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Assembling the shelf and installing the bracket is difficult if you don’t have a screwdriver at hand. There are no universal models, despite loud statements from manufacturers, so choose suitable tool not easy.

Screwdriver device

The principle of operation of a screwdriver is based on its design, consisting of a handle, a rod and a tip. The depth and width of the holes into which screws or self-tapping screws are screwed differ for different surfaces and blanks.

Therefore, the purpose of the tool determines its shape and dimensions of the tool.

Screwdriver parts:

• Rod - allows you to select a screwdriver according to the parameters of the work to be done. The longer it is, the greater the depth of the workpiece available to it.

At the same time, in narrow and hard to reach places The long rod is a disadvantage, as it does not allow the instrument to be inserted correctly.

• Tip or slot - the working part of the screwdriver, located at the tip of the rod. The shape of the slot matches the marks on the head of the screws. If self-tapping screws are equipped with cross-shaped risks, then screws have much more variations in shape.

Each of them has an individual slot.

• Pen - provides ease of use of the tool. There are also additional functions related to ergonomics and display.

The assembled screwdriver works like this:

• The slot is inserted into the screw grooves.
• Moving the handle clockwise means screwing.
• Counterclockwise movement - twisting.
• Additional functions are activated by a button located in the upper or middle part of the handle.

Types of screwdrivers

Screwdrivers are divided into types according to the type of slot. The standard marking and its explanation are indicated next to the name of the form.

Other names are straight or straight spline. The shape of the working part is a flat blade.

• Suitable for simple screws with one notch.
• Manufacturers additionally indicate the length, thickness or depth of the groove if the tool is intended to be used for work with specific fasteners.
• A slotted screwdriver is most often used for simple electrical fastenings.
• The disadvantages of flat models include the impossibility of centering - the bit tends to slip out of the screw.

The force is applied to the opposite (diagonal) outer edges of the slot.

Cone shaped bit with four edges for Phillips fasteners.

• The Philips cross profile is characterized by two grooves located at right angles to each other.
• This option offers a number of advantages compared to the classic flat shape - more points of contact, increased working contact.
• The force is applied along the four edges - screwing is less labor intensive.
• Disadvantage - since the force is applied in a narrow area, there is a risk of damaging the screw or spline.

The Phillips profile is often confused with Pozidriv. Improper use can cause damage and rapid wear of the tool.

These models or inbuses are recognized by their working part with a hexagon-shaped cross-section. Compared to a simple cross model, the torque can be increased up to 10 times.

There are three variants of HEX models:

• Interior - the protrusion is located inside and is intended for fastening screws that have a corresponding recess. A shape with six sides that are at an angle to each other.

The disadvantage is an increased concentration of stress, leading to deformation of the fastener.

• External - protrusion along the rim, used for fasteners with non-recessed heads. Can be used as an alternative to a wrench. This option is also hexagonal in shape with six sides.

They stand at an angle of 120 degrees to each other.

• Vibration-proof - the model has a hole in the tip of the bit that matches the shape of the protrusion of the screw head. This ensures stability and protection from vibrations.

The functionality of all three types is identical.

• Section in the shape of a square.
• Four surfaces at right angles to each other.
• Opposite sides are parallel.
• Due to the small disk area, the profile is ineffective for transmitting large torques.

This model is rare in Russia, practically absent in Europe, but widespread in the United States. In addition to standard applications, it is used in the mechanics of vintage cars.

The Pozidriv profile is produced in the form of two crosses, offset at an angle of 45 degrees for tight insertion into the fastener.

• The additional cross is narrower than the main one and less deep. This provides additional stability and stability.
• Pozidriv is an improvement on the classic Phillips profile.
• Four additional edges or rays besides the cross profile serve to push the tip out.
• The cross slot has a recess for the guide.
• It fits into the fastener more tightly than a simple cross shape.

There is a hole in the middle of the slot to increase the pressure force, but it does not eliminate the disadvantages of the classic cross-shaped design.

A tool with grooves shaped like a six-pointed star.

• Used to transmit increased torque compared to classic variations.
• The spline or screw is not damaged during operation.
• There is no danger of the tool slipping, as sometimes happens with a flat profile.
• Reduced radial forces extend tool life. This is the result of a combination of the circular geometry of the spline lobes, the sidewalls and the 15 degree drive angle.

Please note the differences between TORX and TORX PLUS: they are designed for different fasteners, despite identical functionality and external similarity. TORX PLUS has flattened petals rather than rounded ones. This is a strengthened version of the model.

Vibration-proof TORX has the same properties as classic TORX. The difference is that the tool has a hole located in the tip, and the corresponding screw head is complemented by a small central pin.

The characteristics of a tool can be read by its full markings. For example, SL1*80 is a flathead screwdriver with a 5mm diameter blade, 80mm long, suitable for fasteners with a diameter of less than 3mm.

In combination with the type marking (SL, HEX, PH, etc.), the table gives a complete picture of the characteristics and application features of a particular tool. Sometimes the marking is supplemented by an indication of the metal alloy from which the slot is made.

Screwdriver functions

Screwdrivers are equipped with additional sets of options, which are selected according to the type of work and requirements for the tool.

The priority is protection against electric shocks and detection of electrical wiring.

• Dielectric coating - a tool for working with live wiring. Electrical insulation can withstand up to 1000 volts. Most often, such models are accompanied by red markings.

