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Some users may need to parse a word by letters and sounds, in other words, what in linguistics is called “phonetic parsing of a word.” To carry out this analysis, it is necessary to adhere to a certain plan with a template sequence of actions, which differs quite insignificantly in different techniques. IN this material I will talk about how you need to parse words into letters and sounds, and explain the sequence of steps to carry out such an analysis.

Parsing a word by sounds and letters allows you to determine the number of sounds and letters used in the word, the specific stress in the word being parsed, identify vowels and consonants, and create a transcription of the word.

Despite the fact that the specifics of phonetic analysis are studied in school, many people feel a lack of knowledge when performing such an operation. And this is not surprising, because such analysis presupposes knowledge of the relevant rules of phonetics, in accordance with which this or that point of this analysis is implemented.

Phonetic analysis plan

When starting a phonetic analysis of a word, first of all, clearly pronounce the word out loud in order to auditorily designate and separate the entire set of sounds it contains.

The phonetic analysis plan involves the following steps:

• Spell the word correctly. Pay attention to the corresponding spelling (i.e. the correct spelling of the word according to the corresponding rule);
• Divide the word into syllables, write down their number;
• Find the stress point in the word ();
• Note the possibility of word hyphenation;
• Perform a phonetic transcription of the word (recording the sounds in the word, i.e. how the word is pronounced correctly). When writing a transcription of a word, make sure it matches the actual sound of the word. Remember that transcription is written using square brackets;
• Describe in order all the sounds in the word.

If this individual sound is a vowel, then determine whether it is voiced or voiceless, paired or unpaired, soft or hard, and what letter it is designated by.

If the sound is a vowel, then indicate whether it is a stressed or unstressed sound.

Pay attention to the sounds pronounced in the so-called. " weak positions": for example, these are hissing consonants, a combination of vowels or dissonants, unpaired consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness, or in terms of hardness and softness;

Schematic diagram for dividing sounds during parsing

• Count the number of letters and sounds;
• Note specific cases where the sound does not correspond to the letter.

Moreover, when performing such parsing, words can be used various elements graphical analysis.

Examples of parsing words by letters and sounds

Let's sort it out for clear example Few words:

The word "ice"

This word consists of two syllables: (1) ice - (2) ka . The second syllable can be transferred.

The emphasis falls on the letter “and”.

Transcription of the word is [l`d`i nka].

Let's look at the sounds in the word:

l – [l`] – consonant sound, voiced, soft, unpaired;

ь – soft sign;

d – [d`] – consonant, voiced, soft, paired;

And – [And] – vowel, stressed;

n – [n] – consonant, voiced, hard, unpaired;

To – [k] – consonant, voiceless, hard, paired;

A – [a] – vowel, unstressed.

The word includes 6 sounds and 7 letters (of which 2 are vowels and 4 are consonants).

The word "Carrot"

The word consists of two syllables: (1)mor - (2)kov. It is possible to transfer another syllable.

The stress falls on the sound “o” in another syllable - mor-kov.

Let's look at the sounds in the word:

m – [m] – consonant, voiced, hard, unpaired;

o – [a] – vowel, unstressed;

p – [p] – consonant, voiced, hard, unpaired;

k – [k] – consonant, voiceless, hard, unpaired;

o – [o] – vowel, stressed;

in – [f’] – consonant, voiceless, soft, paired

ь is a soft sign.

The word includes 7 letters, 6 sounds.

The best services for phonetic analysis of words online

Also, several domestic online network tools will help us decompose a word into letters and sounds, namely:

Conclusion

It is necessary to sort words into sounds and letters using a template plan, the implementation of the points of which is impossible without knowledge of the corresponding phonetic rules. If you are experiencing difficulties in phonetically parsing a word, I recommend using the functionality of the corresponding network services (level phoneticonline.ru), which will help you quickly analyze words by letters and sounds online.

In contact with

In a word online:
1. 2 syllables (o-nlaine, on-laine);
2. stress falls on the 2nd syllable: online

• 1st option

1 ) Transcription of the word “online”: [ʌnla j❜н].

LETTER/ [SOUND]				SOUND CHARACTERISTICS
O	-	[ʌ]	-	vowel, unstressed; see below § 32.
n	-	[n]	-	acc., hard (boys) , The sound [n] is pronounced softly only before soft [t❜], [d❜], [n❜], [ch❜], [sh ❜].
l	-	[l]	-	acc., hard (boys) , ringing (unpaired), sonorant. The sound [l] is an unpaired voiced sound, so it is pronounced the same way as it is written.Before letters A, O, at, uh, s syllables paired in terms of hardness and softness are always pronounced firmly.
A	-	[A ]	-	vowel, percussion; see below § 15.
th	-		-	acc., soft (unpaired), ringing (unpaired), sonorant. Deaf people do not voice before sonorants (see V.N. Musatov, p. 73). Below see § 69.
n	-	[n]	-	acc., hard (boys) , ringing (unpaired), sonorant. At the end of a word, sound replacement occurs only in voiced pairs.At the end of the word, all consonants, except unpaired soft ones ([ch❜], [ш❜], [й❜]), are pronounced firmly.

6 letters, 6 sounds

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PRONUNCIATION RULES 1

§ 15

§ 15. Letter A denotes the stressed vowel [a] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of a word: act, á rka, á ly; b) after vowels: zahat, poahat; c) after hard consonants: there, dam, myself, din, you, poppy, tank, marriage, step, toad, prank, pity; d) after soft hissing [h] and [sch]: hour, head, swing, mercy.

