvanized steel, metal tiles and corrugated sheets guarantee the roof strength, durability, and fire resistance. The disadvantages of the listed materials are noise and thermal conductivity.
Ceramic roofing is a leader among other roofing materials in terms of noise insulation, fire safety, and affordability of repairs. Its disadvantages include high specific gravity, as well as high cost.
Ondulin is light, durable material, obtained from cellulose fibers. Advantages of ondulin - small specific gravity, noiselessness, minimal thermal conductivity, strength, aesthetics.

The disadvantages of ondulin are flammability, susceptibility to ultraviolet radiation and, as a result, fading under the influence of sunlight in about 5-7 years from the date of use (for example, ondulin was green, it becomes black).

Bitumen shingles are a plastic roofing material that allows you to cover the roof yourself, with the efforts of one person, even on top of the old coating. Advantages: applicability on steep slopes, low specific gravity, high heat– and sound insulation, waterproofness, ultraviolet resistance, aesthetics. Disadvantage: easy flammability.
The final decision on how to cover a wooden house is made based on the customer’s financial capabilities, considerations of practicality, safety, and requirements for the aesthetics of the structure.

How to insulate: modern roofing insulation

IN wooden house, the design of which provides for the presence of residential upper floors, the roof is insulated with special heat-insulating materials. Roof insulation is carried out during the construction of a house or during conversion into an attic.
The roof insulation must have the following performance characteristics:

• Ecological cleanliness
• Fire safety
• Minimum thermal conductivity
• Waterproof
• Vapor tightness
• Low specific gravity
• Form stability
• Soundproofing

For the purpose of insulation mansard roof The following materials are used:

• Minvata
• Styrofoam
• Extruded polystyrene foam
• Polyurethane foam

Mineral wool made from basalt fibers is one of the popular insulation materials. It is characterized by low thermal conductivity, resistance to aggressive environments, strong noise absorption, high level fire safety. The material is easy to process cutting tool. The disadvantages of mineral wool are vapor permeability, hygroscopicity, shrinkage. The use of this material requires installation of vapor barrier and ventilation.
Foam heat insulators have their own advantages, including minimal thermal conductivity and vapor permeability, moisture-repellent properties, manufacturability, resistance to aggressive influences and mechanical deformations, low cost, low specific gravity. These materials are inferior to mineral wool in terms of fire safety and environmental friendliness.

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Roof structure and design for maximum attic and attic area

Many owners of private houses strive to increase the usable area of ​​their home and prefer conventional flat roof spacious attic. This reconstruction allows you to purchase two or even three additional rooms, quite comfortable for living. Before starting the construction of a roof for an attic and attic, using special calculations, it is necessary to make sure that the load-bearing walls of the existing building have a sufficient margin of strength to withstand the additional load that will be created by a large attic superstructure equipped for housing.

The most popular superstructures that allow you to organize a spacious living space under a roof are high sloping and gable structures. More complex options for superstructures, which include a single-level cantilever or multi-level attic, despite visual appeal, are used exclusively for the implementation of special projects due to the high labor intensity of engineering and installation work.

When designing the attic roof frame, you should also take into account that the minimum height of the future living space from the ceiling to the ridge, according to current building regulations, should be 2500 mm.

Otherwise, the addition will be considered a regular attic.
A rafter system can be used to create an attic various types– hanging, inclined or combined. Combined type is the preferred option for broken attic, as it guarantees the strongest fastening of the ceiling beams. During the design of the roof structure, accurate calculations dimensions and careful drawing of each of the following supporting elements:

• Mauerlat
• Racks
• Floor beams
• Rafters
• Straps
• Staples

As soon as humanity had a roof over its head, it became an important component of its comfort. IN modern construction she looks pretty complex system, which must ensure reliability and durability. In light of recent events related to environmental pollution More and more developers are switching to exclusively harmless materials. One of them is a wooden roof. It allows you not only to reliably protect your home, but also stands out from other coatings.

Design features of wooden roofs

The roof structure of a low-rise wooden house is divided into several main types.

The following rafters are used as the base:

• Layered
• Hanging
• Wooden trusses

The roof of a wooden house is constructed with layered rafters so that their lower ends rest against the mauerlat, and their upper part is attached to the wall of the structure or to a stand. The Mauerlat is a kind of uniform distributor of the load on the walls, which comes from the rafter legs.