A dielectric screwdriver can be covered with a layer of insulation along the entire length of the rod up to the slot.

• Tester, probe - a device is built into the screwdriver that can detect hidden wiring and the presence of current in the outlet. When a voltage source is detected, the tool emits a light or sound signal.

The indicator screwdriver signals when the upper part is clamped with a characteristic glow. More often, these models are produced in transparent cases.

To access hard-to-reach places, unscrew rusty fasteners or carry out long-term large-scale work, special tools or improvised means are used.

Some screwdriver models have features that make working easier difficult conditions. There are no universal options; the tool is selected for a specific task.

• Hard to reach places - for easier access, screwdrivers with a flexible shaft are used. Most often, such models provide additional reinforcement, a spring frame or a magnetic bit.
• Processing tight fasteners - most often, difficulties are caused by corrosion, which firmly adheres the screw to the surface. For such tasks, models are used that can withstand the impact of a handy tool (hammer, chisel).

The impact screwdriver is equipped with a metal body and handle. When the auxiliary tool hits the end, the screwdriver slot rotates.

• Long works - most often these are processes that require repeated twisting of fasteners. To simplify the work, reversible screwdrivers with a ratcheting mechanism are used.

If you need to screw in more than ten bolts, use a mini-analogue of a screwdriver - a cordless screwdriver.

For work with non-uniform fasteners, models with a bit change function are used. If you have to work with flat and cross-shaped fasteners at the same time, combo models are preferable.

Most often, this is a handle with an insert rod on which various types of bits are attached. Flipping the shaft in combo models turns the cross bat into a flat one. Another option is a permanent rod with a magnetic holder for a replaceable slot.

For diverse jobs, it is often not a specific model that is chosen, but a set of screwdrivers. It is a small case or suitcase containing several screwdrivers or just one - a basic one and a set of replacement bits for it.

The features of the splines are discussed in detail above, so we will focus on the remaining components of the kit - the handles and rods.

Handles are made of plastic or polycomposite. To reduce slipping, a rubber coating, recesses or notches are used. The coating makes the tool ergonomic and comfortable.

• Ratchet mechanism - attachable ratchet handle, similar to those used in composite socket wrenches. During operation, the rod and tip rotate freely, and the handle remains motionless in the hand.

The model does not require unnecessary movements, therefore it is optimal for large-scale work.

• T-shaped - swivel type models with a curved or solid top that supports the installation of an auxiliary lever.
• With heel - most often found in impact screwdriver sets. Instead of recessing into the handle, a through stroke is used. The rod at the end free from the nozzle has a thickening - a heel, which softens the load from blows with a hammer.

Modified handles make screwing/unscrewing easier or increase torque. Most often, functionality is set by a button or reverse switch on the handle.

Shaft modifications allow you to add additional functionality to the tool.

• Non-standard length - elongated or shortened models of screwdrivers. Length restrictions apply to the shaft and handle. Suitable for processing hard-to-reach places. More often found in combo or flexible models.
• With a tip change function - the tool in this configuration is equipped with a ratchet mechanism or a standard handle. The option without a mechanism involves the use of a universal combo rod. For splines of such models, the kit includes replacement bits.
• Faceted rod - option with a square or hexagonal cross-section (standard - round). Supports the use of leverage to add torsional force. The lever is the tool at hand.

Bits and heads - represent standard nozzles for tips.

There are magnetic models that support the grip of fasteners in inconvenient conditions. External parameters correspond to standard types of splines.

There are no individual accessories for screwdrivers. They are complemented only by kits that combine diverse types of attachments or screwdrivers.

Such a kit often consists of a housing with recesses for convenient placement of basic and spare parts.

• Small or budget kits are small plastic cases.
• Professional models - a suitcase with a handle for comfortable carrying, plastic or rubber-coated.

Inside there is a set of screwdrivers, replaceable heads or bits.

The larger the set, the more variations there are for different types work, sizes and shapes of scratches.

There are models supplemented with protective agents - anti-corrosion liquid, lubricating oil metal elements, brush for cleaning.

Rechargeable models are complemented by a charger and a replaceable battery. Household variations often do without these accessories - the buyer independently takes care of timely charging.

The features of screwdrivers are considered in relation to the type of tool slot.

• Flat - the tool tightens standard screws and screws, markings are marked along the width of the tip. Suitable for fastening with cross marks. Flat models are used for household and electrical installation needs.
• Hexagonal - for fasteners with hexagonal notches. Variants of a non-standard type are common, representing an L-shaped rod with edges, bent at the top.

The thickness of the rod corresponds to the slot of the fastener for which it is suitable.

Used for repairing electrical equipment and assembling furniture.

• Star-shaped - used for repairs household appliances And mobile phones. They are rarely used in everyday life, as they require special skills.
• Cross-shaped - most convenient for domestic and professional needs. There are models that support combination with a flat slot. Optimal for tightening all types of self-tapping screws and screws of suitable shape.

There are special models for narrow applications, adapted for use with only one or several types of fasteners:

• Spanners are two-pin variations for elevators with anti-vandal protection.
• Trefoils (Tri-Wing) - for aviation and complex electronics.
• Asymmetrical (Torq-Set) - aircraft industry only.
• Clutch - for Chevrolet and GMC trucks.
• Pentalobe is a pentagonal option for Apple technology.

