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The only dead language still in active use. Usually languages ​​fall out of use and become dead due to being replaced by other languages. This was the case with the Coptic language, which replaced , the dialects of the indigenous people of America replaced , and . In most cases, dead languages ​​are not used at all and are preserved only in written monuments.

Latin remains active, although in limited use. Other examples of this use are Sanskrit, Avestan and some other languages. There are examples of reviving dead languages, for example, the Manx language.

Latin is the progenitor of the Italian branch of Indo-European languages. Currently Latin is official language, the Order of Malta and the Roman Catholic Church. Many words in European languages ​​and international vocabulary come from Latin.

History of Latin

This language received its name from the Latin tribe from the Latium region, located in the middle of the Apennine Peninsula. According to legend, here are Romulus and Remus in the 8th century BC. e. founded the eternal city. Along with the expansion of the territories of the Roman state, the Latin language also spread. By the 5th century AD, when the Western Roman Empire fell, Latin was the international means of communication throughout the conquered lands of the Mediterranean. The influence was somewhat less in its colonies, in Sicily and the south of the Apennines.

Latin was perhaps the most developed European language of that period, with a rich lexical composition, covering abstract concepts, harmonious grammar, and laconic definitions.

The entire history of Latin is divided into several periods:

• Archaic – VI–IV centuries BC. e.
• Preclassical – III–II centuries BC. e. This is the period of development of the literary form of the language, embodied in the works of Terence, Plautus, and Cato the Elder.
• Golden Age - 1st century BC e. The rise of the Latin language under Emperor Augustus. Classical Latin has become complete, and this is evidenced by the works of Cicero, Horace, Ovid, and Virgil.
• Silver Age – 1st century AD e. Classical Latin was influenced by the languages ​​of the colonies, which resulted in a slight decline in the standards of the literary language.
• Vulgar Latin developed during the Middle Ages. Many new words came into the language; the language of that period is called “kitchen Latin.”
• The era of humanism of the 14th–17th centuries once again brought Latin closer to the “gold standard”. But the gap between classical Latin and its vulgar version was increasingly widening. In Italy of that period, society experienced many evolutionary upheavals and this strengthened the position of the Latin language. The Renaissance elevated Latin to a cult, the language was glorified and studied, treatises were written about it and sung in literary works. At the same time, the simplification of Latin and the translation of books written in this language into Italian are clearly visible.

Latin still remained the language of science, but Galileo Galilei, by his own example, forced scientists to switch to the vernacular. TO XVIII century the use of Latin was narrowed to the fields of science and diplomacy.

The French Revolution was the impetus for the removal of Latin from universities, and now teaching was carried out in new languages. In the 19th century, Latin almost completely fell out of use, remaining a tool for scientific research by classical philologists and physicians. The next century ousted Latin from the Catholic Church after allowing services to be conducted in national languages.

In the modern world, Latin is used by doctors, biologists, and philologists. Most scientific terms came to us from Latin, and it has turned into an international scientific language.

• All modern Romance languages ​​were formed from spoken Latin. Thus, learning Latin allows you to understand several European languages.
• The word "coin" in Latin means "counselor". This was the name of the Roman goddess Juno, near whose temple there were workshops that minted money. Advisor Juno gave the name to metallic money, and in English language money in general – money.
• Latin words always have the same meaning, which makes their use very convenient for scientific terminology.
• Pronunciation of classical Latin and modern language are completely different, but since the language is used mainly in writing, this does not matter.
• Latin is the common ancestor of all Romance languages. However, these languages ​​have significant differences, which is explained by at different times penetration of language into a particular territory. Over time, Latin changed, and local languages, in interaction with Latin, created new forms.
• Traces of Latin in British place names can be seen in the names of cities containing -chester or -castle, which means a fortification or military camp (Manchester, Lancaster, Newcastle, Lincoln, etc.).
• Increased penetration of Latin through European languages began in the time of Peter I. Although in the Old Russian language there were already borrowings directly from Latin, go through: bathhouse, chamber, mint, cherry.

We guarantee acceptable quality, since texts are translated directly, without using a buffer language, using technology

The publication consists of Latin-Russian (approx. 13 thousand words) and Russian-Latin (approx. 15 thousand words) dictionaries. The Latin-Russian dictionary contains the most commonly used vocabulary of the Latin language from both the ancient and medieval periods, which allows it to be used for reading almost any Latin-language literature. The Russian-Latin Dictionary also includes concepts not only of ancient and medieval Latin, but also of modern times and modernity. Therefore, the dictionary will be useful for those who study the language of Caesar and Cicero, Petrarch and Thomas Aquinas, and for those who are trying to create their own Latin texts. For high school and university students studying Latin, for linguists and everyone interested in ancient and modern languages.