§ 32

§ 32. In the 1st pre-stressed syllable, after hard consonants, except for the vowels [s] and [y], and at the beginning of the word, except for the vowels [i] and [y] (about them, see §§ 5-13), it is pronounced vowel [a]. The vowel [a] in this position is denoted in writing by the letter i or o.

Thus, in place of the letters a and o, the vowel [a] is pronounced: 1) after hard consonants: a) gardens, gifts, mala, plow, old man, grass; naughty, shalash, fry, hot, reign, scratch; b) water (pronounced [wada]), leg (pronounced [naga]), thunderstorm (pronounced [graza]), fields (pronounced [pal❜ á ]), seas (pronounced [mar❜ á ]), tables (pronounced [ became ]), fruits (pronounced [pladý ]), please (pronounced [prashú ]), went (pronounced [pashó l]), driver (pronounced [shaf❜ ó r), juggler (pronounced [jangle❜ ó r]); 2) at the beginning of the word: a) pharmacy, Armenian, arshin, accord, barn; b) window (pronounced [aknó]), one (pronounced [adin]), cucumber (pronounced [agú rchik]), aspen (pronounced [ası́ ny]), dress (pronounced [adé t❜ ]) .

The vowel [a] of the 1st pre-stressed syllable is somewhat different from the stressed [a]: when pronounced, the lower jaw is less pubescent, the opening of the mouth is narrower, the back of the back of the tongue is slightly raised. Therefore, with a more accurate transcription, these sounds should be distinguished, for example, to denote the unstressed [o], use the sign Λ, preserving the letter a for the stressed [a]: [voda] (water). In this dictionary-reference book, the letter a is used to denote both unstressed [a] (more precisely [Λ], and [a] stressed.

§ 69

§ 69. The consonants [ch], [sch], [zh❜ zh❜], [th] are only soft. For the sounds [h] and [uh] in Russian graphics there are special letters h And sch: Wed chin, chan, forelock, cheln (pronounced [choln]), niello, shit, pike, silk (pronounced [shcho lk]), sliver, squeak. However, the consonant [ш] is also indicated in writing by the combinations сч, зч and some others (about this, see § 124): count (pronounced [schot], cabbie (pronounced [cabman]).

1 Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; Ed. R.I. Avanesova. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. lang., 1988. - 704 pp.

Phonetic analysis is sound analysis words. To do it right phonetic analysis, we need to differentiate between the sounds and letters of our speech.

A sound is the smallest sound unit of a syllable.
Letters are signs that represent sounds in writing.

Sound is what we hear and pronounce.
A letter is what we see and write.

When written in a word, there may not be a quantitative relationship between sounds and letters (yama - three letters, and four sounds y-a-m-a). In some words, we do not pronounce all the sounds that, when written, are indicated by the corresponding letters (in the word honest, the sound indicated by the letter T is not pronounced) or we pronounce a different sound (in the word request we pronounce the sound [Z], but write S), etc. Such inconsistencies are determined by the rules of spelling and spelling.

Vowel sounds in phonetic analysis

Vowels are sounds in the formation of which the voice is most involved, and the exhaled air during their formation, without encountering obstacles, comes out easily through the mouth.

There are six vowel sounds - [a, o, y, e, s, and], but in writing they are designated by ten letters - a, o, y, e, s, i, e, e, yu i. The last four letters are called compound vowels, as they represent two sounds at the same time: e-[ye], yo-[yo], yu-[yu], i-[ya]. Examples: go-hat, hedgehog-zhik, spinning top-la, pit-ma. In the Russian language, native Russian words do not begin with the letter y. The letter th is called non-syllabic, or semi-vowel, in transcription it is designated as (in primary school designation as [th] is acceptable).

A, O, U, Y, E are letters that give the previous consonant the command: “Read firmly!”, but the sounds [ch’], [sch’] are always soft:
sleep [dream], smoke [smoke], thicket [ch'ash'a], clock [ch'asy].

I, Yo, Yu, I, E are letters that give the previous consonant the command: “Read softly!” (indicate the softness of the previous consonant), but the sounds [zh], [sh], [ts] always remain hard: mint [m'ata], grater [t'orka], muesli [m'usl'i], chalk [m 'el], forest [l'es], fat [zhyr], width [shyr'], number [digit].

The letters Ya, Yo, Yu, E are iotized. They can make one or two sounds, depending on their position in the word.
I, Yo, Yu, E stand after consonants, they indicate the softness of the previous consonant (except for the always hard ones [zh], [sh], [ts]) and give one vowel sound: I - [a], ё - [o], yu - [y], e - [e]: Ball [m'ach], turn [t'orn], tulle [t'ul'], foam [p'ena].

Ya, Yo, Yu, E give two sounds: a consonant [th’] and the corresponding vowel, if they stand
at the beginning of the word: pit [y’ama], fir tree [y’olka], spinning top [y’u la], spruce [y’e l’];
after vowels: lighthouse [may'ak], sings [pay'ot], sing [pay'ut], ate [pay'el];
after the dividing signs b and b: trees [d’ir’ev’y’a], volume [aby’om], blizzard [vy’uga], exit [sy’est].

