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How to organize the operation of an autonomous heating system in economy mode? It is necessary to install a heat accumulator for heating boilers. As a result, efficiency will significantly increase while reducing fuel costs, and also reduce general expenses for the maintenance of real estate.

We will talk about how the unit works, which allows you to collect and store the heat generated by the boiler. We describe in detail all the device options used in everyday life. The article we presented describes the scope of application of heat accumulators and operating rules.

A heat accumulator is a buffer reservoir designed to accumulate excess heat volumes generated during boiler operation. The saved resource is then used in the heating system in the period between scheduled loads of the main fuel resource.

Connecting a properly selected battery allows you to reduce the cost of purchasing fuel (in some cases up to 50%) and makes it possible to switch to one load per day instead of two.

In addition to the function of accumulating the generated heat, the buffer tank protects cast iron units from cracking in the event of an unexpected and sharp change in the temperature of the operating network water

If you equip the equipment with intelligent regulators and temperature sensors, and automate the heat supply from the storage tank to the heating system, heat transfer will increase significantly, and the number of portions of fuel loaded into the combustion chamber of the heating unit will noticeably decrease.

Features of internal and external devices

The heat accumulator is a vertical cylinder-shaped tank made of high-strength black or stainless steel sheet.

There is a layer of bakelite varnish on the inner surface of the device. It protects the buffer tank from the aggressive influence of technical hot water, weak salt solutions and concentrated acids. Powder paint is applied to the outside of the unit, resistant to high thermal loads.

The tank volume varies from 100 to several thousand liters. The most capacious models have large linear dimensions, making it difficult to place equipment in limited space home boiler room

External thermal insulation is made of recycled polyurethane foam. The thickness of the protective layer is about 10 cm. The material has a specific complex weave and an internal polyvinyl chloride coating.

This configuration prevents particles of dirt and small debris from accumulating between the fibers and ensures high level waterproofness and increases the overall wear resistance of the heat insulator.

The heat insulator is not always included in the heat accumulator kit. Sometimes you have to buy it separately and then install it on the unit yourself

The surface of the protective layer is covered with a cover made of good quality leatherette. Thanks to these conditions, the water in the buffer tank cools much more slowly, and the level of overall heat loss of the entire system is significantly reduced.

Operating principle of a heat-saving product

The heat accumulator operates according to the simplest scheme. A pipe from a gas, solid fuel or electric boiler is connected to the unit from above.

Hot water flows through it into the storage tank. Cooling down during the process, it falls down to the location of the circular pump and, with its help, is fed back into the main passage to return to the boiler for the next heating.

Installing a heat accumulator prevents overheating of the coolant when the boiler is operating at full capacity and provides maximum heat transfer with economical fuel consumption. This reduces the load on the heating system and extends its service life

A boiler of any type, regardless of the type of fuel resource, operates in stages, periodically turning on and off when the optimal temperature of the heating element is reached.

When work stops, the coolant enters the reservoir, and in the system it is replaced by hot liquid that has not cooled due to the presence of a heat accumulator. As a result, even after the boiler is turned off and goes into passive mode until the next fuel supply, the batteries remain hot for some time, and warm water comes out of the tap.

Types of heat storage models

All buffer tanks perform almost the same function, but have some design features.

Manufacturers produce three types of storage units:

• hollow(without internal heat exchangers);
• with one or two coils ensuring more efficient operation of equipment;
• with built-in boiler tanks small diameter, designed for the correct operation of an individual hot water supply complex for a private home.

The heat accumulator is connected to the heating boiler and the communication wiring of the home heating system through threaded holes located in the outer casing of the unit.

How does a hollow unit work?

A device that has neither a coil nor a built-in boiler inside is one of the most simple types equipment and costs less than its more “sophisticated” analogues.

It is connected to one or more (depending on the needs of the owners) energy sources through central communications, and then through 1 ½ pipes it is routed to points of consumption.

It is planned to install an additional heating element operating on electrical energy. The unit provides high-quality heating of residential property, minimizes the risk of coolant overheating and makes operation of the system completely safe for the consumer.

When a residential building already has separate system hot water supply and the owners do not plan to use solar thermal heat sources to heat the room, it is advisable to save money and install a hollow buffer tank in which the entire usable area of ​​the tank is given over to the coolant and is not occupied by coils

Thermal accumulator with one or two coils

A heat accumulator equipped with one or two heat exchangers (coils) is a progressive option for equipment with a wide range of applications. The upper coil in the design is responsible for the selection of thermal energy, and the lower one carries out intensive heating of the buffer tank itself.

The presence of heat exchange units in the unit allows you to receive hot water for domestic needs around the clock, heat the tank from the solar collector, warm up house paths and make the most efficient use of useful heat for any other convenient purposes.

Module with internal boiler

A heat accumulator with a built-in boiler is a progressive unit that not only accumulates excess heat generated by the boiler, but also ensures the supply of hot water to the tap for domestic purposes.

The internal boiler tank is made of stainless alloy steel and equipped with a magnesium anode. It reduces water hardness and prevents scale formation on the walls.

Owners choose the appropriate volume of the buffer tank on their own, but experts say that there is no practical point in purchasing a tank less than 150 liters

A unit of this type connects to various energy sources and works correctly with both open and closed systems. Controls the temperature level of the operating coolant and protects the heating complex from overheating of the boiler.

Optimizes fuel consumption and reduces the number and frequency of loading. Compatible with solar collectors of any model and can function as a substitute for a hydraulic boom.

Scope of application of the heat accumulator

The heat accumulator collects and stores the energy generated by the heating system, and then helps to use it as efficiently as possible for efficient heating and provision of living quarters hot water.

You need to purchase a device for accumulating excess heating resources only in specialized stores. The seller must provide the buyer with a product quality certificate and complete instructions for use

Work with different types equipment, but most often used in conjunction with solar collectors, solid fuel and electric boilers.

Thermal accumulator in a solar system

The solar collector is modern look equipment that allows you to use free solar energy for everyday household needs. But without a heat accumulator, the equipment is not able to fully function, since it supplies unevenly. This is due to changes in time of day, weather conditions and seasonality.

A solar collector equipped with a heat accumulator is placed on the south side of the site. There the device absorbs maximum energy and gives effective output

If the heating and water supply system is powered only by a single energy source (the sun), at some points residents may have serious problems with the supply of resources and obtaining the usual elements of comfort.