The work belongs to the genre Dictionaries. On our website you can download the book "Latin-Russian and Russian-Latin Dictionary" in fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt format or read online. The book's rating is 3.75 out of 5. Here, before reading, you can also turn to reviews from readers who are already familiar with the book and find out their opinion. In our partner's online store you can buy and read the book in paper form.

The second edition of the Latin-Russian Dictionary has been significantly expanded, mainly due to the inclusion of vocabulary from monuments of late Latin. It makes it possible to read and translate all the main works of Roman literature, historical works and legal documents that have survived to this day, as well as the most important works of Christian patristics and some special works written in Latin before the middle of the 7th century AD. e.
All words and examples in the dictionary are provided with an indication of the main authors in whose works they appear.

A, a is the first letter of the Latin alphabet; in abbreviations: A. (Aulus Aulus (praenomen); A. (Augustus) August; A. Augusta; A. (annus) year; A.A.A. (aurum, argentum, aes) gold, silver, copper; a . (antiquo or abdfco) I reject, reject, vote against the new proposal (mark in the written submission of votes in the committees) or (absolvo) justify (mark on the tables in the written vote of the judges, therefore - littera salutari): a.d (ante diem): a. ,d. VIII Kalendas Novembres 7 days before the calendars of November; S (as opposed to M - magister).

I a, ab, (preferably before te) ads praep. sieve 1. space:
1) from, from the surroundings, from: ab urbe Cs. SI etc. from the city, from the city limits; ab Gergovia dis-cedere Cs move away from Gergovia; a sole recedеre With move away from (so as not to obscure) the sun; legati ab Ardea venerunt L ambassadors came from Ardea; distare (or abesse PI etc.) a loco Hirt, L to be at (some) distance (or distance) from (some) place; procul a mari Cs far from the sea; non longe a Syracusis L not far from Syracuse; prope ab Italia L near Italy; a miiibus passuum duobus Cs two thousand steps; a pectore V from the depths of the soul, from (the whole) heart; ad carcferes a calce revocari pogov. To return from the end to the beginning, that is, to start life again; venit a se PI, Teg came from home (from his house); usque aCapitolio The cell of the Capitol itself;

2) from, at, from the side, on, in, to: Gallia attingit flumen Rhenum ab Helvetils Cs Gallia reaches (extends to) the Rhine River at the Helvetian border (from the Helvetians); ab Sequanis Cs from the sequa iove side; a porta Cs at the gate, but also. P1 counting from the gate; a dextro cornu Cs etc." on the right flank (wing); a latere Cs etc. on the side; a fronte Cs etc. in front; a tergo Cs etc. behind; ab occasu et ortfl solis L from the west and from the east (in the west and in the east).

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1 Favēte linguis

"Prosper with tongues" that is, maintain reverent silence.

A ritual formula that accompanied sacrifice among the ancient Romans.

Let me ask you to talk to me about a certain lady or maiden - for this is the only essence - whose name I do not name, for nomina sunt odiosa, favete linguis and this last is a pun, meaning according to Kroneberg [ Latin-Russian and Russian-Latin Lexicon, compiled by Ivan Kroneberg, 7th ed. M., 1870. - author ] favete linguis 1) be silent; 2) speak well... (N. G. Chernyshevsky [Alferyev] (Text of the story “Alferyev”, sent to the Senate as a “sample of rough literary work”).)

Having run two steps up the stairs to the top landing, he addressed the astonished listeners: my Dear friends, favete linguis. In order to tell you the news, I, as logicians teach, must first become familiar with it myself. (Walter Scott, Antiquary.)

2 About the structure of the dictionary

The dictionary consists of individual dictionary entries arranged in alphabetical order.

Homonyms are marked with Roman numerals preceding them. For example,

I comparo - to prepare; II comparo - compare. Words that differ only in the number of vowels are not considered homonyms.

Unlike book dictionaries, this dictionary contains expanded, rather than abbreviated, perfect, supine and infective forms for all verbs. Similarly, for adjectives and pronouns, complete forms for all genders are given. All prefixes are not separated by a hyphen, but are written together.