The letters Ya, Yo, Yu, E are not used in transcription. The sounds [e], [e], [yu], [ya] do not exist.
The letter I after b denotes two sounds: whose [ch'y'i], fox [lis'y'i]
[th’] - consonant, always voiced, always soft sound.

Note:

The letters Ya, Yo, Yu, E are iotized. If these letters come after consonants, then they make one sound:

I - [a], E - [o], Yu - [u], E - [e]: Linen - [l’on] - 3 letters, 3 sounds.

If these letters are at the beginning of a word, after vowels and separating signs b and b, then they make 2 sounds:

I - [y'a], Yo - [y'o], Yu - [y'u], E - [y'e]: Yolka - [y' o lka] - 4 letters, 5 sounds. Sings [pay'o t] - 4 letters, 5 sounds.

The letter I after b denotes two sounds: whose [ch'y'i], fox [lis'y'i];
after the consonants Ж, Ш, Ц it gives the sound [s]: clamp [clamp], tires [shyny], circus [circus];
the vowel O under stress gives the sound [o], and without stress [a]: Kotik - [kot ‘and k], starlings - [s quarts];
the vowel E under stress gives the sound [e], and without stress [i]: forest [l’es], forestA [l’isA] (see fox [l’isA]), spring [v’isna];
In some foreign words before the vowel E, the consonant is pronounced firmly: cafe [cafe], compartment [kupe], sweater [sweater], hotel [atel’];
the vowel I under stress gives the sound [a], and without stress [e], [i]: ball - [m'ach'], rowan - [r'eb'ina], stain - [p'itno].

Consonant sounds in phonetic analysis

Consonants are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or with noise alone. The air leaving the lungs encounters various obstacles in the oral cavity. There are only 20 consonant letters. Based on the participation of the voice in their formation, they are divided into voiced and voiceless. There are 10 voiced consonants and 10 voiceless consonants in the Russian language.

Voiced - b, c, d, d, g, z, r, l, n, m
Voiceless - p, f, k, t, sh, s, x, c, h, sch

In order to determine whether a consonant is voiced or voiceless, the child covers his ears with his palms and pronounces this sound. If a child hears a voice when pronouncing, then it is a voiced consonant. If he hears not a voice, but noise, then this consonant is deaf.

The first six voiced and voiceless consonants are paired consonants, since they are formed with the same articulation. Given the known positions of these paired consonants in a word, they are easily replaced by one another. For example, at the end of words, instead of a voiced one, a voiceless consonant is pronounced, paired with the voiced one.

We pronounce: [sat], [bread], [drizzle], and write: garden, bread, frost. Before voiced sounds, a voiced consonant is pronounced instead of a voiceless consonant. We say [koz"ba], but we write mowing.

Paired consonants are easy to remember, knowing that the voiced ones are the first consonants in the alphabet - b, c, d, d, g, z.

The remaining 4 voiced - r, l, n, m and 4 voiceless - x, ts, ch, sh are unpaired consonant sounds and are not replaced by one another.

Among the consonants are distinguished 4 hissing ones - w, h, sh, shch.

All consonants, except sibilants and ts, can be both hard and soft.

Solid: [b], [c], [g], [d], [g], [h], [k], [l], [m], [n], [p], [r], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [w].
Soft: [b'], [c'], [g'], [d'], [z'], [th'], [k'], [l'], [m'], [n' ], [p'], [p'], [s'], [t'], [f'], [x'], [h'], [w'].

During phonetic analysis soft sounds are indicated by [‘].

Was, ball - the consonants b, l in these words are hard. Bili - the consonants b, l in this word are pronounced softly.

Usually the softness of a consonant sound is easily distinguished by ear.

The softness of the consonant is created by additional articulation - raising the middle part of the tongue to the hard palate. At the end of words, the softness of consonants is heard even more clearly, since it often serves as a means of distinguishing the meaning of the word: became - steel, was - reality, become - stan, fry - heat.

The consonant c and the sibilant consonants zh, sh in the Russian language are always hard, the sibilants ch, shch are always soft.

After c, a soft sign is never written (finger, well, cucumber), and after hissing zh, sh, and also ch, shch, a soft sign is sometimes placed, but not to indicate the softness of the preceding consonant, but to indicate various grammatical forms of words - gender , numbers, part of speech designations (night, mouse, cut, clouds).

The softness of consonants (except sibilants) in writing is indicated in two ways:

1) placing ь after a consonant at the end of a word or in the middle of it between two consonants - steel, day, reality, dictionary, dove, skates, hemp, money, rural, letter;
2) placing after the consonant the letters i, e, e, yu, i; before these letters, all consonants (except for hissing ones and “ts”) are pronounced softly, although their softness is not heard as clearly by ear as before a soft sign - beat, bureau, uncle, less often, gray.

In some words with two consonants, if the first of them is pronounced softly, after it it is written ь - very much, request, threshing, marriage, etc.
In other words, although the softness of the first consonant is heard, ь (soft sign) is not written - early, mason, tip.
In addition to softening consonants, the soft sign is also used to separate sounds when it stands between a consonant and a vowel (family, blizzard, beat)

b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, zh-sh, z-s - paired consonants according to voiced-voicelessness.
l, m, n, r, th - unpaired voiced consonants.
x, ts, ch, sh - unpaired voiceless consonants.
ch, sch, th - always soft consonants.
zh, sh, ts - always hard consonants.
zh, sh, h, sh - hissing.