Avoid these unpleasant moments and a heat accumulator will help you make the most efficient use of clear, sunny days to accumulate energy. To operate in a solar system, it uses the high heat capacity of water, 1 liter of which, cooling by just one degree, releases thermal potential to heat 1 cubic meter of air by 4 degrees.

The solar collector and heat accumulator make up unified system, which makes it possible to use solar energy as the only source for heating a residential building

During the period of peak solar activity, when it collects the maximum amount of light and energy production significantly exceeds consumption, the heat accumulator accumulates excess and supplies it to the heating system when the supply of resource from the outside decreases or even stops, for example, at night.

The following article will introduce you to the options and schemes for country property, which we recommend reading.

Buffer tank for solid fuel boiler

Cyclicality – characteristic work . At the first stage, firewood is loaded into the firebox and heating occurs for some time. Maximum power and most high temperatures observed at the peak of bookmark combustion.

Then the heat transfer gradually decreases, and when the wood finally burns out, the process of generating useful heating energy stops. All boilers, including appliances, operate on this principle. long burning.

It is not possible to precisely configure the unit to generate thermal energy in relation to the level of consumption required at any given moment. This function is only available in more advanced equipment, for example, in modern gas or electric heating boilers.

Therefore, immediately at the moment of ignition and when reaching actual power, and then during the process of cooling and the forced passive state of the equipment, there may simply not be enough thermal energy for full heating and heating of hot water.

But during peak operation and the active phase of fuel combustion, the amount of energy released will be excessive and most of it will literally “fly down the drain.” As a result, the resource will be spent irrationally, and the owners will have to constantly load new portions of fuel into the boiler.

In order for the house to be heated for a long time after the solid fuel boiler is turned off, you need to purchase a buffer tank big size. It will not be possible to accumulate a significant amount of resource in a small reservoir and its purchase will be a pointless waste of money

This problem is solved by installing a heat accumulator, which will accumulate heat in the tank at times of increased activity. Then, when the wood burns out and the boiler goes into passive standby mode, the buffer will transfer the collected energy, which will warm up and begin to circulate through the system, heating the room bypassing the cooled appliance.

Reservoir for electrical system

Electric heating equipment is a rather expensive option, but it is sometimes installed, and, as a rule, in conjunction with a solid fuel boiler.

Usually they are installed where other sources of heat are not available due to objective reasons. Of course, with this heating method, electricity bills increase significantly and home comfort costs owners a lot of money.

The buffer tank must be installed directly next to the heating boiler. The equipment has substantial dimensions and in a private house you will have to allocate a special room for it. The system will fully pay for itself within 2-5 years

In order to reduce electricity costs, it is advisable to use the equipment to the maximum during the preferential tariff period, that is, at night and on weekends.

But such an operating mode is possible only if there is a capacious buffer tank, where the energy generated during the grace period will accumulate, which can then be spent on heating and supplying hot water to residential premises.

Do-it-yourself energy storage device

Maximum simple model You can make a heat accumulator with your own hands from a ready-made steel barrel. If you don’t have one at your disposal, you will have to purchase several sheets of stainless steel with a thickness of at least 2 mm and weld them into a container of a suitable size in the form of a vertical cylindrical tank.

It is not recommended to use a Eurocube to make a heat accumulator. It is designed for contact with coolant having an operating temperature of up to + 70 ºС and simply will not withstand hotter liquids

DIY Guide

To heat the water in the buffer, you will need to take a copper tube with a diameter of 2-3 centimeters and a length of 8 to 15 m (depending on the size of the tank). It will have to be bent into a spiral and placed inside the tank.

The battery in this model will be top part barrels. From there you need to remove the outlet pipe for the hot water outlet, and make the same one from below for the cold water inlet. Each outlet should be equipped with a tap to control the flow of liquid into the accumulation zone.

In an open heating system, a steel rectangular tank can be used as a buffer tank. IN closed system this is excluded due to possible surges in internal pressure

At the next stage, you need to check the container for leaks by filling it with water or lubricating it welds kerosene. If there is no leak, you can proceed to creating an insulating layer that will allow the liquid inside the tank to remain hot for as long as possible.

How to insulate a homemade unit?

To start outer surface containers must be thoroughly cleaned and degreased, and then primed and painted with heat-resistant paint powder paint, thus protecting against corrosion.

Then wrap the tank with glass wool insulation or rolled basalt wool 6-8 mm thick and secure it with cords or regular tape. If desired, cover the surface with sheet metal or “wrap” the tank in foil film.

You should not use extruded polystyrene foam or polystyrene foam for insulation. With the onset of cold weather, these materials may harbor mice looking for a warm place to live during the winter.

Holes for outlet pipes should be cut in the outer layer and the container should be connected to the boiler and heating system.

The buffer tank must be equipped with a thermometer, internal pressure sensors and an explosion valve. These elements allow you to control potential overheating of the barrel and relieve excess pressure from time to time.

Accumulated resource consumption rate

It is impossible to accurately answer the question of how quickly the heat accumulated in the battery is consumed.

How long it will work on a resource collected in a buffer tank directly depends on such items as:

• actual volume of storage capacity;
• level of heat loss in the heated room;
• outside air temperature and current time of year;
• set values ​​of temperature sensors;
• useful area of ​​the house that needs to be heated and supplied with hot water.

Heating of a private house in a passive state of the heating system can be carried out from several hours to several days. At this time, the boiler will “rest” from the load and its working resource will last for a longer period of time.

Rules for safe operation

Do-it-yourself heat accumulators at home are subject to special requirements security:

1. Hot tank elements must not come into contact with or otherwise come into contact with flammable or explosive materials or substances. Ignoring this point may cause a fire in individual objects and a fire in the boiler room.
2. A closed heating system requires constant high pressure coolant circulating inside. To ensure this point, the tank structure must be completely sealed. Additionally, its body can be reinforced with stiffening ribs, and the lid on the tank can be equipped with durable rubber gaskets that are resistant to intense operating loads and elevated temperatures.
3. If the design contains an additional heating element, its contacts must be very carefully insulated, and the tank must be grounded. In this way, it will be possible to avoid electric shock and short circuit, which can damage the system.

If these rules are followed, the operation of a self-made heat accumulator will be completely safe and will not cause any problems or hassle for the owners.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Installing a heat accumulator for a home heating system is very profitable and economically justified. The presence of this unit reduces labor costs for lighting the boiler and allows you to add a heating resource not twice a day, but only once.