These models are not used in everyday life, but without knowledge of their existence, repairing complex equipment is not always possible.

Pros of screwdrivers

The advantages of screwdrivers are based on the configuration and functionality. A convenient set of options does not always replace specific functions.

Basic advantages of options:

• electric models or battery type - increased speed work;
• with reverse - support unscrewing of fasteners;
• impact - cope with tight screws that a regular screwdriver cannot twist;
• indicator - the ability to determine the phase, search for live wires;
• dielectric - safe for electro installation work Oh, are preferable when it is not possible to de-energize the room.

The advantages are usually combined. For example, a dielectric coating is combined with an indication option, a battery - with reverse.

Disadvantages that complicate operation are also associated with the set of functions. The smaller the screwdriver additional options, the higher the chance that the tool will last a long time.

Problem areas:

• Rechargeable type - requires constant changing or charging of batteries. In conditions of major renovation of the premises, it quickly breaks down. More often this feature is found in Chinese technology, the quality of which does not always meet the needs of Russian conditions.
• Ratchets are sensitive to abrasives and dust. The mechanism fails when used in dusty areas or at a construction site.
• Drums are not aesthetically pleasing due to their metal body; ergonomic models of this type are rare.
• Indicator - the main problem is the indicator light burns out, after which the model turns into a regular screwdriver. An audible indication requires changing batteries.

The current charge is not displayed on the case, so at the right time it is easy to find yourself without the corresponding functionality.

Models with reverse are not included in the list of problems, since the mechanism rarely fails. Dielectric variations are similar to ordinary ones, the only difference is in the coating, so their operation does not cause problems.

How to choose a screwdriver

The screwdriver is selected in accordance with the tasks ahead and the type of fastener you plan to work with.

The following parameters will tell you about the quality of the tool:

• Rod strength - indicated on the body. A tool with a strength value in the range of 47–52 Rockwell units is preferred. An indicator below the indicated one indicates the likelihood of bending, and above it indicates a tendency to cracking.
• Alloy - Cr-V or chrome vanadium is considered universal. It maintains sufficient mechanical strength.
• - ergonomic rubberized handles are preferred. The tool should not slip out of your hands, even if they are wet. It is advisable to select bits with magnetic coating for comfortable work with small fasteners.

For tools from Russian manufacturers, compliance with GOST 17199–88 is provided. In this case, there is a marking on the body or handle.

The greatest danger when working with a screwdriver comes from improper use of the tool.

• Before starting work, select the appropriate type of screwdriver and make sure that the size working area corresponds to the size of the fastening profile.
• When working, you must use it only for its intended purpose, do not heat it to temperatures higher than permissible, and do not use a screwdriver whose tip is damaged.
• The handle must be insulated and free of chips if work is carried out under voltage.
• The screwdriver shaft must be positioned along the axis of the fastener.

Hand tools come with a warranty that ranges from 12 months to lifetime service.

• The need to exchange goods or return money arises if the purchased screwdriver turns out to be defective, deteriorated or broken due to the fault of the manufacturer.
• Refusal to receive warranty service occurs in case of non-compliance with the rules for using the tool or in case of mechanical damage.

The budget segment allows people not to contact service centers, but to buy a new tool.

Malfunctions

Screwdriver malfunctions in their basic form are limited to broken handles or dull metal slots.

• If the handle is replaceable, it is replaced with an analogue one. Models with solid handles must be recycled. However, craftsmen fix broken plastic by heating or using superglue.

In this case, the durability of the repaired handle is not guaranteed; the tool is no longer suitable for screwing in self-tapping screws and tight bolts.

• A dull screwdriver is sharpened using a grinder and a cutting wheel, a Dremel or a needle file. The last option is the most labor-intensive. Sharpening a screwdriver with a disc requires fixing it at an angle of 90 degrees to create correct bevels.

Self-repair is only possible if the battery is dead or the ratchet is clogged. If the mechanism becomes clogged, the tool is disassembled, cleaned of abrasives and lubricated for prevention.

Models with complex mechanics are more often subject to repair under service conditions.

Screwdriver manufacturers

FIT

Budget tool supplier from China. The company itself is located in Canada. Offer big choice hand tools. The warranty is for power tools only and is equal to 1 year.

Gross

German brand, the tool is produced in China. Possess impeccable quality, reliability and ergonomics, meeting European standards for working on professional level. Warranty – 1 year.

Hama

A German company that produces tools and accessories in various industries. They provide a huge selection (more than 17,000 items of goods). Warranty terms are not specified.

Manufacturer of professional tools from Taiwan. Products are made from high quality materials according to generally accepted standards. It is used in enterprises with high equipment requirements. Lifetime warranty on products.

A Japanese manufacturer specializing in household appliances and tools, manufactured in China. Quality and durability are confirmed by a lifetime guarantee and an international quality certificate.

The company is based in the USA and the tools are made in Taiwan. Specialize in hand tools for professionals and amateurs. The main qualities of the products are innovation and convenience. Manufacturer's standard warranty is 1 year.

Young Russian manufacturer, specializing in the manufacture of budget tools, power equipment, thermal equipment. The company's products are famous for their high quality and long service life. The warranty on tools is 5 years.