The pitch of the rafters, as a rule, is in the range from 0.6 to 2 m. Its value is influenced by many parameters, and the most important are the load and the quality of the wood used. A beam with a cross-section of 200x200mm or a board with a thickness of more than 50mm is used as rafter legs. The structure of a wooden roof also includes racks. The distance between them should be 2-3m.

In order for the roof elements of a wooden house to have higher rigidity, I advise you to tie the racks together horizontally. To do this, use boards up to 200mm wide. An insufficiently constructed rafter system can be carried away when strong impulses wind, so it’s better to play it safe and don’t skimp on fasteners. Securely fix the entire system on the plane of the building using wire and anchors. Today, a wooden roof is very popular, because its design can be created to fit any base.

IMPORTANT: To install a high-quality rafter system, the building must have at least one longitudinal load-bearing wall, and the width of the building itself must be at least 7 m.

In cases where there is no longitudinal wall, the roof of a wooden house is constructed using hanging rafters. Unlike the previous ones, they do not require special support, but the width of the building should not be more than 8 meters.

The use of such a system is justified in cases of creating small outbuildings. The bottom of these rafters rests directly on the outer walls. They exert quite powerful horizontal loads. The entire system is provided with rigidity by tying the rafter legs, while the thrust forces are well leveled. Fastening elements in all cases should be bolts, nails and various metal linings.

IMPORTANT: If the roof of a wooden house is planned to be used over time, for example, you are going to create an attic floor on it, then the screed elements should be placed as high as possible.

Private developers very rarely use wooden trusses. Such structures are used in buildings whose spans reach a length of 20 m. The structural part of the farm has a very complex structure. It includes units in which beams with a cross section of up to 150 mm play a connecting role. Trusses are also often used to repair old roofs. But in modern construction their use can only be seen in the construction of barns.

Roofing materials

Covering the roof with roofing materials is a good thing. But which ones to choose?

Among wooden materials for installation on the roof we can distinguish:

• Shingle. It is a plate material made of wood. Joined by connecting grooves and tenons
• Schindel. Wooden chipped plates small size. They have a curly underside and a spade shape.
• ploughshare. This material is a subspecies of schindel and is practically no different from it
• Tes. It is always based on coniferous wood. Looks like edged board with some sampling around the edge perimeter
• Shingles. Wood plates different sizes and forms. Produced by chipping from alder or aspen
• wood chips. This is a subspecies of shingles, but of shorter length

The construction of a wooden roof from planks can only be carried out with a slope of up to 40 o; with a greater slope, more material will be needed in order to increase the durability of the material.

Shingle

Roof of a wooden house various materials can be produced different ways in this case, the type of rafters will also change.

Covering roof areas with shingles is considered a rather complex process. Without practical experience You can't get by in a couple of years. The wooden plates used in this process reach a length of 0.7 meters and their width is up to 15cm. Such elements are cut out of boards. The only major drawback of this roofing coating is that the cut area is rough, which allows moisture to easily penetrate into the thickness of such a product. To protect against moisture, it was decided to cut along the fibers.

The selected side of the board is trimmed along its entire length until the thickness of the product is approximately 4mm. And on the opposite side you should create a special groove 1 or 2 cm deep. This work is done with each individual element. Before laying the boards, you should take care of the construction of the sheathing. It is made from timber with a section of 4x4 or 5x5 cm. The pitch of the sheathing elements must be the same everywhere and be oriented along the axes of the shingle boards. There should be 3 sheathing slats per roofing element.

These roofing elements are laid in even rows with the grooves facing up. The rows are overlapped using a “groove” connection, and the board is fixed with nails in its upper part. Nails should go into the thickness of the wood to a depth of 2 cm, so get suitable sizes in advance. If the wood type chosen for the boards is larch, then fastening should be done exclusively with copper nails, and if other, then galvanized products will do.

The most experienced roofers say that the number of layers of shingles you put on your roof is how long it will last. Most of this statement is true.