Note:

consonants paired in deafness/voicing at the end of a word, before a deaf consonant, are pronounced deafly (deafened): mushroom - [gr’ and p], shop - [l a f k a];

J, Ch, Shch - [th’], [h’], [sh’] - always soft;
Zh, Sh, Ts - [zh], [sh], [ts] - always hard;

If there are several consonants nearby in a word, then in some words the sounds [v], [d], [l], [t] are not pronounced (unpronounceable consonants), but the letters v, d, l, t are written: feeling [h' Ustva], sun [sOntse], heart [s'Ertse], joyful [radasnyy'].

The combination of STN is pronounced as [sn], ZDN - [zn]: star - [zv’ozny y’], ladder - [l’es ‘n’itsa].

Sometimes, in place of the letter G before a voiceless consonant, the sounds [k], [x] are pronounced: claws - [k o k t’i], soft - [m’ ah ‘k’ and th’];

sometimes the letter C at the beginning of a word before a voiced consonant is voiced: did - [z’ d’ e l a l].

Between the root and the suffix before soft consonants, consonants can sound soft: umbrella - [z o n’ t ‘i k];
sometimes the letter N denotes a soft consonant sound before the consonants Ch, Sh: cup - [s t a k a n’ ch’ and k], changer - [sm’e n’ sh’ and k];

Double consonants are located
after a stressed vowel, they give a long sound: grUpa [group:a], vAnna [van:a];
before a stressed vowel, then a regular consonant sound is formed: millOn [m'il'iOn], accord [akOrt], alleya [al'Ey'a];
combinations TSYA, TTSYA (for verbs) are pronounced as long [ts]: shave - [br’its:a];
sometimes the combination of CHN, CHT is pronounced like [sh]: of course - [kan ‘ eshna], boring - [skushna], that - [sh t o], so that - [shtoby];
the letter Ш and combinations of letters СЧ, ЗЧ, ЖЧ indicate the sound [ш']: sorrel [sch 'av 'el'], happy [sch 'aslivy'], cabman [izvoshch 'ik], defector [p 'ir 'ib' Esh 'ik];
at the endings of adjective names OGO, ITS consonant G is pronounced as [v]: white - [b’ E l a v a].

Soft and hard signs in phonetic analysis

b and b do not indicate sounds, but they affect the pronunciation of the word, and therefore the transcription.

Soft sign

• serves to indicate the softness of consonants: mole [mol’], only [only];
• acts as separator(like the hard sign b) after the consonants before the letters e, e, yu, i, and, suggesting the appearance of the sound [y’]: blizzard [v’y’uga], hare [zay’ach’y’i];
• indicates the grammatical form of the word without affecting the pronunciation: quiet [t’ish], only [l’ish], take care [b’er’ech’].

The hard sign Ъ does not denote sounds; it separates the prefixes into a consonant before the letters E, Ё, Yu, I, freeing the sound [й’]: detour [aby’est’, rise [pady’om].

Syllable during phonetic analysis

A syllable is a part of a word that is pronounced with one impulse of exhaled air from the lungs and in which there is only one vowel letter, for example: go-lo-va, extreme, mo-ya, gorod-skoy, gorod-ska- I.

There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels.

To determine the number of syllables in a word, you need to place your open palm under your chin and clearly pronounce the word. On vowels, the chin will hit the palm. Count the number of such beats and find out the number of syllables.

A word can have one syllable or several. Each syllable always has only one vowel, but there may be no consonants at all (mo-ya - the second syllable does not have a consonant), there may be several. Consonants are adjacent to vowels according to the convenience of their pronunciation.

Accent

Stress is the pronunciation of one of the syllables of a word with greater force. This is a sound accent. Usually there is one sound stress in a word, but in difficult words There may be two of them (cafe-restaurant, commercial and industrial).

The stress in Russian can be on any syllable on the first, second, third, etc. That is why it is called free (kni"ga, paper"ga, perede"lka).

The stress can be either moving or constant. Constant stress is always placed on the same syllable (longing, longing, longing). Movable stress moves from one syllable to another (head, heads, head).

Stress in the Russian language not only performs a pronunciation function (i.e., indicates how the word should be pronounced correctly), but can simultaneously indicate various semantic meaning words (already and already, fall asleep and fall asleep, at home and at home).

Phonetic analysis of the word

Phonetic analysis of a word is carried out according to the following plan:

1. Write down the word.
2. Record the transcription.
3. Place emphasis.
4. Divide the word into syllables. Count and write down their number.
5. Write down all the letters of this word in a column, one below the other. Count and write down their number.
6. Write to the right of each letter, in square brackets, the sound that the letter represents.
7. Describe the sounds: Vowel, stressed or unstressed. Consonant, voiceless or voiced, paired or unpaired; hard or soft, paired or unpaired.
8. Count and write down the number of sounds.
9. Sometimes it is necessary to explain spelling features (spelling rules).