The fuel consumption required for correct operation is significantly reduced heating equipment. The heat produced is used in optimal mode and is not wasted. Costs for heating and hot water supply are reduced, and living conditions become more convenient, comfortable and enjoyable.

Tell us about how you installed the heat accumulator on your boiler. Share the technological details of the process and your impressions of the efficiency of the device. Please leave comments in the block below, post photos, and ask questions about controversial issues.

The main objectives of the design and installation of the system autonomous heating are comfort in the home and trouble-free operation. Therefore, those people who believe that to achieve comfort it is enough to simply install a boiler and connect it to the heating system are mistaken.

And this mistake lies in the fact that sooner or later any boiler, even the best quality, can fail. Moreover, this most often happens at the height of the heating season, when the operating mode of the equipment is most intense. How can you insure yourself in such a case?

There are several options:

• Have a regular stove in your home that is in working order.
• Have two boilers, one of which, with a lower power, is used only in an emergency.
• Include in the heating system a device that allows you to accumulate thermal power during operation of the boiler, capable of maintaining the temperature of the coolant at the proper level when it stops for a sufficiently long time.

The first option is good for those houses that previously had stove heating, and then were equipped with their own boiler room. It is unlikely that anyone will build a stove in a new house, for which heating from a boiler was initially provided. The second option is used infrequently, but has a right to life. Usually the main one here is a solid fuel and gas unit, and the backup one is an electric boiler of not too high power, used exclusively as a backup heat source.

But the third option from the point of view of reliability is the most optimal. Such a device is called a heat accumulator and is most often used in systems equipped with periodic boilers. Most often, these are solid fuel boilers (which need to be loaded with fuel several times a day) and electric units, which are profitable to turn on only at night (if electricity is cheaper at night).

What is a heat accumulator (TA)

A heat accumulator is a reservoir of a certain (rather large) capacity filled with a coolant (usually water). The tank must be well insulated from external environment. At the same time, during operation of the boiler, due to the high heat capacity of water, the coolant is heated throughout the entire volume of the tank. Due to this, a large reserve of thermal power is created, ensuring stable operation of the heating system and hot water supply (if available) during the entire period of boiler downtime. Moreover, the reason for the downtime is not important - it could just be a break between fireboxes or an accident.

Even if the tank volume is sufficient, big house able to last up to 2 days. At the same time, the temperature in it will drop by only 2-3 degrees. This is the most obvious and understandable advantage of having a heat accumulator in the home heating system. In fact, its capabilities are much wider. Indeed, in fact, it significantly increases the volume of coolant in the heating system circuit. At the same time, its indicators such as heat capacity and inertness also increase.

That is, the system warms up more slowly, absorbing more energy, but it also cools down for a very long time, maintaining the temperature in the house even when the boiler is not working.

There are a number of situations in which the presence of a heat accumulator in the system greatly simplifies and reduces the cost of achieving the desired results.

Fuel burns best when the boiler is operating at maximum power. But in spring and summer this power is clearly excessive. And the presence of a water tank will allow you to quickly heat the water in it to the desired temperature and stop the combustion process, saving fuel and time for servicing the boiler.

Solid fuel boilers have a minimum power during ignition; as the fuel burns, it reaches a maximum, and then drops again. This mode is not very useful for the operation of the heating system - the temperature of the coolant in it constantly fluctuates. The presence of a heat accumulator allows you to maintain the temperature in the system at an optimal level.

If the system has several sources of heating the coolant, and one of them is a solid fuel boiler, then connecting the others becomes very difficult. A coolant reservoir allows you to organize such connections easily and at low cost.

If it is necessary to organize hot water supply in the house, then you have to install an additional heat exchanger in the boiler or use an indirect heating boiler. All this negatively affects the operation of the heating system. And here a large tank of hot water makes it easy to get out of the situation.

Thus, the TA is a decoupling unit between the heating circuit and the boiler, allowing minimal costs implement various additional functions.

To do this, you need to build on the following data:

• heating unit power;
• the time during which the coolant in the heat exchanger must warm up;
• the time for which the thermal power accumulated in the reservoir should be enough to cover the heat loss of the house.

For correct selection it is necessary to know the thermal power of the heater.

It is calculated using the formula:

Q = m × C × (T2 – T1),

• where m is the mass of the coolant (depending on the volume of the heat exchanger), kg;
• WITH - specific heat coolant;
• T2 – T1 is the difference between the final and initial water temperatures. Usually it is taken equal to 40 degrees.

One ton of water, when cooled by 40 degrees, releases 46 kWh of heat.

If you want to switch the boiler to periodic operation, for example, only to night or day mode, then the power of the boiler should be enough to heat the house for the remaining time.

Let's give an example. Suppose you use a solid fuel boiler that operates only in daytime within 10 hours. In this case, the heat loss of the house is 5 kW, then per day 5 × 24 = 120 kW*h of thermal power will be required to maintain the heating function. The TA will be used for 14 hours. This means that it should accumulate: 5 × 14 = 70 kWh of heat. If the coolant is water, then its weight should be 70: 46 = 1.52 tons. With a margin of 15% this will be 1.75 tons, then the volume of the heat exchanger should be approximately 1.75 cubic meters. m.

Do not forget that the boiler power should be sufficient to produce 120 kWh of energy in 10 hours of operation. That is, its power must be at least 120: 10 = 12 kW.

If the heater is used only for the safety of the heating system in case of an accident, then the reserve of thermal power in it should be enough for 1-2 days. That is, the power reserve must be at least 120 - 240 kWh. Then the volume of TA will be: 240: 46 = 5.25 cubic meters. m.

These are approximate calculations, but they allow you to get a rough idea of ​​TA parameters.

There are simpler ways to calculate the volume of TA:

• The volume is equal to the area of ​​the room in meters multiplied by 4. For example, a house has an area of ​​120 square meters. m. Then the volume of the tank should be: 120 × 4 = 480 l.
• The boiler power is multiplied by 25. For example, the boiler has a power of 12 kW, then the volume of the tank will be 12 × 25 = 300 liters.

You can make a reservoir for heating the coolant yourself or purchase a ready-made one. Self-production is associated with difficulties in taking into account the characteristics and features of future equipment. Not only the price of the issue will depend on this, but also the performance of the TA, as well as its durability.