The dictionary is compiled on the basis of 3 dictionaries attached to the following textbooks for university and gymnasium students:

1. N.L. Katsman, Z.A. Pokrovskaya. Latin language. 6th edition, M., Vlados, 2003.

2. Latin language (edited by V.N. Yarho, V.I. Loboda). 7th edition, M., Higher School, 2004.

3. Ya.M.Borovsky, A.V.Boldyrev. Textbook of the Latin language for university humanities departments. 4th edition, M., Higher School, 1975.

4. A.V.Podosinov, N.I.Schaveleva. Introduction to the Latin language and ancient culture. Tutorial for gymnasiums, lyceums and schools with a humanitarian profile (in 5 parts), M., Progress Publishing Group, 1994.

In addition, the dictionary is supplemented with words given in the textbooks themselves, but not in their dictionaries. When correcting the dictionary we also used:

1. “Latin-Russian Dictionary” (about 20,000 words), compiled by A.M. Malinin, State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, M., 1952.

2. I.Kh. Butler. Latin-Russian dictionary (about 50,000 words), 3rd edition, revised, M., Russian language, 1986.

3 ESSENTIA

Essens - essence; that from which a thing is composed in its species, and due to which it differs from other things; therefore, this is something primary in a thing, the basis of all its properties; that which is first of all comprehended in a thing, that without which a thing cannot exist, the basis and reason for the way in which other things are present in a given thing; the essence is comprehended in the concept of a thing and is revealed in the definition, just as the predicates “reasonable” and “mortal” constitute the essence of man. Consequently, essence is something common, characteristic of all objects, thanks to it various essences are located according to different kinds and species, so humanity is the essence of man; according to Thomas Aquinas (Sum.Theol.1, qa.3, a.3 concl.): "Essence or nature includes only those things that fall under the definitions of genera, just as humanity includes those things that come within the definition man; thanks to which a man becomes a man, and humanity means this, that by which a man is a man,” and further (ibid.q.29, a.2 ad.3): “Essence is what is given in the definition, and the definition, however, includes the principles of species, and not individual principles; that is why, in things composed of matter and form, essence means not only the form, not only the matter, but something composed of matter and form, since they are. principles of childbirth. Translated from Greek to Latin, the problems discussed in this paragraph are called quod quid erat esse and quid est Comp.

4 IDEA

Idea - idea; according to Thomas Aquinas (Sum.Theol.1, q.15, a.1 concl.): "The Greek idea is translated into Latin as form; that is why ideas are understood as the forms of things that exist without the things themselves. But the form of any thing that exists without the thing itself, can exist in two ways: as an example of a thing, which is called a form, or as a principle of knowledge of a thing, according to which the forms of the things known are said to be contained in the knower."

5 lat.

6 auctor

ōris m.[augeo]

A) founder ( Iliacae urbis O) ; creator, creator or culprit (alicujus rei, less often alicui rei, ad aliquid and in aliquā re: vulnĕris V; facinoris VP)

a. beneficii C, O- benefactor

a. mortis O(necis Su) - murderer

a. templi L- architect, temple builder

a. statuarum P.M.- sculptor

a. urbis V- founder of the city

b) inventor or patron

a. lucis O- Apollo

a. citharae Lcn- Mercurius

2) giver, giver ( munĕris O, M)

munera a. quae pretiosa facit pogov.- the giver gives value to the gift

a. rerum Romanarum C- Roman historian

versus sine auctor Su- anonymous poems

legere C(lectitare C, evolvere Su) auctorem - read the writer

bonus a. latinitatis C- exemplary Latin writer

auctorem essay T, Su- narrate, tell

4) champion, supporter ( pacis C)

auctores ad istam sententiam C- supporters of this view

auctores ad liberandam patriam C- zealots of the liberation of the fatherland

a. nominis ejus T- the person after whom this (movement) is named

A) mastermind ( belli L)

a. interficiendi alicujus C- instigator of murder

b) advisor

Quid mihi es a.? Pl- what do you advise me?

vehementer a. Libi sum, ut (ne) C- I strongly advise you not to

me (te, illo) auctor C, Cs etc.- on my (your, his) advice

aliquem actorem auctoremque habere Nep- to have in smb. assistant and advisor

auctoribus qui aderant L- on the advice of those present

auctores Cadmēae occupandae Nep- initiators of the capture of Cadmea (Thebes)

a. legis L, C etc.- protecting law ( less often author of the bill)

patres auctores fiunt C, L- the Senate approves the decree of the people

a. consilii publici C- the first senator in terms of importance and influence (first present)

principe et senatu auctoribus T- by the will of the princeps and the senate

6) a generally recognized expert and judge, etc. guarantor, certifying (confirming) person, authority