Sample phonetic analysis:

his [th "i-vo] - 2 syllables
e- [th"] consonant, voiced unpaired, soft unpaired
[and] vowel, unstressed
g- [v] consonant, voiced pair, hard pair
o-[o] vowel, stressed
3 letters 4 sounds

nightingale [sa|la|v"ya] -3 syllables
s [s] - consonant, voiceless pair, hard pair
o [a] - vowel, unstressed
l [l] - consonant, voiced unpaired, hard paired
o [a] - vowel, unstressed
in [v’] - consonant, voiced pair, soft pair
b [-]
[th’] - consonant, voiced unpaired, soft unpaired
I
[а́] - vowel, stressed.
7 letters, 7 sounds.

holiday; [prá|z’n’ik] - 2 syllables
p [p] - consonant, voiceless pair, hard pair
р [р] - consonant, voiced unpaired, hard paired
a [a] - vowel, stressed
z [z’] - consonant, voiced pair, soft pair
d [-]
n [n’] - consonant, voiced unpaired, soft paired
and [and] - vowel, unstressed
k [k] - consonant, voiceless pair, hard pair
8 letters, 7 sounds

In phonetic analysis, they show the correspondence of letters and sounds by connecting letters with the sounds they denote (with the exception of the designation of hardness/softness of a consonant by the subsequent vowel letter). Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the letters denoting two sounds, and to the sounds denoted by two letters. Particular attention should be paid to the soft sign, which in some cases indicates the softness of the preceding paired consonant (and in this case, like the preceding consonant letter, it is combined with a consonant sound), and in other cases does not carry a phonetic load, performing a grammatical function. Remember that b, Ъ, E, Ё, Yu, I are letters and cannot be included in the transcription.

Students should be able to do not only complete (presented above), but also partial phonetic analysis, which is usually carried out as a “background”, additional task to the vocabulary dictation, parsing offers, etc.

The main difficulties are caused by the correct recording of the transcription of a word. Close your eyes and say the word as you usually say it in your conversation, but slowly. This will be the transcription. Highlight sounds that are pronounced softly, find sounds that do not correspond to letters. Identify the letters that correspond to 2 sounds. And then, with some experience, you will be able to easily record the transcription of any owl.

Tasks to consolidate the topic

The following types of exercises may be suggested:
find words in which:
– the number of letters is greater than sounds;
– the number of letters is less than sounds;
– all consonant sounds are voiced (voiceless, hard, soft);
– there is a sound [b"] (or any other, the detection of which requires the use of certain skills);
– the sound side of which is somehow correlated with their semantics (for example: rustling, whispering, screeching, rumble, thunder, drum, etc.).

Do you know why Russian is so difficult for foreigners to learn? Especially those whose languages ​​are not at all similar to Russian? One of the reasons is that about our language you can’t say that words can be written the way they are heard. We say “MALAKO”, but we remember that the word must be written with 3 letters O: “MILKO”.

This is the simplest and most obvious example. And, as a rule, no one thinks about what transcription (that is, a graphic recording of sounds) of the words that are most familiar to us looks like. To learn to understand what sounds words are made of, schools and even universities perform such a task as phonetic analysis of a word.

It is not easy for everyone, but we will help you understand and successfully cope with it in class and when preparing homework.

Phonetic analysis of the word- a task aimed at parsing a word into letters and sounds. Compare how many letters it has and how many sounds it has. And find out that the same letters in different positions can mean different sounds.

Vowels

There are 10 vowel letters in the Russian alphabet: “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “y”, “ya”, “e”, “yu”, “e”, “i”.

But there are only 6 vowel sounds: [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i]. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” consist of two sounds: vowel + y. They are written like this: “e” = [y’+e], “e” = [y’+o], “yu” = [y’+y], “i” = [y’+a]. And they are called iotized.

Remember that in transcription “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” are not always decomposed into two sounds. But only in the following cases:

1. when words appear at the beginning: food [y’eda], ruff [y’orsh], skirt [y’upka], pit [y’ama];
2. when they come after other vowels: moi [moi'em], moe [mai'o], wash [moi'ut], warrior [vai'aka];
3. when they come after “ъ” and “ь”: pedestal [p’y’ed’estal], drinks [p’y’ot], drink [p’y’ut], nightingale [salav’y’a].

If “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” appear in a word after soft consonants, they can be confused with [a], [o], [y], [e]: ball [m'ach'] , honey [m'ot], muesli [m'usl'i], branch [v'etka]. They denote one sound in a position after consonants and under stress.

Not under stress “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” give the sound [i]: rows [r’ida], forest [l’isok]. In other cases, the letter “I” without stress can be pronounced as [e]: quagmire [tr’es’ina].

Another interesting thing about the relationship between “ь” and vowels: if after a soft sign in a word there is a letter “i”, it is pronounced as two sounds: streams [ruch’y’i].

But after the consonants “zh”, “sh” and “ts” the letter “i” gives the sound [s]: reeds [reeds].

The vowels “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “s” indicate the hardness of consonant sounds. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” indicate the softness of consonant sounds.

By the way, in many words with the vowel “е” the emphasis always falls on it. But this rule does not work for borrowed words (amoebiasis) and complex words (such as trinuclear).

Consonants

There are 21 consonants in the Russian language. And these letters form as many as 36 sounds! How is this possible? Let's figure it out.

Thus, among the consonants there are 6 pairs according to the voicing of deafness:

1. [b] - [p]: [b]a[b]ushka – [p]a[p]a;
2. [v] - [f]: [v] water - [f] plywood;
3. [g] - [k]: [g]voice – [cow];
4. [d] - [t]: [d’] woodpecker - [t]ucha;
5. [f] - [w]: [f’]life – [sh]uba;
6. [z] - [s]: [z’]ima – o[s’]en.