The main operating parameters of heat accumulators are:

• Weight, volume and dimensions. The volume of the tank is selected according to the power of the boiler. But the larger its volume, the more economically the system as a whole will operate. A large heat exchanger will take longer to heat up, but the time between firing the boiler will also increase. If the tank is too large according to calculations and does not fit into the allocated room, then you can use several smaller containers.
• Pressure in the heating system. The thickness of the TA walls, as well as the shape of its bottom and lid, depend on this value. If the pressure in the system is no more than 3 bar, then the most common heat accumulators can be used. If the operating pressure is in the range of 4-8 bar, then you need to choose tanks with torispherical lids. Such equipment will cost more.
• The material from which the tank is made. Most often this is standard carbon steel coated with waterproof paint. But if possible, it is better to choose a stainless steel tank. It is more resistant to additives contained in the coolant and corrosion.
• Maximum fluid temperature.
• Availability of installation additional equipment: heating elements, built-in heat exchanger for connection to the hot water supply system, additional heat exchangers for organizing connection to other heat carrier heating sources.

How to install a heat storage tank

The simplest installation method is a vertically located TA, into the walls of which there are 4 pipes embedded, two on each side. Each pair is spaced vertically. On one side, the upper pipe is connected to the supply line of the boiler unit, and on the other, to the supply branch of the heating system. Below, on the corresponding sides of the tank, there are pipes connected to the return lines of the boiler and the heating circuit.

The return pipelines of the boiler and heating circuit are equipped with circulation pumps.

After loading fuel into the boiler and achieving stable combustion, turn on the circulation pump, supplying water from the bottom of the heat exchanger to its heating zone. At the same time, in parallel, hot coolant used for heating the premises is supplied to the heating unit through the upper pipe.

In this case, active mixing of cold and hot water in the tank does not occur - this is prevented by the different densities of water at different temperatures.

After the fuel burns out, the tank is filled with water at the required temperature. After this, the circulation pump of the heating circuit is turned on, which pumps heated water through the system. Due to the fact that the coolant enters the system through the upper pipe, and the water spent in the system and already cooled enters from below, mixing of layers of water of different temperatures does not occur, and TA long time supplies water at the required temperature to the system.

Types of TA depending on design

Depending on the functional purpose, all heat accumulators are divided into the following types:

• Empty - with direct connection of circuits. In such a system, no heat exchangers are used, and the separation of cold and hot water is ensured only by the difference in their density. Homemade TAs usually have exactly this design.
• With built-in boiler. Inside the main tank there is an additional container designed to heat water. DHW systems.
• With internal heat exchanger. This model allows you to separate coolants in the circuits of the boiler and heating system. The separation of liquids is ensured by the walls of the heat exchanger.

What does the heating equipment market offer?

Our market has products from well-known foreign companies:

• Buderus (Germany) - produces universal TAs that can be used to work with solid fuel boilers of any other brands. The tanks are made of carbon steel and equipped with insulation from a layer of foam plastic 100 mm thick.
• Hajdu is a Hungarian product that is attractive due to its good price-quality ratio. The thickness of the insulation layer is also 100 mm.
• Lapesa is a Spanish company that produces heat accumulators not only for household, but also industrial purposes. For thermal insulation of tanks, polyurethane foam is used, which ensures extremely low heat loss.
• NIBE (Sweden) - produces models that allow the use of various coolant heating units (heat pump or solar collector). The thermal insulation of the tanks is a layer of polystyrene foam 80 mm thick.
• S-TANK is a Belarusian product. Is different high quality And affordable price. Can work with low quality water. Has anti-corrosion protection in the form of an enamel layer.
• GOPPO are Russian heat accumulators for heating systems, designed for pressures of 3 and 6 bar. They have 30 mm thick polyethylene foam insulation.

Choosing a heating system for the heating system of a private home is a responsible matter. If the heating installation is carried out by a specialized company, then you don’t have to worry about the correct selection of heating equipment. If you decide to do this yourself, then try to take into account all the listed parameters and choose a tank with at least a small reserve of volume.

Solid fuel boiler systems cannot operate for a long time without human intervention, who must periodically load firewood into the firebox. If this is not done, the system will begin to cool down and the temperature in the house will drop. In the event of a power outage when the furnace is fully ignited, there is a danger of boiling of the coolant in the jacket of the unit and its subsequent destruction. All these problems can be solved by installing a heat accumulator for heating boilers. It will also be able to perform a protection function cast iron installations from cracking due to sudden temperature changes in the supply water.

Connecting a solid fuel boiler with a heat accumulator

Calculation of the buffer tank for the boiler

The role of the heat accumulator in the overall heating scheme is as follows: during normal operation of the boiler, accumulate thermal energy, and after the firebox has died down, give it to the radiators for a certain period of time. Structurally, a heat accumulator for a solid fuel boiler is an insulated water container of rated capacity. It can be installed both in the furnace room and in a separate room of the house. It makes no sense to place such a tank outside, since the water in it will cool much faster than inside the building.

Given the availability free space in a house, the calculation of a heat accumulator for a solid fuel boiler in practice is done as follows: The capacity of the tank is taken from the ratio of 25-50 liters of water per 1 kW of power required to heat the house. To more accurately calculate the buffer capacity for the boiler, it is assumed that the water in the tank will heat up to 90 ⁰C during operation of the boiler installation, and after turning off the latter, it will release heat and cool down to 50 ⁰C. For a temperature difference of 40 ⁰C, the values ​​of heat given off at various volumes tank are presented in the table.

Table of heat output values ​​for different tank volumes

Even if there is space in a building to install a large tank, it does not always make sense. It should be remembered that a large number of The water will need to be heated, then the power of the boiler itself should initially be 2 times greater than what is needed to heat the home. A tank that is too small will not perform its functions, as it will not be able to accumulate enough heat.

The selection of a heat accumulator for a solid fuel boiler is influenced by the availability free space in room. When purchasing a large storage tank, you will need to provide a foundation, since equipment with a significant mass cannot be placed on ordinary floors. If, according to calculations, a tank with a volume of 1 m3 is required, and there is not enough space for its installation, then you can purchase 2 products of 0.5 m3 each, placing them in different places.

Heat accumulator for solid fuel boiler

Another point is the presence of a hot water supply system in the house. In the case where the boiler does not have its own water heating circuit, it is possible to purchase a heat accumulator with such a circuit. Of no small importance is the value of the operating pressure in the heating system, which residential buildings traditionally should not exceed 3 Bar. In some cases, the pressure reaches 4 Bar if a powerful home-made unit is used as a heat source. Then the heat accumulator for the heating system will have to be selected in a special design - with a torispherical cover.

