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In the Russian language there is a special section called word formation, which addresses the question of how new words are created. Today it is the most complex and unstable, since every year philologists make new discoveries in this area. In total, 87% of words in the Russian language appeared due to word formation, and only 13% of the roots of them are unique. New parts of speech can be formed using affixes (prefixes and suffixes), and their form can be changed using inflections (endings).

Briefly about word formation

This science began to exist as an independent science only in the second half of the twentieth century. The first attempts at this were made by Grigory Osipovich Vinokur, who was the first to distinguish synchronic and diachronic word formation. Modern scientists are interested in the second aspect, which considers the creation of new words with the help of significant parts - prefixes, suffixes. Inflection is a less significant morpheme, which is why there are words in the Russian language that do not have an ending.

What is a morpheme?

In word formation there are certain units of change. In this science, a morpheme is the minimum significant part of any member of a sentence. There are words in the Russian language that do not have an ending, prefix or suffix, but they cannot exist without a root, which is their main part. New members of a sentence are formed by adding affixes. These include prefixes, suffixes, interfixes and postfixes.

Graduation is for education new form words, therefore it is the least significant morpheme. It is not surprising that in many parts of the sentence it may be completely absent. It will not be difficult for you to find out for yourself which words do not have endings, since they cannot be changed by numbers, tenses and cases.

Prefixes and suffixes are usually classified as word-forming morphemes. They indicate some specific features, which are not observed in initial form words.

What can the ending express?

This morpheme does not participate in word formation, but only helps in creating new forms of words. The lexical meaning does not change when the ending is changed. In Russian, inflection expresses the following: grammatical meanings:

Gender, number, case - for nouns, adjectives, participles, pronouns, numerals. For example: music, bright, glowing, you, fifty seven.

Person, number - for verbs in the present tense and future. For example: we think I will hear.

Gender, number - for verbs in the past tense. For example: arrived, remade.

Case - for pronouns and numerals. For example: you, forty-two.

When wondering which words have no endings, you should pay attention to unchangeable parts of speech, such as adverbs, interjections, as well as conjunctions, particles, and prepositions.

Morphemes. Part 1: Root

Each word in any language of the world has a specific meaning attached to it. The root is the nucleus or other part of speech and carries conceptual meaning. The exceptions are conjunctions, prepositions and some interjections, which serve to connect members of a sentence. Basically, all words that have a root and an ending form the basis of a sentence. These are nouns, adjectives and verbs. However, an exception can be found in any rule - this is what linguists and compilers of word-formation dictionaries did.

Until recently, there was an opinion that the Russian language has a unique verb that lacks a root. “Take out” is used only with prefixes, has a perfect form and the first conjugation. By performing a morphemic analysis, it can be revealed that “you” is a prefix, and “well” and “t” are suffixes. Thus, the verb has lost its historical root - philologist and linguist Boris Unbegaun wrote in his writings that this word is “remarkable for the complete disappearance of the root.” Nevertheless, the words “take out” and “take out,” oddly enough, are the same root. In the Russian language there are words that do not have an ending, but have main morphemes.

Illustrative examples of stem and root

An ending is a variable significant part of a word that forms the forms of a word and serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence. This formative morpheme expresses the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case.

Not all words have an ending. Only mutable words have it. It happens that a word has an ending, but it is not visible or heard, i.e. it is not expressed in letters and sounds - it is null ending. In addition, the ending does not always come at the end of the word. A word can have two endings. Sometimes, to highlight the ending, you have to use phonetic transcription.

The ending is a formative morpheme that expresses the grammatical meanings of a word (gender, person, number, case), and not lexical meanings as derivational morphemes.

From formative suffixes the ending differs in the nature of the grammatical meaning it expresses.

Only changing parts of speech can have an ending(declinable, conjugated or changing according to gender and number):

• inflected nouns,
• adjectives,
• numerals,
• pronouns,
• Verbs,
• participles.

To highlight the ending, you need to change the form of the word:

• change number:

  meadow () - meadow (A),
  herbs (A)- herbs (s),
  brave () - dared (s);

• change gender for adjectives and participles:

  white (th)- white (oh)- white (and I), thinking (ii)- thinking (and I), sat () — sat (A);

• case for parts of speech that are inflected: house () - house (A)- house (y), syn (ii)— syn (his)— syn (to him) ;
• verb face: write (y)- write (yeah)- write (ut) .

The part of the word that changes when changing the form of a word, it is an ending.

Ending is not part of the word, since it has only grammatical meaning.

The ends of words of different parts of speech may be the same, but their endings are different, i.e. words have different morphemic structures. Examples:

• small And vision - adjective small and noun vision at the end of the word have -ies . Changing the gender of the adjective: small (s) - small (s) -small (s) , we define the changing part - the last two letters change, therefore, -ies - ending. Declining noun vision(s) - vision(s) - vision(s), determine the ending -e .
• yawning And angry - participle yawning has no ending, because it is an unchangeable word and an adjective hl(s) - evil(s) - evil(s)) has an ending -and I .
• in vain And Earth - adverb in vain has no ending, because it is an unchangeable word and a noun landl (ya) - earth (oh) - earth (y) has an ending -I .
• banner And biology - nouns banner(s) - banner(s)-banner(s) And biologist(s)-biologist(s)-biologist(s) have the same ending -i.

