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Based on their composition, cardinal numbers are divided into simple, complex and composite. Simple numerals are words with a simple base - unmotivated and suffixed: two, five, ten, fourty, one hundred, How many, so many, fifteen, thirty; Complex numerals are words with a complex base: sixty, eight hundred(for details see § 1032, 1034). Compound numerals consist of several words (two or more), each of which is itself a simple or complex numeral: twenty five, eight hundred thirty eight. A compound numeral may include a noun with the meaning of number; For example: thousand nine hundred seventy six; (one) million five thousand one hundred ninety five. When denoting very large numbers or quantities ( billion, thousands billions) are used noun. billion(billion) trillion(a number equal to a thousand billion) quadrillion(conventional name for a number represented by a unit followed by fifteen or twenty zeros), which appear in different combinations with numerals or other nouns: one trillionfive billions eight millions one hundred thousand two hundred eighty one.

DECLINATION OF CARDINAL NUMERALS

Numerals two, three, four form case forms according to the model of the mixed declension of adjectives (see § 1315). The system of their inflections in cosm. pad. is a slightly modified system of inflections of case forms of mixed cl. plural adjectives h. Number two, three, four have the following phonemic composition of inflections:

Numerals from five before ten and all numerals in - twenty And - ten form case forms in the third cl. nouns (see § 1187). A distinctive feature of the declension of numerals is - ten is the so-called double declension, i.e. the declension of both components: fifty, fifty, fifty. Numerals on - ten form case forms from variant stems: forms named after. and wine n. have a base on a hard consonant, and the forms of other indirect ones. pad. - for a soft consonant: fifty, But fifty.

Compound numerals change according to cases. When forming case forms, it is normal to change the cases of each word included in the compound numeral.

DECLINATION OF COLLECTIVE AND INDEFINITE NUMERALS

Collective numbers. both, two, three, four etc., as well as indefinite numbers a lot of, A little, How many, How many-someday, How many-That, some, so many,so many-That form cosm forms. pad. according to the adjective type of declension of adjectives. Collective numerals have case forms with a system of plural inflections. h. Numerals two, three, four have in them. n. inflection | 1 | (spelling - O And - e), and in the rest case forms inflections identical to inflections of the adjective declension of adjectives in its varieties hard (collective numbers with a stem on a hard consonant) or soft (collective numbers with a stem on |j|)

Number both, both forms case forms from different stems: in the forms kosv. pad. husband. and Wednesday R. – basis |obj|-, in indirect forms. pad. wives R. – basis |about"ej|-.

In Russian, simple and complex numerals are expressed in one word. As a result, many difficulties arise in determining the rank of a numeral. This article describes the distinctive features of simple and complex numerals, features of their declension with examples.

Just like simple numbers, complex numbers are expressed in one word. This is why many people have difficulty distinguishing between words of these two categories. In order to accurately determine the rank of a numeral by meaning, you must be able to see the composition of the word.

What is the difference between simple and complex numbers?

The number of simple numbers is not so large that it is impossible to remember them all. These include numbers from 0 to 20, as well as a word that represents the number 30.

There are also few complex numbers. These are numbers from twenty to ninety and from two hundred to nine hundred. Complex cardinal and ordinal numbers have two roots, which are written together: three + twenty - thirty, five + ten - fifty.

In some simple numbers, historically, two roots can also be distinguished. These words include the names of numbers from 11 to 20 and 30. They include the full first part of the word one, two, four etc., preposition on(in words 11 to 19) and a shortened version of the word " ten» – twenty. This twenty has already lost its original meaning and has merged with the first root of the word.

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Another difference between simple and complex numerals is the peculiarity of declension. The first ones are easy to change by case: they change in the same way as nouns of the 3rd declension (daughter, oven, night).

Wed: seventeen(simple number in R.p.) - daughters(noun in R. p.).

In complex numerals, both bases change when declension: eight b ten_ - eight mi ten you- eight yu ten yu; eight b hundred_ - eight And st am- eight yu st ami.

It is this feature of complex numerals that causes difficulties when using them in oral speech and when writing. To avoid mistakes when declension of such words, you should remember literally two patterns of their declension.

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Numeral- one of the simplest parts of speech in the Russian language. Finding out a numeral is easy - just ask the question “how much” or “which”, and if the word answers it, then it is included in this group.

But within a large group, numerals are divided into several varieties. Let's look at the main ones and find out how to classify a part of speech to one type or another.

What numbers are called simple?

Main hallmark numeral is the ability to write a word in numerical form, that is, in numbers. But the records may differ greatly from each other appearance and by reading - for example, the words “ten”, “three hundred twelve” and “one thousand six hundred seventy eight”.

• The group of simple numbers includes mainly prime numbers, which are written in just one word - “six”, “nine”, “four”.
• It happens that a numeral consists of two or more digits - “twelve”, “one hundred”, “million”. It still remains simple, since there is only one word - and most importantly, only one root.

Complex numbers

But words like “sixty”, “eighty” or “seven hundred” are no longer simple. Although they are written in one word, there are more roots here. For example, the word “sixty” consists of the stems “six” and “ten”, the word “seven hundred” - from the stems “seven” and “hundred”. Such words are usually called complex, and it is very important not to confuse them with simple ones.

Compounds - numerals made up of several words

The main difference between compound numerals and the previous two groups is their writing in several separate words. Examples are “one thousand sixty eight”, “four hundred twenty three”, “eight hundred forty one”, “twenty two”. Almost all fractions also belong to this group - if you write them in words and not in numbers, you always get a whole phrase.

For example - “one point six”, “five ninths”, “two thirds”. The only exception is the word “one and a half” - it can be used to express the number “one point five.”

The rules for declension of compound numerals deserve special mention. They vary depending on the situation. Sometimes the expression is declined completely, for each word - for example, “pay for the purchase with three hundred and forty-three rubles.” But in some cases it transforms only the last part compound numeral. For example, you can take “in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.” As we see, here the case is changed only for the last part - all the rest remain in the nominative case.

The numeral is a part of speech with quite complex structure, since it can express infinitely long combinations of words. In Russian, numerals are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. This article details the characteristics of both groups with examples.

Numerals stand out among other parts of speech due to their complex structure. They have the ability to express one meaning in a very long, almost endless combination of words.

Simple and complex numerals

Simple numbers consist of one root. Most simple cardinal numbers are non-derivative. Among this category there are words that originate from other numerals. For example: Seventeen - seven+by+ten; twenty - two + ten.

TO derivative The numeral forty also applies: it has a common root with modern word“shirt” is not accidental. It is believed that to make one fur product, which was called “sorok” (something similar to a modern fur coat), took exactly 40 sable or marten skins. This was also the name of the bag in which this amount of skins was placed. Gradually, the complex numeral “fourty” was replaced by a simpler word.

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All cardinal numbers have a corresponding ordinal number, formed in a suffixal manner.

Complex and compound numerals

Many people confuse the names of categories, calling combinations of several words complex, and compound ones. Difficult words. To remember the names correctly and not get confused, you can use the following hint diagram:

• Difficult- formed by adding: seven + hundred - seven hundred, six + ten - sixty;
• Composite- one that consists of several words written separately: forty-two, thirty-four, seven hundred seventy, seven.

When declension occurs in cardinal complex numerals, all bases change, and in compound numerals, all parts of the combination change.

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