Some factory hot water accumulators are equipped with an electric heating element installed in the upper part of the tank. This technical solution will not allow the coolant to completely cool down after the boiler is stopped; the upper zone of the tank will be heated. There will be a supply of hot water for household needs.

Simple switching circuit with mixing

The storage device can be connected to the system according to different schemes. The simplest connection of a solid fuel boiler with a heat accumulator is suitable for working with gravity coolant supply systems and will operate in the event of a power outage. To do this, the tank must be installed above the heating radiators. The circuit includes a circulation pump, a thermostatic three-way valve and check valve. At the beginning of the heating cycle, water, driven by the pump, flows through the supply pipe from the heat source through a three-way valve to heating devices. This continues until the supply temperature reaches certain value, for example, 60 ⁰С.

At this temperature, the valve begins to mix cold water into the system from the lower pipe of the tank, maintaining the set outlet temperature of 60 ⁰C. Through the upper pipe, directly connected to the boiler, heated water will begin to flow into the tank, and the battery will begin to charge. When the wood in the firebox is completely burned, the temperature in the supply pipe will begin to drop. When it drops below 60 ⁰C, the thermostat will gradually shut off the supply from the heat source and open the flow of water from the tank. That, in turn, will gradually fill up cold water from the boiler and at the end of the cycle the three-way valve will return to its original position.

The check valve, connected in parallel to the three-way thermostat, comes into operation when the circulation pump stops. Then the boiler with the heat accumulator will work directly, the coolant will go to the heating devices directly from the tank, which will be replenished with water from the heat source. In this case, the thermostat does not take part in the operation of the circuit.

Hydraulic split circuit

Another, more complex connection scheme involves an uninterrupted supply of electricity. If this cannot be ensured, then it is necessary to provide for connection to the network through an uninterruptible power supply. Another option is to use diesel or gasoline power plants. In the previous case, the connection of the heat accumulator to the solid fuel boiler was independent, that is, the system could operate separately from the tank. In this scheme, the battery acts as a buffer tank (hydraulic separator). A special mixing unit (LADDOMAT) is built into the primary circuit, through which water circulates when the boiler is ignited.

Connecting a heat accumulator to a solid fuel boiler

Block elements:

• circulation pump;
• three-way thermostatic valve;
• check valve;
• sump;
• Ball Valves;
• temperature control devices.

Differences from the previous scheme - all devices are assembled into one block, and the coolant goes into the tank, and not into the heating system. The operating principle of the stirring unit remains unchanged. This connection of a solid fuel boiler with a heat accumulator allows you to connect as many heating branches as you like at the outlet of the tank. For example, to power radiators and floor or air heating systems. Moreover, each branch has its own circulation pump. All circuits are separated hydraulically, excess heat from the source is accumulated in the tank and used when necessary.

Advantages and disadvantages

Heating system with a heat accumulator, in which the heat source is solid fuel installation, has a lot of advantages:

• Increasing comfortable conditions in the house, since after the fuel is burned, the heating system continues to heat the house with hot water from the tank. No need to get up in the middle of the night and load a portion of firewood into the firebox.
• The presence of the container protects the boiler water jacket from boiling and destruction. If the electricity is suddenly turned off or the thermostatic heads installed on the radiators turn off the coolant because the desired temperature has been reached, the heat source will heat the water in the tank. During this time, the electricity supply may be restored or the diesel generator will be started.
• Feed excluded cold water from the return pipeline into the hot cast iron heat exchanger after the circulation pump suddenly turns on.
• Heat accumulators can be used as hydraulic separators in a heating system (hydraulic arrows). This makes the operation of all branches of the circuit independent, which provides additional savings in thermal energy.

The higher cost of installing the entire system and the requirements for equipment placement are the only disadvantages of using storage tanks. However, this investment and inconvenience will be followed by minimal operating costs in the long run.

This is exactly the kind of heating in our houses - we wouldn’t install anything bad for ourselves.

My team and I installed the same heating system in more than 60 houses.

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Thermal accumulator and night electricity tariff are the most profitable and cheapest system after main gas.

All other heating options are wood pallets, wood boilers, diesel fuel - in any case they turn out to be more expensive. And you need to bother with them, constantly making sure that there is firewood or gas.

Here is a diagram of my heating system.

rice. storage tank in the heating system

What we have?

From the heat accumulator through the heat head (the temperature can be adjusted), the coolant is supplied to the floors. Here I also have a coil wound, which removes heat from the heat accumulator, and from it, from the coil, the coolant goes to the floors.

Accordingly, my heat accumulator is heated due to heating elements, i.e. electricity. And plus, if there is not enough heat, I also connect a wood-burning boiler (but over 4 winters I fired it at most 10 times, and then purely for the sake of maintaining its functionality, I ran the pumps, cleaned the chimney with fire, etc.)

As for main gas, why don’t I use it?

I have two pipes running along my property. But the owners set very high prices for connections. One asks for 800 thousand rubles, the other 1.1 million rubles. This is not serious at all.

I did the math and it turned out that such a connection would pay for itself in 66 years. That is, the pipes are not public, but private.

That is, if connecting to gas costs 300,000 rubles (I also include the gas project, bringing gas into the house, connecting it to your heating system), then there is probably some logic. So that it pays off for you (and then it will pay off for you for 20 years).

Now let's return to the heating system of a frame house using a heat accumulator and a night electricity tariff.

In what cases is this relevant?

➤ First - and most importantly - good insulation your house. A correctly done project and insulation in the walls is 150-200 mm, and in the ceiling 200-250 mm of basalt wool.

➤ The second is the availability of dedicated electrical power. You must have a minimum of 15 kW. That is, if you have a category of land for permanent residence, then power engineers by default provide you with a power of 15 kW in three phases. It's enough.

➤ The third parameter is the availability of a night tariff. If you, for example, connect to the Moesk system, they will offer you a night tariff (from 11 pm to 7 am) by default.

We will use this tariff to the maximum, when electricity is three times cheaper than during the day.

When is the best time to install and install a home heating system?

It is best to think about this at the design stage of your home. Because a heating system with a heat accumulator works most efficiently in conjunction with heated floors.

I have seen when a heat accumulator is used in conjunction with radiators. But the downside is that the heat accumulator is a large capacity. It is quite difficult to heat it; it requires a lot of power. And in principle, it can be heated to 80-85 ºС, and your radiator will remove all this in 3-4 hours. And by evening the house will get cold.