Herodoto auctore aliisque pluribus C- according to Herodotus and many others

Ciceronem auctorem hujus verbi habeo Sen- in support of this word I will refer to Cicero

a. lĕvis L- lightweight (low) authority

auctores sumus, tutam majestatem nostri nominis fore L- we guarantee that the greatness of our name will not suffer damage

a. famae, rumoris (nuntii) C- person confirming the rumor (news)

unum cedo auctorem tui facti C- indicate at least one that could be referred to

Cato omnium virtutum a. C- Cato, model of all virtues

hoc auctor C- following his example

lucis a. avis V- bird, messenger of dawn (i.e. rooster)

7) legal guarantor, guarantor (guaranteeing the legality of its sale)

a little autore emere C- buy from an unreliable person

8) witness, guardian (responsible for the legality of the act)

nubĕre nullis auctoribus C- get married without witnesses

9) leader

a. dicendi C(naturae H) - teacher or researcher of eloquence (natural history)

10) representative, agent (civitatis, societatis C)

7 Ausonius

8 barbare

1) in a foreign language foreign language: among the Greeks- not in Greek, in Latin

b. vertere Pl- translate into Latin; among the Romans- contrary to the spirit and rules of the Latin language, with errors (loqui C, corripere, dicere AG)

9 barbaricus

10 barbarus

I a, um ( Greek)

1) among the Greeks - non-Greek, barbarian, Italic, Roman, Latin Pl; foreign, preim. Phrygian, Persian H, VM, Nep, QC

2) among the Romans - non-Greek, non-Roman, non-Latin; foreign

3) rude, uncultured, wild (homines barbari atque imperiti Cs)

4) cruel, ferocious (homines feri ac barbari Cs)

II barbarus, ī m.

foreigner, stranger, barbarian C etc.

11 Claudianus

12 consuetudo

1) habit, habit, custom (nil consuetudine majus O)

consuetudine or pro (ex) consuetudine Cs, C- as usual (according to custom)

ad nostram consuetudinem Nep- from the point of view of our customs, according to our custom

jusconsuetudinis C- common law

c. victūs (vitae) Nep, Ter, C- Lifestyle

consuetudine oculorum C- in view of what has become familiar

communis c. sermonis (loquendi) C,Q - generally accepted norms speeches

c. indocta C- rude (uncultured) speech

res vēnit (vertit T, PJ) in consuetudinem C- it has become a habit

2) acquaintance, intimacy, communication, connections (vetustissima c. Pt; insinuare in consuetudinem alicujus C)

habere consuetudinem cum aliquo C- communicate (get to know) someone.

c. epistularum C- correspondence

3) love affair (consuetudinem habere cum aliquā Su)

4) (habitual) speech, everyday language

c. Latina (nostra) Col- Latin language

13 Dionysius

I ī m.

Dionysius

1) D. Senior ( O Superior C or Prior Nep) , from Syracuse, son of Hermocrates (431-367 BC), from 405 - tyrant of Syracuse C, Nep

2) D. Junior, son and successor of the previous one (from 367 BC. ) ; in 357 BC e. was briefly overthrown by Dion ; in 343 BC e. was finally overthrown by Timoleon and lived the rest of his life in Corinth Nep, C, VM

3) from Heraclea (Lucania), philosopher, student of Zeno C

4) Cassius D., native of Utica, Latin translator of the Carthaginian writer Mago's work on agriculture Vr, Col

5) D. Magnes, from Magnesia, rhetorician, contemporary of Cicero C

6) learned slave of Cicero C

7) freedman Attica C

8) D. Cato, contemporary of Diocletian or both Antonines, supposed author of a collection of moralizing couplets

II Dionysius, a, um Pl , Ter= Dionyseus

• 14 glossarium

  glōssārium, ī n. (Greek)

  glossary, Dictionary outdated and rare words A.G.

  15 Hieronymus

  Hierōnymus, ī m.

  Jerome

  1) from Rhodes, student of Aristotle, philosopher C

  2) from Syracuse, son of Gelon, grandson of Hiero the Younger, ruler of Syracuse (215 - 214 BC e.) L

  3) (Sophronius Eusebius) originally from Stridon (Dalmatia), author of a translation of the Bible into Latin (“Vulgata” ) (340- 420 n. e.)

  16 Lampridius

  ī m.(Aelius L.)

  Lampridius, Latin writer of the 3rd century. n. e., one of the scriptores Historiae Augustae

  17 Latiniensis