It is unlikely that any of the professional repairmen or home craftsmen does not consider a regular screwdriver to be an extremely important and necessary tool, since the range of its applications is very wide. This simple tool can significantly simplify the work process; sometimes it is not used for its intended purpose, but it helps the employee a lot. You should know what types of screwdrivers there are if you are facing any serious renovation work in the house, garage, etc. This knowledge will help you choose the right tool and avoid inconvenience when performing certain tasks.

History of invention

The need for such a tool arose with the invention of screws, which were mentioned back in the 16th century. At first, these fasteners were unscrewed with keys, because the screw head was 6-sided. The screws did not always screw in and out easily, so a groove was made in their head into which the flat part of a blunt chisel was inserted, which later received its modern name.

It is generally accepted that the screwdriver was invented in the 17th century. At that time, it was widely used in the manufacture of weapons and precision mechanical products. This is proven by the presence of slotted screws in pistols and muskets of that century. Until the twentieth century there were no other types of splines. The evolution of the tool occurred when Canadian traveling salesman Peter Robertson had a minor accident: while tightening a screw, the working part of the tool slipped out of a straight groove and injured his hand. As a result, he came up with a screw head design not with a through slot, but with a square recess in the center.

The know-how was called the “Robertsonian screw”, and to tighten such screws a tool with a modified shape of the working part was required . Thanks to the innovation, the following was provided:

• better centering;
• screwing safety;
• increase in effort.

The new fasteners began to be used in mechanical engineering, in particular at Ford factories.

The invention was patented by American Henry Phillips. Phillips screws in the 1940s they were used in the production of bomber aircraft.

With the development of fastener designs and areas of their application, new designs of shaped screwdrivers were developed, each of which corresponds to a specific slot shape. There are more than 10 types of instruments.

Types of instruments

The most well-known and frequently used types are:

There are also products used in certain conditions because they have special devices. And this:

Professional products

Except simple tool, professional screwdrivers with special shapes are widely used. Home craftsmen, as a rule, do not use it, since the scope of application of the tool is very narrow.

Consider these screwdrivers:

Choosing a model and brand

Screwdrivers are produced by many manufacturers in different countries. There are types of bits similar to the instrument, but More often they are used with screwdrivers.

For the right choice type of product, the frequency of its use is assessed. If you plan to use it periodically economic purposes, inexpensive models are also suitable. The following brands have proven themselves well in this segment: Fit, Stayer and Matrix. Frequent use or professional activity requires the purchase of a more expensive product, whose service life is much longer due to its increased strength. Products of similar quality are produced by Arsenal and Kraftool.

Very expensive models High Quality are Gedoro brand tools that are purchased by professionals. Their service life is eight times longer than that of other models.

Quality requirements

Screwdrivers must be reliable and durable. In order for the tool to serve for a long time, attention should be paid to the following factors:

Maintenance and care

In addition to unscrewing and tightening fasteners, screwdriver is also used, if you need, for example, to pry off removable plastic panels, scrape off paint or dirt from any surface, or separate stuck gaskets. Another tool often functions as a chisel or chisel. Either way it wears out. If you cannot unscrew the screw, check the sharpness of the working part of the screwdriver.

The screwdriver is sharpened like skates, and the end should be blunt. It is difficult to sharpen a Phillips screwdriver, but a small margin of edge length allows you to do this. Sharpening is carried out a limited number of times and only when absolutely necessary.

You can also magnetize the tool. A screwdriver with a magnetic tip is very convenient as it secures the fastener before tightening. You can also use this tool to remove screws that have rolled into the corners. Many screwdrivers are sold with a magnetized blade. To magnetize an ordinary screwdriver, leave it near a powerful magnet for a long time. It's even better if the screwdriver is stored on a magnet.

Do-it-yourself tool making

You can make a screwdriver from a rod or nail suitable size . The workpiece is ground at one end into the shape of a flat slot, the other end is recommended to be bent with the letter “G” for good fixation in the hand. If you have a supply of bits for a tool with replaceable blades, you can make a screwdriver from two washers and a bolt. A Phillips screwdriver can be made from an old lock key of the appropriate shape. The keys are made of a fairly durable material that does not wear out quickly. Such a screwdriver can be attached to a bunch of keys so that it is always at hand.

So, you have learned some information about the screwdriver tool. Yes, it is very common, however, we hope that you still learned something new from our article.

Any home craftsman, not to mention professionals in one or another field of technology, always has a screwdriver and more than one in his arsenal of available tools. The scope of application has no restrictions, but its main purpose - to unscrew or wrap - it performs simply. The repair procedure sometimes depends on the quality of this tool. Therefore, the selection and acquisition of such a device must be approached with all responsibility.

Components

In an ordinary screwdriver, familiar to everyone since childhood, there are three components: a tip, a rod and a handle. All of them must be made from quality material, since the main criterion of such a tool is strength, depending on the reliability and durability of each element.

Tip or sting

Varieties of tips duplicate all types of fastener splines, which are used for various economic and production needs. For a long time, straight spline fasteners were the most widely used fastener. However, in terms of durability, it left much to be desired, as it became deformed after several uses. Gradually it was replaced by another type of cutting on the caps and heads of fasteners. Therefore, the tool with a flat tip faded into the background.

Cross-shaped slots withstand several working cycles due to the uniform distribution of pressure on the plane of the head. Accordingly, their torque is higher, screws and screws fit into the desired surface more easily. Phillips head screwdrivers are the most common type of tool. For the greatest effort there are hexagonal slots and screwdrivers. Other types of tips are less common.