The inability to use relatively inexpensive natural gas as an energy source for heating homes forces homeowners to look for other acceptable solutions. So, in regions where there are no special problems with the preparation or purchase of firewood, they come to the rescue solid fuel boilers. It also happens that the only alternative is electrical energy. In addition, new technologies are increasingly being used that make it possible to direct the energy of solar radiation to heating needs.

All these approaches are not without significant drawbacks. Thus, these include unevenness and pronounced periodicity in the supply of thermal energy. In the case of an electric boiler, the main negative factor there will be a high cost of energy consumed. It is obvious that to significantly increase the efficiency of the heating system, improve the efficiency and uniformity of its operation, and simplify operational operations as much as possible would help by including in the general scheme a special device that would accumulate unclaimed water. this moment thermal energy and release it as needed. This is exactly the function that a heat accumulator performs for.

The main purpose of the heating system heat accumulator

• The simplest heating system with a solid fuel boiler has a pronounced cyclical operation. After loading firewood and igniting it, the boiler gradually reaches maximum power, actively transferring thermal energy to the heating circuits. But as the load burns out, the heat transfer begins to gradually decrease, and the coolant distributed through the radiators cools down.

It turns out that during the period of peak heat production it may remain unclaimed, since a customized heating system equipped with thermostatic control will not take in excess. But during the period when the fuel burns out and, moreover, when the boiler is idle, there will be a clear lack of thermal energy. As a result, part of the fuel potential is simply wasted, but at the same time, the owners have to load firewood quite often.

To a certain extent, the severity of this problem can be reduced by installing a long-burning boiler, but it cannot be completely removed. The discrepancy between the peaks of heat production and its consumption can remain quite significant.

• In the case of an electric boiler, the high cost of energy consumed comes to the fore, which makes owners think about maximum use equipment during periods of preferential night tariffs and minimizing consumption during the daytime.

Benefits of using differentiated electricity tariffs

With a competent approach to electricity consumption, preferential tariffs can bring very significant cost savings. This is described in detail in a special publication on the portal dedicated to.

An obvious solution arises - to accumulate thermal energy at night in order to achieve minimal consumption during the day.

• The periodicity of thermal energy generation is even more pronounced in the case of using solar collectors. Here there is a dependence not only on the time of day (at night the intake is generally zero).

Heating peaks on a bright sunny day or in cloudy weather cannot be compared. It is clear that it is impossible to directly make your heating system dependent on the current “whims” of nature, but you also don’t want to neglect such a powerful additional source of energy. Obviously some kind of buffer device is required.

These three examples, with all their diversity, are united by one common circumstance - a clear discrepancy between the peaks of thermal energy production and its rational, uniform use for heating needs. To eliminate this imbalance it serves special device, called a heat accumulator (thermal storage, buffer tank).

Prices for heat accumulators Hajdu

heat accumulator Hajdu

The principle of its operation is based on the high heat capacity of water. If a significant volume of it is heated to the required level during the period of peak thermal energy supply, then for a certain period this accumulated energy potential can be used for heating needs. For example, if we compare thermophysical indicators, just one liter of water, when cooled by 1°C, can warm up a cubic meter of air by as much as 4°C.

The heat accumulator is always a volumetric reservoir with effective external thermal insulation, connected to the heat source circuit(s) and heating circuits. The simplest scheme It's better to look at an example:

The simplest heat accumulator (TA) in design is a vertically located volumetric tank, into which from two opposite sides Four pipes are embedded. On the one hand, it is connected to the circuit (KTT), and on the other, to the heating circuit distributed throughout the house.

After loading and igniting the boiler, the circulation pump (Nk) of this circuit begins to pump coolant (water) through the heat exchanger. Cooled water enters the boiler from the lower part of the TA, and heated water arrives into the upper part. Due to the significant difference in the density of cooled and hot water, there will be no active mixing in the tank - during the combustion of the fuel fill, the heat exchanger will gradually be filled with hot coolant. As a result, if the parameters are correctly calculated, after the stored fuel has completely burned out, the container will be filled with hot water, heated to the calculated level. All potential energy of the fuel (minus, of course, the inevitable losses reflected in the efficiency of the boiler) is converted into heat, which is accumulated in the heating element. High-quality thermal insulation allows you to maintain the temperature in the tank for many hours, and sometimes even days.

Stage two – the boiler is not working, but the heating system is functioning. Using the heating circuit's own circulation pump, coolant is pumped through pipes and radiators. The intake is made from above, from the “hot” zone. Intensive independent mixing is again not observed - for the reason already mentioned, and hot water enters the supply pipe, cooled water returns from below, and the tank gradually releases its heat in the direction from bottom to top.

In practice, during the heating process of the boiler, the selection of coolant into the heating system, as a rule, does not stop, and the heating system will only accumulate excess energy, which currently remains unclaimed. But with the correct calculation of the parameters of the buffer tank, not a single kilowatt of thermal energy should be wasted, and by the end of the boiler firing cycle, the TA should be “charged” to the maximum extent.

It is clear that the cyclical operation of such a system with an installed electric boiler will be tied to preferential night rates. The control unit's timer will turn the power on and off at fixed time in the evening and in the morning, and during the day the heating circuits will be powered only (or mainly) from the heat accumulator.

Design features and basic connection diagrams for various heat accumulators

So, a heat accumulator is always a volumetric vertical cylindrical tank, which has highly effective thermal insulation and is equipped with pipes for connecting heat generation and consumption circuits. But the internal design may vary. Let's consider the main types of existing models.

Main types of heat accumulator designs

1 – The simplest type of TA design. This implies a direct connection of both heat sources and consumption circuits. Such buffer tanks are used in the following cases:

• If the boiler and all heating circuits use the same coolant.
• If the maximum permissible coolant pressure in the heating circuits does not exceed that of the boiler and the heating unit itself.

In cases where the requirement cannot be met, the heating circuits can be connected through additional external heat exchangers

• If the temperature in the supply pipe at the outlet of their boiler does not exceed the permissible temperature in the heating circuits.

However, this requirement can also be bypassed when installing mixing units with three-way valves on circuits that require a lower temperature difference.

2 – The heat accumulator is equipped with an internal heat exchanger located in the lower part of the tank. The heat exchanger is usually a spiral made of steel stainless pipe, regular or corrugated. There may be several such heat exchangers.