• The installation of a wooden roof of this type in two rows will ensure that the bottom layer overlaps half the length of the plate. This number of layers is permissible on temporary structures
• If the elements of a wooden roof lie on it in three layers, then this will be quite enough for a residential building. After all, this design allows the shingle to hide 2/3 of its length
• For structures with increased responsibility, four layers will be sufficient. bottom layer hides under the upper one by 3/4 of its length, which is the maximum appropriate value

The construction of the roofing elements of a wooden house occurs in a staggered manner, allowing the lower part of the plate of the upper row to overlap the lower planks by half each. The grooves are the junction of elements with the end. They are usually laid in a fan-shaped position. In order to reproduce such a structure, it is enough to give some slope to the narrow end of the board in its lower part. If you get a kind of trapezoid with this work, then you did everything right.

IMPORTANT: Wood is a natural material, therefore it can rot quickly. To give this product maximum service life, it is necessary to impregnate it with special antiseptics.

Shindle and ploughshare

All technological process laying a shindle or ploughshare is practically no different from laying shingles. Unless you have to work with smaller material. After all, the length of the shindle is no different from the ploughshare and is 40 cm. It follows from this that the sheathing pitch will be smaller. Their installation does not involve joining the material into grooves; it is done end-to-end.

IMPORTANT: When precipitation occurs at positive air temperatures, the roofing material will increase in size, i.e. swell. In this regard, it is worthwhile to provide a certain gap of up to 4 mm. Otherwise, the tree will begin to warp over time.

An interesting fact is that when high humidity air, the roof will look like a solid sheet, and ventilation will be created during the dry period.

I want to point out positive traits larch compared to the use of other types of wood.

• High density with a resinous structure is an excellent insect repellent
• Durability is long period
• The structure has good view, therefore, in general the roof will be aesthetic
• Relatively low price material

Shingles

Shingles are a roofing material that has to be laid in several layers, usually 3 or 4. The overlapping technique is performed in both directions, both horizontally and vertically. Separate elements are planks with parameters from 400x90x4 mm to 1000x130x4 mm, where the first value shows the length, the second the width, and the third the thickness of the element. The length of the shingles is installed identical to the shingles. Elements located on the sides must be hidden at a distance of up to 30 cm. The next layer in a horizontal row must be laid so that middle line all elements were at the junction of the planks of the lower layer.

The fastening elements are a shingle nail with dimensions of 70x1.5 mm. They will have to be nailed to each batten of the sheathing, so you will need quite a large number of them.

The ridge of a shingle roof is created from two boards nailed together at a certain angle.

wood chips

As you have already noticed, all wooden roofs are created using identical methods and differ in minor features.

To lay wood chips on the roof slope, plates from 40 to 50 cm long are taken. The width of such elements ranges from 7 to 12 cm, and the thickness is 3 mm. The lathing for this type is created using a dense shield, the gaps are 15 cm, which is half the length of the shingles. The relatively low weight of the elements allows the use of elements of a smaller cross-section in the rafter system compared to other coverings. By the way, if you create or order a continuous type of sheathing, then you will be one of those people who will not make a mistake in their calculations.

Tes

Now the time has come for the plank roof. This material is considered the cheapest and simplest among its type, but its durability is short. It's all about the sawing. When this happens, the wood structure is damaged and the board, as you yourself understand, can no longer independently resist precipitation.

In modern construction, a method has been invented in which the wooden sheet is not cut, but split, which allows the structure to remain unharmed. The service life of this roof immediately increased to one hundred years.

The board is laid in two ways.

1. Transverse
2. Longitudinal

The first method involves installing elements parallel to the ridge. Often used for temporary buildings. Nails are used as fastening elements. Fixation of the roof covering should occur from the bottom up and hide the bottom layer under the top layer by at least 5 cm.

The longitudinal method is divided into three more subtypes in which:

• The arrangement of two rows is done back to back. The top row is attached to the bottom row, closing it halfway. A gap of 5mm on the sides is sufficient for safe operation of the material.
• Installation of the coating occurs in a running manner. To do this, the bottom layer of planks is laid on a layer of 5 mm and covered with the top layer by 5 cm.
• With covering of cracks. The bottom layer is equipped with a continuous layer. The joints are covered with smaller boards. They launch into the bottom row at 50mm

Regardless of the type of installation, each element must be fastened using two nails on the board. Wooden roofing has high aesthetic values ​​and is an environmentally friendly product.

The roof of the building protects it from cold, rain and wind. This is the same important element like exterior walls and foundations. The rafter system is load-bearing frame roofs. It takes on all the loads: from structures, from snow and wind. To avoid problems during operation, the roof structure of the house must be strong and reliable. Do-it-yourself installation of the rafter system should only be done after careful preparation and studying all the necessary information.