This is interesting because paired sounds are represented by different letters. Such pairs do not exist in all languages. And in some, for example, Korean, paired deaf and ringing sounds are designated by the same letter. Those. the same letter is read as a voiced or unvoiced sound depending on its position in the word.

There are also 15 pairs of hardness and softness:

1. [b] - [b’]: [b]a[b]glass – [b’]tree;
2. [v] - [v’]: [v]ata – [v’]fork;
3. [g] - [g’]: [g]amak – [g’]idrant;
4. [d] - [d’]: [d]ozh[d’];
5. [z] - [z’]: [z] gold – [z’] yawn;
6. [k] - [k’]: [k]ust – [k’]bist;
7. [l] - [l’]: [l]swallow – [l’]istik;
8. [m] - [m’]: [m]a[m]a – [m’]iska;
9. [n] - [n’]: [n]os – [n’]yuh;
10. [p] - [p’]: [p]archa – [p’]i [p’]etka;
11. [r] - [r’]: [r]lynx – [r’]is;
12. [s] - [s’]: [s] dog – [s’] herring;
13. [t] - [t’]: [t]apok – [t’]shadow;
14. [f] - [f’]: [f] camera - [f’] fencing;
15. [x] - [x’]: [x] hockey – [x’] ek.

As you can see, the softness of the sounds is ensured by the letter “b” and the soft consonants that come after the consonants.

There are unpaired consonant sounds in the Russian language that are never voiceless:

• [y’] – [y’]od;
• [l] – [l]ama;
• [l’] – [l’]eika;
• [m] – [m]carrot;
• [m’] – [m’] muesli;
• [n] – [n]osoceros;
• [n’]– [n’] bat;
• [r] – [r]daisy;
• [r’] – [r’] child.

To make it easier to remember all the voiced sounds, you can use the following phrase: “We didn’t forget each other”.

As well as unpaired sounds, which, in turn, are never voiced. Try reading the words from the examples out loud and see for yourself:

• [x] – [x]orek;
• [x'] - [x']surgeon;
• [ts] – [ts]apple;
• [h’] – [h’] person;
• [sch’] – [sch’] bristles.

Two phrases will help you remember which sounds remain deaf in any situation: “Styopka, would you like some soup?” - “Fi!” And “Fokka, do you want to eat some soup?”.

If you carefully read the examples given above, you probably already noticed that some consonants in the Russian language are never soft:

• [g] - [g]bug and even [g]acorn;
• [sh] - [sh]uba and [sh]ilo are read equally firmly;
• [ts] - [ts] scratch and [ts]irk - the same thing, the sound is pronounced firmly.

Remember that in some borrowed words and names “zh” is still soft [zh’]: jury [zh’]juri, Julien [zh’]julien.

Similarly, in the Russian language there are consonants that are never pronounced firmly:

• [th’] – [th’] ogurt;
• [h’] – [h’]chirp and [h’]asy – the sound is equally soft;
• [sch'] - [sch']cheek and [sch']fingers - similar: no matter what vowel comes after this consonant, it is still pronounced softly.

Sometimes in some textbooks the softness of these sounds is not indicated by an apostrophe during transcription - since everyone already knows that these sounds are not hard in the Russian language. It is also often customary to denote “sch” as [w’:].

Remember also that the consonants “zh”, “sh”, “ch”, “sch” are called hissing.

Phonetic analysis plan

1. First you need to spell the word correctly in terms of spelling.
2. Then divide the word into syllables (remember that there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it), designate the stressed syllable.
3. The next point is the phonetic transcription of the word. You don’t have to transcribe the word right away - first try saying it out loud. If necessary, speak several times until you can say with certainty which sounds need to be recorded.
4. Describe all vowel sounds in order: identify stressed and unstressed sounds.
5. Describe all consonant sounds in order: identify paired and unpaired sounds by voicedness/dullness and hardness/softness.
6. Count and write down how many letters and sounds there are in the word.
7. Note those cases in which the number of sounds does not correspond to the number of letters and explain them.

In written phonetic analysis, sounds are written from top to bottom in a column, each sound is enclosed in square brackets -. At the end, you should draw a line and write down the number of letters and sounds in the word.

Special transcription characters

Now about how to correctly designate sounds during transcription:

• [ " ] – this is how the stressed vowel in the main stressed syllable is designated (O"sen);
• [`] - this is how a side (minor) sub-stressed vowel sound is designated: usually such a sub-stressed syllable is located at the beginning of a word, found in compound words and words with the prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, super-, super-, ex -, vice- and others (`aboutE'many);
• [’] – a sign of softening a consonant sound;
• [Λ] – transcription sign for “o” and “a” in the following cases: position at the beginning of a word, the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a hard consonant (arka [Λrka], king [krol’]);
• – a more “advanced” transcription sign for recording iotated sounds; you can also use [th’].
• [and e] – something in between [i] and [e], used to denote the vowels “a”, “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a soft consonant (blend [bl'i e sleep]) ;
• [ы и] – something between [ы] and [е] or [ы] and [а], used to denote the vowels “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a hard consonant (whisper [shi e ptat '];
• [ъ] – transcription sign for the vowels “o”, “a”, “e” in positions after a hard consonant in a pre-stressed and post-stressed syllable (milk [malloko]);
• [b] – transcription sign for the vowels “o”, “a”, “ya”, “e” in the position after a soft consonant in an unstressed syllable (mitten [var'shka]);
• [–] – a sign indicating the absence of sound in the place of “ъ” and “ь”;
• [ ‾ ]/[ : ] – transcription signs (you can use one or the other of your choice - it will not be a mistake) to indicate the length of consonants (to be afraid [bΛй’ац:ъ]).