This type of TA is used in the following cases:

• If the pressure and achieved temperature of the coolant in the heat source circuit significantly exceed the permissible values ​​for the consumption circuits and for the buffer tank itself.
• If there is a need to connect several heat sources (according to the bivalent principle). For example, a solar system (solar collector) or a geothermal heat pump comes to the aid of the boiler. Moreover, the lower the temperature pressure of the heat source, the lower its heat exchanger should be placed in the heat exchanger.
• If different types of coolant are used in the heat source and consumption circuits.

Unlike the first scheme, this heat exchanger is characterized by active mixing of the coolant in the container - heating occurs in its lower part, and less dense hot water tends upward.

The diagram in the center of the HA shows a magnesium anode. Due to the lower electrical potential, it “pulls” ions of heavy salts onto itself, preventing scale from overgrowing the internal walls of the tank. Subject to periodic replacement.

3 – The heat accumulator is supplemented with a flow-through hot water supply circuit. Cold water enters from below, supply to the hot water tap point, respectively, from below. Most of the heat exchanger is located in the upper part of the heat exchanger.

This scheme is considered optimal for conditions where hot water consumption is sufficiently stable and uniform, without pronounced peak loads. Naturally, the heat exchanger must be made of metal that meets food water consumption standards.

The rest of the scheme is similar to the first one, with direct connection of heat generation and consumption circuits.

4 – Inside the heat accumulator there is a tank to create a supply of hot water for domestic consumption. In fact, this scheme resembles a built-in indirect heating boiler.

The use of such a design is fully justified in cases where the peak of thermal energy production by the boiler does not coincide with the peak of hot water consumption. In other words, when the current household structure in the house involves massive, but rather short-term consumption of hot water.

All of the listed schemes can vary in various combinations - the choice of a specific model depends on the complexity of the heating system being created, the number and type of body sources and consumption circuits. Please note that most heat accumulators have many outlet pipes spaced vertically.

The fact is that with any scheme, a temperature gradient (difference in temperature pressure in height) is formed one way or another inside the buffer tank. It becomes possible to connect heating system circuits that require different temperature conditions. This greatly facilitates the final thermostatic control of heat exchange devices (radiators or underfloor heating), with minimal unnecessary energy losses and reduced load on the control devices.

Typical connection diagrams for heat accumulators

Now we can consider the basic schemes for installing heat accumulators in a heating system.

Illustration	Brief description of the scheme
	The temperature and pressure are the same in the boiler and in the heating circuits. The coolant requirements are the same. A constant temperature is maintained at the boiler outlet and in the heat exchanger. On heat exchange devices, adjustment is limited only to a quantitative change in the coolant passing through them.
	The connection in the heat accumulator itself, in principle, repeats the first diagram, but the adjustment of the operating modes of the heat exchange devices is carried out according to a qualitative principle - with a change in the temperature of the coolant. For this purpose, thermostatic mixing units, for example, three-way valves, are included in the circuit. This scheme allows the most rational use of the potential accumulated by the heat accumulator, that is, its “charge” will last for a longer time.
	This scheme, with coolant circulation in a small boiler circuit through a built-in heat exchanger, is used when the pressure in this circuit exceeds the permissible limit in heating devices or in the buffer tank itself. The second option is that different coolants are used in the boiler and in the heating circuits.
	The initial conditions are similar to scheme No. 3, but an external heat exchanger is used. Possible reasons for this approach: - the heat exchange area of ​​the built-in “coil” is not enough to maintain the required temperature in the body accumulator. – previously a heat exchanger had already been purchased without an internal heat exchanger, and the modernization of the heating system required exactly this approach.
	Scheme with the organization of flowing hot water through a built-in spiral heat exchanger. Designed for uniform consumption of hot water, without peak loads.
	This scheme, using a heat accumulator with a built-in tank, is designed for peak hot water consumption, but not highly positive. After using up the created reserve and, accordingly, filling the container with cold water, heating to the required temperature can take quite a long time.
	A bivalent circuit that allows you to use an additional source of thermal energy in the heating system. In this case, the option with connecting a solar collector is shown in a simplified manner. This circuit is connected to the heat exchanger at the bottom of the heat accumulator. Typically, such a system is designed in such a way that the main source is the solar collector, and the boiler is turned on as needed, for reheating, when there is insufficient energy from the main one. The solar collector, of course, is not a dogma - there may be a second boiler in its place.
	A scheme that can be called multivalent. In this case, the use of three sources of thermal energy is shown. The role of the high-temperature boiler is played by the boiler, which, again, can only play an auxiliary role in the overall heating scheme. Solar collector - similar to the previous diagram. In addition, another low-temperature source is used, which, at the same time, is stable and independent of the weather and time of day - a geothermal heat pump. The lower the temperature pressure from the connected energy source, the lower the location of its connection to the heat accumulator.

Of course, the diagrams are given in a very simplified form. But in fact, connecting a heat accumulator to complex, branched systems, with different heating circuits, and even receiving heat from sources of different power and temperature, requires highly professional design with thermal engineering calculations, using many additional control devices.

One example is shown in the figure:

1 – solid fuel boiler.

2 – electric boiler, which turns on only as needed and only during the period of validity of the preferential tariff.

3 – special mixing unit in the high-temperature boiler circuit.

4 – solar station, solar collector, which on fine days can act as the main source of thermal energy.

5 – heat accumulator, to which all heat generation and consumption circuits converge.

6 – high-temperature heating circuit with radiators, with adjustment of modes according to the quantitative principle - only using shut-off valves.

7 – low temperature circuit heating - “warm floor”, which necessarily provides for high-quality regulation of the heating temperature of the coolant.

8 – flow-through hot water supply circuit, equipped with its own mixing unit for high-quality regulation of the temperature of domestic hot water.

In addition to all of the above, the heat accumulator can have its own electric heaters – heating elements – built into it. Sometimes it is beneficial to maintain a given temperature with their help without, for example, once again resorting to unscheduled lighting of a solid fuel boiler.

Special additional heating elements can be purchased separately - their mounting thread is usually adapted to the connection sockets available on many models of heat accumulators. Naturally, connecting electrical heating will require the installation of an additional thermostatic unit, which will ensure that the heating elements are turned on only when the temperature in the heater drops below the level set by the user. Some heaters are already equipped with a built-in type of this type.

Prices for S-Tank heat accumulators

Thermal accumulator S-Tank

Video: Recommendations from a specialist for creating a heating system with a solid fuel boiler and heat accumulator

What to consider when choosing a heat accumulator

Of course, it is recommended to select a heat accumulator at the stage of designing a home heating system, guided by the calculation data of specialists. However, circumstances vary, and you still need to know the basic criteria for evaluating such a device.