Roof and roofing

Before you start installing the roof of a private house, you need to distinguish between two concepts. Non-professionals are often confused, but builders clearly distinguish between the definitions of roof and roofing. The roof is the entire structure that separates the building from the street above. The roof structure of a private house includes rafters, all other load-bearing elements, thermal insulation material, roofing.

Rafters - load-bearing roof structures

The roof is the top part of the roof. She is also roofing covering . The installation of a roof requires careful selection of materials. After all, the reliability of waterproofing and comfort of living will depend on it.

System requirements

To properly install a rafter system with your own hands, you must take into account a certain set of rules. Without taking them into account, the structure will not be able to effectively resist negative impacts from outside.

First of all, it is worth considering strength. All elements must withstand the load without destruction. The design of the roof truss system requires preliminary calculation load-bearing structures according to the first limit state. It is he who checks the elements of the rafter system for strength.

The rafter system must be strong and rigid

The second requirement is rigidity. The maximum deflection is taken into account here. The roof structure of a wooden house or any other should not sag too much. The permissible deformations in the middle of the span are equal to the length of this span divided by 200. Before construction begins, the structure of the rafter system must be calculated according to the second group of limit states - for rigidity.

Do-it-yourself roof raftering is done taking into account that the structure is light in weight. Otherwise, the load on the walls and foundations increases greatly. It is for this reason that wood has become widespread as a base material. The wooden rafter system has sufficient strength, but weighs relatively little. Attention should be paid not only to the roof structure, but also to choosing the right roofing material. It shouldn't be too heavy. Ceramic tiles has lost its popularity not only because of the cost, but also because the roof of the house, its walls and foundations must be reinforced for it.

Weight of roofing material for wooden truss structure shouldn't be too big

Special requirements are presented to the quality of the material. Manufacturing wooden elements should be made only from good raw materials. It is worth considering the following recommendations:

• For the main elements, grade 1 or 2 wood is used. Grade 3 can only be used for sheathing and other small parts.
• It is recommended to make rafter structures for pitched roofs from coniferous trees. They are more resistant to rot and other problems because they contain resin. With the same cross-section, the permissible span for hardwood there will be less.
• Before starting work, all elements must be treated with an antiseptic. This stage of preparation allows you to prevent many troubles in the future. You can also treat the wood with fire retardants if desired. This will increase fire resistance.
• It is better to purchase wood from the northern regions, which is harvested in winter. This material is of the highest quality.

Parts of the structure

The rafter system diagram includes many elements. To understand drawings and correctly perceive information, you need to know at least the basic ones. So, what is the roof made of?

Ridge, cornice and slopes - the main part of the roof

First of all, these are the ridge, cornice and slopes. These elements are the main parts. The ridge is the topmost part of the structure. Cornice or overhang - bottom. Slopes are inclined surfaces that are located between the ridge and the cornice.

The construction of a rafter system requires knowledge of load-bearing elements. These include:

• Mauerlat - timber that is laid along the edge of the walls of a building. The Mauerlat is needed to evenly transfer the load from the rafter legs, which are supported pointwise. Typically, timber with dimensions of 150x150 mm or 200x200 mm (for large buildings) is used for its manufacture.
• Rafter legs are inclined beams that transfer the load from the roof's own weight, snow and wind to the mauerlat. Such beams are usually installed from the ridge to the eaves. But when constructing a hip roof, elements appear that have only one of the specified points. They are supported on a ridge or on a cornice. Such details are called spigots. They usually have the same cross-section as the rafters. In essence, narozhniki are those who are circumcised on one side rafter legs.
• Purlin - a beam on which roof elements rest. The purlin can be installed under the racks. Another option is a ridge girder (crossbar). The rafters rest on it at the top point. The cross-section of the purlin depends on its span, usually 200x200 mm.
• Sloping legs are only needed for hip roofs. They are diagonal rafters resting on the Mauerlat at the corners. The cross-section is assumed to be enlarged, usually 150x200 or 100x200 mm.
• The design of a wooden roof requires the presence of puffs, struts and racks. They are designed to reduce the load on the main elements. When building a house with your own hands, it is important to remember that the racks cannot be rested on the floor span. Installation is only possible on underlying walls or on purlins spanned between walls. Such elements can be mounted on the ceiling only if it is designed for such a load and reinforced in the required area.
• The lathing is needed to make a base for the covering. For metal tiles and seam roofing, the lathing can be sparsely made of boards 32-40 mm thick. For bitumen shingles you need a solid base made of boards 25-32 mm thick or moisture-resistant plywood.
• In order to make the cornice overhang, install fillies. They become an extension of the rafters. The filly is attached to the rafters for a length of at least 1 m. The cross-section of the element is usually taken to be 50x100 mm.