To work productively with screwdrivers, you need to take into account not only the shape of the tip, but also its length. There is a misconception that a tool with a short tip is universal. This is incorrect, because this is the end applied greatest strength to the point of impact and, as a rule, the spline (even a Phillips one) breaks off, or the device itself breaks.

The third quality of a tip is hardness. The fragile tip will break if the pressure is not very strong. The right material and hardening will help achieve this quality. For clear fixation in the slot, the tip must have roughness or notches. Often a special coating is applied to the edge of the screwdriver. For ease of use in uncomfortable, cramped conditions, screwdrivers with a magnetized end have recently appeared.

Fixture rod

The axial part of the screwdriver, like the others, must be durable. GOST prescribes its limits from 42 to 52HRC (Rockwell hardness unit on the C scale). At low readings the rod will bend, at high readings it will burst. Therefore, high-carbon alloy steel is used in manufacturing. It is determined by the marking on the rod chrome - vanadium. Certainly, the inscription is not a guarantee of quality, since the print is easy to fake. But large manufacturers They value their name and sell only high quality products.

To protect against corrosion, the axial parts are coated with various coatings. There is a tool with rubber or plastic coated. Most likely, this is a special insulated device of an electrician. The most common devices are those with a base length of 100-200 millimeters. This is optimal for most operations performed with screwdrivers. In tight places, small ones are used, and in hard-to-reach places, elongated or telescopic tools are used.

The diameter of the rod depends on the dimensions of the tip and the applied loads. Its cross-section is most often round. To strengthen it, it is made square or hexagonal. This shape allows you to hook the screwdriver with a wrench to increase the force.

It is important how the axis is secured in the handle. This can only be verified in practice. If the supplier has not paid due attention to this, the rod will quickly become loose and spin in the body. Such damage cannot be restored.

There are impact screwdrivers in which the rod passes through the handle and ends with the striker.

Tool handle

Wood, plastic, and other materials are all suitable for making screwdriver handles. For convenience, they may have rubberized sides. The dimensions of such devices are selected based on working conditions. The diameter is always proportional to them. For fastening small size A tool with a thinner handle is suitable to avoid stripping the thread or slot.

The shape of the handle should provide a tight, comfortable fit in the hand. But a number of manufacturers, in an effort to distinguish their products from similar ones, forget about this. Market newcomers are especially guilty of this. Rubberized handles are comfortable to hold in your hand, but when exposed to a chemically active environment, they are destroyed. Pistol grips add pressure, but are not very compact.

A useful device is a hole in the handle where a cord or belt is threaded for fastening on a belt.

Main types of screwdrivers

For a long time, two types of screwdrivers were used to loosen and tighten fasteners. They are still in use in all spheres of human activity. But, besides them, other types of tools have appeared that make work easier. Their classification is related to the structure of the sting.

Straight slot tool

The main advantage of this device is its ability to be used for many tasks. A slotted screwdriver, the dimensions of which correspond to the size of the fastener, can be used anywhere. With this tool you can open a lock, configure elements of an electronic circuit, and use it in debugging mechanical devices.

When unscrewing, you do not need to press hard on the tool. The tip itself is fixed in the slot and does not jump out if the gap between them is minimal. A well-fitted handle provides good torque, which can be enhanced with a hex rod using a wrench.

The only drawback is that it works in one plane due to the original design of the tool. If you slightly distort the force applied, the screwdriver will slip out of the groove.

Crosshead screwdriver

This type of tool appeared to replace a flat screwdriver. This design of the slot, unlike its competitor, ensures tighter wrapping and its preservation under greater effort and several cycles.

The main type of cross-shaped fasteners and tools now is the Philips design. This has nothing to do with the world famous electronics manufacturer. It’s just that the inventor of the slot had that last name. The cross-shaped structure of the slot allows you to tighten the screw with a slight inclination without damaging the surface of the head and without reducing the applied force. Due to this slot, lateral displacement is minimal. This makes it possible to use such a tool in places with limited space and at angular location fasteners

But this design also has its drawbacks:

Despite these disadvantages, the vast majority of structures use just such fasteners. There is a variation of a similar fastening system with a double cross, or an eight-pointed asterisk.

This slot is called Pozidriv and is distinguished by stronger fixation in the slot and less ability to work at an angle. Such screwdrivers have their own area of ​​application:

• Furniture manufacturing.
• Installation of plasterboard products.
• Installation of partitions made of aluminum profiles.

To work with double Phillips screwdrivers, self-tapping screws of the appropriate profile are produced, usually golden in color.

Special devices

In addition to the two main ones, there are also types of screwdrivers whose names are little known to a wide range of users. They are designed to perform special operations. Such shaped screwdrivers are not produced in large quantities, but they are worthy of mention:

There are also tools with handles made of special material for use in aggressive environments and sets consisting of a ratchet shaft with a set of interchangeable splined heads various types.

Fixture sizes

There is a flathead screwdriver whose dimensions are designated by the letters SL and numbers indicating the width of the tip. It ranges from 2 to 18 millimeters. For household use It is enough to have in the set of necessary tools devices with the inscriptions SL 3, SL 5 and SL 8.