• The capacity of this buffer tank will always come first. This value is calculated in accordance with the parameters of the system being created, the power of the boiler, the required amount of energy for heating needs, and hot water supply. In a word, the container must be such as to ensure the accumulation of all currently excess heat, preventing its loss. Some rules for calculating capacity will be discussed below.
• Naturally, the dimensions of the product and its weight directly depend on the capacity. These parameters are also decisive - it is not always possible and not everywhere to place a heat accumulator of the required volume in a dedicated room, so the issue must be thought through in advance. It happens that large volume tanks (over 500 liters) do not fit through standard doorways (800 mm). When estimating the mass of TA, it must be taken into account together in the entire volume of water of a completely filled device.
• The next parameter is the maximum permissible pressure in the heating system being created or already functioning. A similar TA indicator should be, in any case, no lower. This will depend on the thickness of the walls, the type of material used, and even the shape of the container. So, in buffer tanks, designed for pressures above 4 atmospheres (bar), usually the upper and lower covers have a spherical (toroidal) configuration.

• Material for making the container. Carbon steel tanks with anti-corrosion coating are cheaper. Stainless steel containers are, of course, more expensive, but their warranty period is also much longer.
• Availability of additional built-in heat exchangers for heating or hot water supply circuits. Their purpose has already been mentioned above - models are selected depending on the overall complexity of the heating system.
• Availability additional options– the possibility of embedding heating elements, installing instrumentation, safety devices – safety valves, air vents, etc.
• The thickness and quality of the external thermal insulation of the TA body must be assessed so that you do not have to deal with this issue yourself. The better the tank is insulated, the longer the “thermal charge” will naturally be stored in it.

Features of installation of heat accumulators

Installing a heat accumulator requires compliance with certain rules:

• All connected circuits must be connected with threaded couplings or flanges. Welded joints are not allowed.
• The connected pipes must not exert any static load on the TA pipes.
• It is recommended to install shut-off valves on all pipes connected to the TA.
• Visual temperature monitoring devices (thermometers) are installed at all used inputs and outputs.
• There should be a drain valve at the lowest point of the TA or on the pipe in close proximity to it.
• Filters are installed on all pipes entering the heat accumulator mechanical cleaning water - “mud collectors”.
• Many models have a pipe on top for connecting an automatic air vent. If there is none, then the air vent must be installed on the uppermost outlet pipe.
• A pressure gauge and a safety valve are to be installed in the immediate vicinity of the heat accumulator.
• Making any independent changes to the design of the heat accumulator that are not specified by the manufacturer is strictly prohibited.
• Installation of TA should be carried out only in a heated room, eliminating the possibility of freezing of the liquid.
• A tank filled with water can have a very significant mass. The platform must be able to withstand such a high load. Often for these purposes it is necessary to add a special foundation.
• No matter how the heat accumulator is installed, free access to the inspection hatch must be ensured.

Carrying out simple calculations of heat accumulator parameters

As mentioned above, a comprehensive calculation of a heating system with several circuits for the production and consumption of thermal energy is a task that can only be accomplished by specialists, since many diverse factors have to be taken into account. But certain calculations can be carried out on your own.

For example, the house is installed. Its power generated at full fuel load is known. The combustion time of a full load of firewood was determined experimentally. You are planning to purchase a heat accumulator, and you need to determine how much volume is required to ensure that all the heat generated by the boiler is effectively used.

Let's take the well-known formula as a basis:

W = m × c × Δt

W- the amount of heat required to heat a mass of liquid ( m) with a known heat capacity ( With) by a certain number of degrees ( Δt).

From here it is easy to calculate the mass:

m = W / (s × Δt)

It wouldn’t hurt to take into account the boiler efficiency ( k), since energy losses are inevitable one way or another.

W = k× m × c × Δt, or

m = W / (k × c × Δt)

Now let's look at each of the values:

• m – the desired mass of water, from which, knowing the density, it will be easy to determine the volume. It would not be a big mistake to calculate from the calculation 1000 kg = 1 m³.
• W– excess amount of heat generated during the boiler firing period.

It can be defined as the difference in the energy values ​​generated during the combustion of the fuel deposit and spent during the same period on heating the house.

The maximum boiler power is usually known - this is the nameplate value designed for optimal water solid fuel. It shows the amount of thermal energy generated by the boiler per unit of time, for example, 20 kW.

Any owner always knows quite accurately how long it takes for his fuel fill to burn out. Let's say it will be 2.5 hours.

Next, you need to know how much energy can be spent heating the house at this time. In a word, it is necessary to determine the thermal energy needs of a particular building to ensure comfortable living conditions.

This calculation, if the value required power unknown, you can do it yourself - there is a convenient algorithm for this, given in a special publication on our portal.

How to independently carry out thermal calculations for your own home?

Information about the amount of thermal energy required for heating a house is often in demand - when choosing equipment, arranging radiators, when carrying out insulation works. The reader can get acquainted with the calculation algorithm, including a convenient calculator, by opening the publication dedicated to it using the link.

For example, heating a house requires 8.5 kW of energy per hour. This means that in 2.5 hours of combustion of the fuel filler the following will be obtained:

20 × 2.5 = 50 kW

During the same period the following will be spent:

8.5 × 2.5 = 21.5 kW

W = 50 – 21.5 = 28.5 kW

• k– Efficiency of the boiler installation. Usually indicated in the product passport as a percentage (for example, 80%) or decimal (0,8).
• With– heat capacity of water. This is a tabular value that is equal to 4.19 kJ/kg×°C or 1.164 Wh/kg×°C or 1.16 kW/m³×°C.
• Δt– the temperature difference by which the water must be heated. It can be determined experimentally for your system by measuring the values ​​on the supply and return pipes when the system is operating at maximum power.

Let's assume that this value is

Δt = 85 – 60 = 35 °C

So, all the values ​​are known, and all that remains is to substitute them into the formula:

m = 28500 / (0.8 × 1.164 × 35) = 874.45 kg.

The same approach can be applied if the volume of a heat accumulator connected to is calculated. The only difference is that for the calculation it is not the heating time that is taken, but the time interval of the preferential tariff, for example, from 23.00 to 6.00 = 7 hours. To “unify” this value, it can be called, for example, “boiler activity period.”

To simplify the task for the reader, below is a special calculator that will allow you to quickly calculate the recommended volume of a heat accumulator for an existing (planned for installation) boiler.