Load-bearing elements hip roof

Another element of the rafter system is a truss. This is a one-piece structure that consists of rafters, tie rods, struts and racks, rigidly connected to each other. The truss has a triangular shape, and inside it is divided into several smaller triangles, which provides it with good stability.

Roof shapes

Roofs of pitched roofs are different forms. It is worth highlighting here:

Types of rafters

There are two designs:

• with layered rafters;
• with hanging rafters.

Installing a roof on a wooden house is only possible using the former. This is caused by two rules:

• hanging rafters must be firmly attached to the mauerlat;
• in a wooden house, the rafters must be hinged to the mauerlat.

These two statements contradict each other, so the rafter system of a wooden house can only contain layered elements.

Only layered rafters are installed in a wooden house

Layered beams are elements that rest on the Mauerlat at the lowest point and on the ridge girder at the top. This allows you to reduce the horizontal thrust that acts on the walls when the rafters try to move apart and take a horizontal position. Elements can be reinforced with racks or struts. In this case, contractions can be placed through one pair of legs.

Hanging tanks are supported only at the lowest point on the Mauerlat. At the top they just rest against each other. To prevent the system of wooden elements from moving apart, tightening must be done. It is better to install them on each pair of legs. This option is characterized by a strong thrust effect on the external walls, but it allows you to get more free space inside the attic.

Connections

Before you make a rafter system with your own hands, you need to carefully study the nodes. To build your home, you shouldn't save time or money. Only in this case the result will please you for many years.

Main rafter connection units

The fastening points of the roof truss system, which deserve special attention, are represented by the following:

• fastening the Mauerlat to the wall;
• fastening the rafters to the mauerlat;
• fastening the rafters at the top point;
• splicing rafters along the length.

Mauerlat to the wall

This node can be performed in several ways. The choice largely depends on the wall material. The construction of a building made of brick, block or concrete allows the use of the following methods:

• on the wire;
• on staples;
• on stiletto heels;
• on the anchor with the device monolithic belt along the edge of the wall.

Connecting the Mauerlat to the wall during construction brick buildings performed using anchors

Rafters to the mauerlat

Fastening is carried out in two ways:

• rigid for buildings made of brick, concrete or concrete blocks;
• hinged for wooden houses.

Rigid fastening can be with or without a notch. It is recommended to do the cutting on the rafters, and not on the mauerlat, since this weakens it. In both cases, the leg is rigidly fixed with nails, screws, staples or metal corners.

With rigid fastening, it is better to make a notch on the rafters and fix the structure with fasteners

For hinged fastening, a special part is used - a slide.. They allow the beam to move without obstacles when the walls of the building shrink.

The hinged connection allows the beam to move

Additionally, the rafter legs are attached to the wall. This is necessary to prevent the roof from being blown off by the wind. For fastening, use a twist of two wires with a diameter of 4 mm, fixed to the wall with an anchor or a ruff. In a wooden house, twisting can be replaced with staples. Fastening is carried out on each beam or through one.

At the ridge level

The layered elements rest on a ridge girder with a notch. Additionally, a board overlay is made on both sides. An overlay is also needed for hanging elements. It can be wooden or metal with holes for screws.

The ridge girder and rafters are connected using a notch

Splicing rafters

There are several methods for splicing roof rafters with your own hands. The choice between them largely depends on the experience of the master. The splice point is located at a distance of 0.15 span lengths from the support. In this case, not only the ridge girder and the Mauerlat are considered supports, but also the struts and racks.

Splicing rafters along the length

There are five ways:

• butt joint;
• oblique cut;
• overlap;
• compound legs;
• paired legs.

To build quality roof, you need to carefully study the technology, choose the right type of rafters and methods of connecting elements at important nodes. This is especially important when building a rafter system with your own hands.