Phillips screwdriver markings begin with PH:

• PH 00 (1.5-1.9 mm).
• PH 0 (2 mm).
• PH 1 (2.1-3 mm).
• PH 2 (3.1-5 mm).
• PH 3 (5.1-7 mm).
• PH 4 (from 7.1 mm).

Most running size- PH 2.

Tools with a Pozidriv tip are marked Pz with the size number. Screwdrivers designated Px are equipped with a sawed-off cross-shaped blade for use in radio engineering.

Quality and prices

For home use or infrequent use, an inexpensive but acceptable quality tool from Stayer, Fit, Matrix, costing about one hundred rubles, is suitable. If you are planning a professional activity, it is recommended to purchase a more expensive instrument. It is represented, for example, by the companies Kraftool, Arsenal, costing one hundred fifty to two hundred rubles. The most durable screwdrivers are produced by Gedoro. The cost of his models can exceed a thousand rubles.

The basic rule is to use a tool of a size that matches the splines of the fasteners. The tip of the screwdriver should fit tightly into the head. This will prevent the device from turning in the groove and tearing off the spline. Also, matching the dimensions will have a beneficial effect on the service life of the device itself. Paint and rust must be removed with special liquids before work. The tip of the sting is not sharpened sharply. The angle between the flat end and the side edges is formed like a skate blade, bringing it as close as possible to ninety degrees.

The huge number of screwdrivers that are found on store shelves can confuse the buyer when choosing a device. You can choose a useful item for repair only by holding it in your hands and meticulously examining it. And as in any field, it’s better to purchase products famous manufacturers, who suffer from defective products less than those who take their first steps on the market.

Slotted screwdrivers are an indispensable tool both in the arsenal of professional craftsmen and home use. We will tell you in detail about the types and subtleties of using such screwdrivers in our article.

What it is?

A device for unscrewing/screwing fasteners with a straight slot (slotted or straight-slotted, colloquially called flat, straight or linear) is called a slotted screwdriver. The working tip of the tool is a wedge-shaped plate. This type of screwdriver is rightfully considered a classic. With its help, you can unscrew/tighten various screws, self-tapping screws, screws and other fasteners that contain space for a flat slot.

Such a tool can be used both for direct work (screwing/unscrewing) parts, and for supporting any structural elements. Due to its design, it can be used to configure or adjust a wide range of electrical devices.

Marking

All slotted screwdrivers are marked with the letters SL (from English Slot - slot) and numbers indicating the width and sometimes the thickness of the slot in mm.

According to GOST 24437-93, screwdrivers for plumbing and installation work can have the following characteristics:

More detailed information can be found in GOSTs. Considering that most modern screwdrivers continue to be produced according to this standard. European manufacturers use their ISO quality standard markings.

Kinds

There are quite a large number of types of slotted screwdrivers.

• Dielectric screwdrivers- this is a device consisting of a metal base with a tip and a plastic or often rubber handle, which, due to insulation, does not allow current to pass through. Such screwdrivers are used mainly by electricians who need to work under powered conditions.

• Regular screwdrivers with reinforced steel handle which is covered with plastic. They cannot be used for work with the mains switched on (since they conduct current), but they have different lengths and rod thicknesses and can be used when working, for example, with metal or wood.

• Combination screwdriver- this is a device with an indicator or dynamometer built into the device. Such an indicator signals the presence of current in the electrical network, therefore such screwdrivers can be used both for installation work and for repairing electrical networks. A dynamometer makes it possible to regulate the pressure applied to a screwed-in threaded connection, which is often necessary, for example, when assembling fragile materials.

• Screwdriver with different bits. This screwdriver allows you to solve many problems; its handle is a kind of pencil case in which various tips are located, a set of which includes more than 10 pieces. A small disadvantage of this device is the size of the handle, so it is not always easy to use, especially in a narrow space.

• Impact or power screwdriver used for unscrewing tightly tightened threaded connections. Its operating principle is that after hitting it with a hammer, the impact energy is directed to unscrew the screw.

Basically, they all have quite large sizes, since they are used for working with big details.

• Probe screwdrivers– with a transparent handle containing an LED or lamp; the moment the tip touches a live wire, the lamp lights up. This screwdriver makes it possible to accurately determine whether there is voltage in the network. There are also screwdrivers that help identify open circuits or DC contrast.

• Precision screwdrivers have a tip made for the most precise fit to the screw head small sizes. They are mainly used for assembling/disassembling small devices: mobile phones, watches, tablets and similar devices.

• Special screwdrivers– used for working with self-tapping screws or screws with special requirements. For example: protection against twisting, high force when tightening a small head.

Used in mechanical engineering or electronics products.

• Screwdrivers with flexible shaft, for work in hard-to-reach places.

But there is also a difference in the types of splines:

• straight slot is one of the most common options;
• cross-shaped slot with a hole in the center of the working part for guides;
• a spline with a combination of straight and cross spline parts;
• one of the options for a cross slot is a model that combines a cross and a square section;
• model with a cross-shaped working part and 4 rays;
• square slot option;
• square slot with a hole in the center of the guide;

• star slot;
• “star” option, but using a pin in the center;
• the same “star”, but with shorter and less sharp rays;
• five-pointed star with hole;
• hex key or Allen key;
• the same hex key with a hole for the guide;
• screwdriver with three-wing slot, rare variant;
• asymmetrical cross slot, which has a tighter tightening than other slots;

• a slot similar to a two-pronged fork;
• eight-pointed star with a hole in the middle, a rare specimen;
• pentagonal slot, a rare alternative to hexagonal;
• the twelve-pointed star was used on some Volkswagen vehicles;
• narrowly directed type of slot, mainly used various models American Electrical Engineering;
• triangular slot, used in toys, electrical appliances or household appliances.