As you can see, everything is very difficult with the transcription of letters into sounds. In the school curriculum, as a rule, these complicated and more exact signs transcriptions are not used or are used little. Only with in-depth study of the Russian language. Therefore, it is allowed to use the sounds [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i] and [th’] in phonetic analysis instead of “and with the overtone e” and other complex designations.

Transcription rules

Don't forget also about following rules transcriptions of consonants:

• voicing of voiceless consonants in position before voiced ones (bending [zg’ibat’], mowing [kΛz’ba]);
• deafening of voiced consonants in the position at the end of a word (ark [kΛfch’ek]);
• deafening of a voiced consonant in a position in front of a voiceless one, for example, a voiced “g”, which can turn into voiceless sounds [k] and [x] (nails [nokt’i], light [l’ohk’iy’]);
• softening of the consonants “n”, “s”, “z”, “t”, “d” in the position before soft consonants (kantik [kan’t’ik]);
• softening of “s” and “z” in the prefixes s-, iz-, raz- in the position before “b” (remove [iz’y’at’]);
• unreadable consonants “t”, “d”, “v”, “l” in combinations of several consonant letters in a row: in this case, the combination “stn” is pronounced as [sn], and “zdn” - as [zn] (district [uy 'ezny']);
• combinations of letters “sch”, “zch”, “zsch” are read as [sch’] (accounts [sch’oty]);
• combinations “chn”, “cht” are pronounced [sh] (what [shto], of course [kΛn’eshn]);
• infinitive suffixes -tsya/-tsya are transcribed [ts] (bite [kusats:b]);
• the endings of -ogo/-him are pronounced through the sound [v] (yours [tvy’evo]);
• in words with double consonants, two transcription options are possible: 1) double consonants are located after the stressed syllable and form a double sound (kassa [kas:b]); 2) double consonants are placed before stressed syllable and give the usual consonant sound (million [m'il'ion]).

Now let's look at the phonetic transcription of words using examples. For recording we will use a simplified system of transcription of consonant sounds.

Examples of phonetic transcription of words

1. departure
2. ot-e"zd (2 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
3. [aty'e "st]
4. o - [a] – vowel, unstressed
   t- [t] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
   ъ – [–]
   e - [th’] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (unpaired) and [e] - vowel, stressed
   z - [s] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
   d - [t] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
5. 6 letters, 6 sounds
6. The letter “e” after the separating “b” gives two sounds: [th"] and [e]; the letter “d” at the end of the word is deafened to the sound [t]; the letter “z” is deafened to the sound [c] in the position before the voiceless sound.

One more example:

1. grammar
2. gram-ma"-ti-ka (4 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
3. [gram:at"ika]
4. g – [g] – consonant, voiced (paired), hard (solid)
   р – [р] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
   mm – [m:] – double sound, consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
   a – [a] – vowel, stressed
   t – [t’] – consonant, voiceless (paired), soft (paired)
   k – [k] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
   a – [a] – vowel, unstressed
5. 10 letters, 9 sounds
6. Double consonants “mm” give a double sound [m:]

And last:

1. became
2. sta-no-vi"-lis (4 syllables, stress falls on the 3rd syllable)
3. [stanav'i"l'is']
4. s – [s] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
   t – [t] – consonant, deaf (paired), hard (paired)
   a – [a] – vowel, unstressed
   n – [n] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
   o – [a] – vowel, unstressed
   in – [v’] – consonant, voiced (paired), soft (paired)
   and – [and] – vowel, stressed
   l – [l’] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (paired)
   and – [and] – vowel, unstressed
   s – [s’] – consonant, voiceless (paired), soft (paired)
   b – [–]
5. 11 letters, 10 sounds
6. The letter “o” in an unstressed position produces the sound [a]; the letter “b” does not denote a sound and serves to soften the consonant preceding it.

Instead of an afterword

Well, did this article help you understand the phonetic analysis of words? It is not so easy to correctly write down the sounds that make up a word - there are many pitfalls hidden along this path. But we tried to make the task easier for you and explain all the slippery aspects in as much detail as possible. Now such a task at school will not seem very difficult to you. Don't forget to teach your classmates and show them our helpful instructions.

Uses this article when preparing for lessons and passing the State Exam and Unified State Exam. And be sure to tell us in the comments what examples of phonetic analysis of words you are asked at school.

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Reminder for phonetic analysis of words

What you need to know for phonetic analysis of words in elementary school.
Phonetics- a branch of the science of language in which the sounds of speech are studied.
Letters- These are graphic signs with the help of which speech sounds are indicated when writing.
We pronounce and hear sounds, we see and write letters. When reading words, we see letters and pronounce sounds.
The sounds are vowels and consonants.
Vowel sounds.
When pronouncing vowels, exhaled air comes out of the mouth freely and does not encounter obstacles. Vowel sounds can be sung. They consist only of the voice, which is formed when the vocal cords tremble.
There are 10 vowel letters in the Russian language: A-Ya, O-Yo, U-Yu, Y-I, E-E,
but 6 vowel sounds: [A], [O], [U], [Y], [E], [I].
A, O, U, Y, E are letters that give the previous consonant the command: “Read firmly!”, but the sounds [ch"], [sch"] are always soft:
sleep [sleep], smoke [smoke], thicket [h"ash"a], clock [h"asy].
I, Yo, Yu, I, E are letters that give the previous consonant the command: “Read softly!” (indicate the softness of the previous consonant), but the sounds [zh], [sh], [ts] always remain hard:
mint [m"ata], grater [t"orka], muesli [m"usl"i], chalk [m"el], forest [l"es], fat [zhyr], width [shyr"], number [ number].