Flat head screwdrivers come in the following sizes:

How to choose?

Despite the fact that there are many types of screwdrivers, choosing a screwdriver for the required work is not difficult.

To begin with, it is worth deciding on the upcoming types of work.

• If there is a need for vandal-proof protection of fasteners, you should pay attention to “two-pin” screwdrivers with a slot in the middle; this type of fastening will protect against unscrewing by other types of screwdrivers.
• To work with electricity, you should use a dielectric, terminal or indicator screwdriver.
• To work with large parts, fasteners or tightly twisted fasteners, it is worth taking a reinforced screwdriver; it has an increased torque due to hammer blows.

• In the case when it is necessary to perform a large number of works, it will make it easier to store the tool, you can look at sets of screwdrivers, they usually include a set of socket bits, flat-slotted bits, star bits, Phillips bits Ph and PZ, hex bits of various sizes according to several pieces of each. This set is more expensive, but due to its versatility, it justifies the money spent on it.
• When choosing a tool, you should pay attention to the quality of the materials from which it is made, the quality of the connection between the handle and the metal rod. Basically, the handles are made of plastic with rubber inserts, due to this the hand will have a good grip on such a coating and will not be able to slip out at the most necessary moment.

• The diameter of the handle should be chosen based on the work to be done: what larger size parts to be worked with, the wider the handle should be, as this affects the torque. Screwdrivers designed for small parts are equipped with a small handle to prevent damage or breakage of the slot/part.

To ensure that the tip of your screwdriver lasts a long time, you should choose those screwdrivers whose shaft and tip are made of high-alloy or chromium steels containing vanadium.

First, a little history. It is difficult to say when and where the first screw appeared. The first mentions of screws date back to the 16th century; it can be assumed that the screwdriver appeared at about the same time. The original shape of the screw head was a rectangle or square. We must not forget that everything was made by hand forging. However, this shape limited the ability to tighten the screw too much, especially in hard-to-reach places.

Then the hexagon was invented, which led to the introduction of a wrench with six settings in a 360° range. Socket wrenches appeared, providing vertical access to the screw head and the ability to conveniently tighten it with the application of any necessary force.

And, one day, a thought flashed through some person’s mind: “Why, in fact, is there a key? Why can’t you cut a groove in the head and work with the screw using a rod with a flat end?” - this is how a slot appeared, and after it a screwdriver. Why the tool was called a screwdriver and not a “screwdriver” (after all, the screw is first turned) remains a mystery.

Splines

Many years passed, many slots were torn off and screwdrivers were broken before users received the tool so necessary in everyday life and production. The design of the screwdriver - the length and diameter of the rod, the shape and size of the handle - began to provide convenient and high-quality work in specific conditions, with specific technological requirements.

At the moment, there are several types of screwdrivers, which is determined by the necessary correspondence between the slotted part of the screwdriver and the slot on the screw (screw, self-tapping screw). Therefore, it is important to immediately clarify this issue.

Spline types

Standard sizes

It must be remembered that each slot shape has its own standard sizes. When working with fasteners, it is very important to use screwdrivers of the correct shape and size. This will preserve the screw slot, extend the life of the screwdriver, ensure fast and high-quality work, and most importantly, prevent possible injuries. A precisely executed working part of a screwdriver is one of the components of its quality.

Screwdriver shaft

Very great importance They also have the properties and quality of the material from which the screwdriver shaft is made, how it is heat-treated (“hardened”). A soft slot of a screwdriver will crumple (curl), and a too hard one ("overheated") will break ("burst") even with normal force during operation. A little more about the screwdriver shaft: usually the shaft is made of a round cross-section, but there are screwdrivers that use a hexagonal or square shaft to increase torque, or make a special hexagonal thickening at the base of the handle. You can use such a screwdriver while helping with a wrench to increase torque. They are sometimes called "power".

Screwdriver handle

The main purpose of the screwdriver handle is to transmit torque to the working part. The shape, size and material of the handle can be very different and are determined not only by design requirements, but also by the individual characteristics of the user (ergonomic requirements). So, someone has a wide palm with short fingers, and someone has a narrow one with long fingers, and different handles are needed: longer or shorter, larger or smaller in diameter. The material of the handle can be very different: wood, plastic, rubber. And here you need an individual choice: wood is good, but not strong enough, but not everyone likes rubber - the hand sweats, although the grip of this handle is completely reliable.

The ergonomic shape provides for the transmission of high torque a large radius zone at the end of the handle with a wide round “back of the head” without sharp edges, and closer to the shaft - a narrow section (“waist”). It allows you to quickly turn the tool with your fingers.

The shape of the handle can be very different - the main requirement for it is a secure grip, so that the hand does not slip with the necessary force. And further. The end of the handle must be well-processed and smooth, so as not to rub your palm during intensive work.

In addition, most “round” models have a couple of edges specially ground down so that the screwdriver does not roll off inclined planes. The “holes” near the end of the handle are holes for hanging (this makes it more convenient to store the tool).

The most common handles are plastic, but they are very different. Typically, handles are made from powder and injection molded plastics. The first - harder, but fragile - are afraid of blows and falls; the latter are more elastic, but softer - this can be easily verified with the help of any cutting tool. First by appearance more glossy, shiny; the latter are matte, dull, slightly “soapy” to the touch (however, this does not interfere with the work if the handle is in good shape, “fits the hand”).

Many manufacturers now produce screwdrivers with combined handles: two-component, three-component. Polypropylene, elastomers, and rubber are used. Such handles are the most functional: they are durable and do not collapse even with the maximum applied force, provide a reliable grip on the tool by hand, and are pleasant to the touch.

For hard-to-reach places, they make short screwdrivers (short shaft, short handle) of the “barrel” type, and super-long screwdrivers, where the length of the shaft is much longer than the length of the handle. Convenient: I crawled with a long sting through all the protrusions and holes of the structure and tightened the “boring and inconvenient” screw! And, of course, one cannot miss the so-called “T-shaped” handles, manufactured for screwdrivers designed to work in difficult conditions, “heavy duty”, capable of realizing maximum force at the point of application.

Flat head screwdriver

Let's take a closer look at the types of screwdrivers and start our review with a regular flat-head screwdriver. Screwdrivers with a flat, straight slot (tip) will exist for a very long time, as long as fasteners with a straight slot are produced. Their main parameter - the size of the tip, is determined by two numbers, for example: 0.5x4 - this is a tip 0.5 mm thick and 4 mm wide.

There should be a separate screwdriver for each head and slot size of the fastener. So, if the diameter of the fastener head is 6 mm and the width of the slot is 0.8 mm, then the blade of the screwdriver should be no more than 6 mm wide and no less than 5 mm, and its thickness should be no less than 0.7 mm. This will ensure convenience and quality of work, guarantee reliability of fastening, maintaining the integrity of the slot and the screwdriver itself.

In addition, flat screwdrivers with notches appeared on the blade planes, which increases friction between the screwdriver and the fastener slot; screwdrivers of all types with diamond-coated working parts; with carbide working part; with a magnetized working part for holding fasteners (made of ordinary steel).

Phillips screwdriver

Initially, the shape of the cross-shaped slot was quite complex, because in addition to the “cross” itself, it had a cylindrical recess in its center (approximately 2 mm in diameter and about 3 mm in depth) - the shape of the screwdriver corresponded to it. However, practice has shown that this guide on the screwdriver is not technically and economically justified, and the guide was abandoned, leaving just a “cross”.

What is revolutionary about the “cross”? It allows you to securely fix the screwdriver in the slot, does not “slip” and, when working correctly, almost completely eliminates the possibility of damage, “breaking” of the slot - the occurrence of burrs, or damage to the anti-corrosion coating of the fastener. The working contact area between the surfaces of the cross and the screwdriver is almost twice as large as with a straight slot.

Philips type screwdrivers are designated PH. Below is a table that indicates the limits of use of Phillips screwdrivers in accordance with the sizes of fasteners:

The length of the screwdriver blade of the same number may be different for different types of work. In everyday life, medium sizes are mainly used. When repairing cell phones, shortened screwdrivers can be used.

Phillips screwdriver Pozidriv

Pozidriv (Pozidrive) is a registered trademark. It denotes a class of screws and Phillips-head screwdrivers. Pozidriv is an improved version of the Phillips slot. Unlike Phillips screws, the deep edges of the side surfaces of the Pozidriv blade do not become thinner, but run parallel to each other.

A distinctive feature of Pozidriv screws from Philips screws is the internal corners Posidrive screw heads have thin ray-like lines.

Pozidriv type screwdrivers have the same edges between the main protrusions of the cross and are designated PZ. In addition, they also indicate the size in ascending order (for example, in ascending order - PZ 000, PZ 00, PZ 0, PZ 1, PZ 2, PZ 3, etc.).

Torx screwdrivers (star)

Screwdrivers of this shape are especially interesting to cell phone repairmen. Almost all modern phone models use screws with a six-pointed star slot. Also, screws and screws of a similar shape are found in computer components, for example, in hard drives. This form is called TORX and was developed by the American company Camcar. People unfamiliar with this name usually use the words star or star . Developers new form

screwdrivers wanted to create a more reliable tool that was superior in all respects to standard straight and Phillips screwdrivers for mass use in assembly shops.

In addition to assembling cell phones, the TORX system is used in the automotive industry, in bicycle structures, in computers, and in consumer electronics. Also, screws and screws of a similar shape are found in computer components, for example, in hard drives. This form is called To indicate system dimensions capital letter is used followed by a number. For example, T5, T6, T10 and so on (the higher the number, the larger the screwdriver size). For cell phone repairs, the sizes typically used are T3, T4, T5, T6, T7.

Camcar later developed an improved version TORX PLUS. There is also a version of Tamper-Resistant TORX (abbr. Torx TR), which has a protrusion in the center that prevents the use of standard TORX screwdrivers, as well as straight and Phillips screwdrivers.

There is also an external TORX option, which we will not consider.

Electric screwdriver

Recently, electric screwdrivers (screwdrivers) have become increasingly popular. It should be noted that cordless tools are undeniably convenient - they are self-contained, do not require a mains connection, extension cords, adapters, etc., and are electrically safe when working outdoors, even in high humidity.