The letters Ya, Yo, Yu, E are iotized. They can make one or two sounds, depending on their position in the word.
I, Yo, Yu, E stand after consonants, then they indicate the softness of the previous consonant (except for the always hard ones [zh], [sh], [ts]) and give one vowel sound: I - [a], ё- [o], yu – [y], e – [e]:
Ball [mach], turn [thorn], tulle [tul], foam [pena].
Ya, Yo, Yu, E give two sounds: a consonant [th"] and the corresponding vowel, if they stand
at the beginning of the word: pit [y"ama], fir tree [y"olka], spinning top [y"u la], spruce [y"e l"];
after vowels: lighthouse [may"ak], sings [pay"ot], sing [pay"ut], ate [pay"el];
after the dividing signs b and b: trees [d"ir"ev"y"a], volume [aby"om], blizzard [vy"uga], exit [sy"est].

The letters Ya, Yo, Yu, E are not used in transcription. The sounds [e], [e], [yu], [ya] do not exist.
The letter I after b denotes two sounds: whose [ch"y"i], fox [lix"y"i]
[th"] – consonant, always voiced, always soft sound.
A syllable must include a vowel sound: “As many vowels as there are in a word, there are as many syllables. Every student knows this!”
For babies! To determine the number of syllables in a word, you need to place your open palm under your chin and clearly pronounce the word. On vowels, the chin will hit the palm. Count the number of such beats and find out the number of syllables.
Consonant sounds.
When pronouncing consonants, the exhaled air encounters obstacles (lips, teeth and tongue) in the oral cavity. There are 36 consonant sounds in total.
Consonant sounds are hard and soft, voiced and voiceless.
Voiced
are formed with the help of voice (vocal cords vibrate) and noise.
L, M, N, R, Y - the most voiced consonants (more voice and very little noise in the sound), always voiced.
B, V, G, D, ZH, Z – voiced [b], [c], [d], [d], [g], [z], [b"], [v"], [g" ], [d"], [z"], have paired sounds in terms of voicedness/voicelessness.
The phrase to remember contains all voiced consonants: We didn't forget our friend.
Deaf
pronounced without a voice (without vibration of the vocal cords) and consist only of noise:
P, F, K, T, Sh, S – voiceless [p], [f], [k], [t], [sh], [s], [p"], [f"], [k" ], [t"], [s"] have paired voiced ones;
X, Ts, Ch, Shch – [x], [x’], [ts], [ch’], [sch’] – always voiceless, do not have paired voicedness/voicelessness.
Phrases to remember that contain all voiceless consonants:
“Styopka, would you like some soup?” - “Fi!”
Foka, do you want to eat some soup?
In order to determine whether a consonant is voiced or voiceless, the child covers his ears with his palms and pronounces this sound. If a child hears a voice when pronouncing, then it is a voiced consonant. If he hears not a voice, but noise, then this consonant is deaf.
Solid: [b], [c], [g], [d], [g], [h], [k], [l], [m], [n], [p], [r], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [w].
Soft: [b"], [c"], [g"], [d"], [z"], [th"], [k"], [l"], [m"], [n" ], [p"], [p"], [s"], [t"], [f"], [x"], [h"], [sch"]. During phonetic analysis, soft sounds are indicated by the sign ["].
When pronounced, hard and soft consonants differ in the position of the tongue. It is important to distinguish for correct pronunciation and writing words: mole [mol] - mole [mol"], angle [angle] - coal [angle"], nose [nose] - carried [n"os].

The order of sound-letter parsing of a word
1) How many syllables are there in a word?
2) Which syllable is stressed?
3) Vowel sounds: stressed and unstressed. What sounds are they indicated by?
4) Consonant sounds: voiced and voiceless paired - unpaired, hard and soft paired - unpaired. What sounds are indicated?
5) How many letters and sounds are there in a word?

Phonetic analysis
SAMPLE:
Family – 2 syllables
s - [s"] – cong., deaf., par., soft., par.
e - [i] – v., unverb.
m - [m"] – cong., ringing, unpaired, soft, par.
b –

[a] – v., beat.
__________________________
5 points, 5 stars

You lead– 2 syllables
in - [in"] – acc., ringing, parn., soft., parn.
e - [i] – v., unverb.
d - [d"] – acc., ringing, parn., soft., parn.
ё – [o] – voice, beat.
sh - [sh] – agree., deaf., par., hard., unpaired.
b –
__________________________
6 points, 5 stars

Yakov – 2 syllables
I - [th"] – agree., ringing., unpaired., soft., unpaired.
[a] – v., beat.
k - [k] – agree., deaf., parn., hard., parn.
o – [a] – v., unaccus.
in - [f] – agree., deaf., parn., hard., parn.
__________________________________
4 points, 5 stars