Attention! Second person plural verbs. The present and future numbers and forms of the imperative mood of these verbs may coincide, but have a different morphemic structure, i.e. have two options for morphemic parsing:

Execute (imperative mood, you-full-and-(those), -and- — imperative mood) second task after completing (present tense, you-full-(ite)) first.
you-let-and-(those) (imperative mood) - you-let ;
you-heal-and-(those) (second conjugation, imperative mood) - you-treat-(ite) etc.

Verbs of the first conjugation have an unstressed ending -(yeah) has the same sound as the imperative mood, but is written differently:

jump out-and-(those) (command tilt) — jump out ) (first conjugation (jump), second person, plural).

With the help of endings, the forms of inflected words are formed.

The ending expresses different grammatical meanings of parts of speech:

• number and case of nouns, numerals, personal pronouns (without a preposition or with )
  noun 2nd declension, Tv.p., singular by whom?, by what? elephant( ohm), father( ohm), con( eat
• gender, number, case of adjectives, participles, pronouns
  
• person and number for verbs in the present and future tense:
  
• gender and number for past tense verbs and short adjectives
  

In addition to distinguishing word forms, endings sometimes serve meaningful function:

bread(s) - cereals and bread(s) - products baked from flour; men are husbands, teeth are teeth, leaves are leaves.

Sometimes it's easy in the end define not only the form, but also Part of speech. For example:

In a phrase, unchangeable words are subordinate to the main word in meaning, using word order and intonation: run fast, run upstairs.

Immutable words have no endings:

Attention! The absence of an ending in a word is not graphically indicated. During morphemic and word-formation analysis, you cannot put a zero ending sign! The whole word is included in the base.

Participles and adverbs are unchangeable parts of speech, so they have no endings. Don't be confused gerunds and adverbs with adjective endings. The endings of adjectives can be changed:

• doom/ A/t - dum/ A/I- gerund suffix;
• mil( and I) is the ending of an adjective that can be changed: dear, dear.

Null endings

Declined or conjugated (changeable!) parts of speech in some forms may have a zero ending.
The zero ending is not expressed by sound and is not indicated by a letter in writing. You can detect it by changing the forms of the word. If, when changing the form of a word, an ending appears, expressed in letters and sounds, then
The null ending conveys a specific grammatical meaning:

table(), horse() - Im. n., masculine, second declension; clouds(), puddles(), mam() - the meaning of the plural genitive case.

When the form of such words changes, after the stem a pronounced ending appears (with sounds, letters).

Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between words with a zero ending and unchangeable words, because in a word with a zero ending it is indicated during morphemic parsing of the word, but in unchangeable words it is not (there is no ending)!

• noun already() (already (y), already (ohm)) has a zero ending, and the adverb really - an unchangeable word and therefore has no ending.
• net() - noun ( set(s), set(s)),
  ses(th) ) - a verb where the ending is indefinite — (th),
  launch(s) - verb,
  five() - numeral ( heel(s)),
  path() - noun ( put(s), put(s)),
  though - a conjunction and an unchangeable word, so there is no ending,
  let — , unchangeable word - no ending,
  thinking - gerund, unchangeable word - no ending.

The ending can be inside the word:

• If a word has , then the ending is located before it, inside the stem of the word: uch (y) sya, uch (ish) Xia, having studied (ii) Xia(after the ending there is a verb -sya/-sya - the most common case); let's go (eat)-te ; in the middle of compound pronouns: How (Ouch)-either as (Wow)-either as (Wow) something, to (oh) someday.
• In some difficult words: to Komsomolsk (f)-on-Amur (f) .

Two endings in a word.

In complex words, two endings can be distinguished:

• for nouns: armchair (O)-bed () - armchair (A)-bed (And) ;
• for numerals: five () ten () - toe (And) ten (And) .

But, in compound nouns and adjectives that are written together, after the first there is a connecting vowel, and not an ending: myself- O-years () , red- O-leather (ii) .

The ending is distinguished by its sound composition

using transcription, since the spelling does not reflect the morphemic composition of the word:

• Masculine possessive adjectives in -iy:

  fox(), wolf(), bear(), Where - th is a suffix and has a null ending. When declining, fluent - And - drops out of the suffix, leaving a suffix that sounds like [th’] , and in writing it is conveyed as a separator soft sign: fox(him) [fox’-y-‘(willow)], wolf(him) [wolf’-y’-(willow)], bear(him)[m’edv’ezh-y’-(willow)] - the suffix sounds in the transcription [th’] and ending.

• In the following words, the suffix -й- also appears in the sound composition of the word: guns [roug-y’-(a)],gun [roug-y’-(o)]; sparrow ya[sparrow’-th’-(a)], sparrow yu[sparrow’-th’-(y)] ; edge, edge [kra-y’-(u)]. Suffix -th- is also preserved when forming related words: rifle, passerine [ sparrow'-y'-in-(y)] . In these words and others like them (dancer, grumbler; gorge, knowledge, aspiration; May, tram etc.) not in all forms the ending is indicated by letters.
  

List of used literature

• Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Russian language Olympiads. 5-11 grades. – 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
• Panova E.A., Pozdnyakova A.A. Reference materials in Russian to prepare for exams. - M.: - Astrel Publishing House LLC, 2004.-462 p.
• Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and applicants to universities / V.N. Svetlysheva. - M.: AST -PRESS SCHOOL, 2011 - ISBN 978-5-94776-742-1.

Don't have an ending unchangeable words. Here are examples of words belonging to different parts speeches that have no endings.

Based on the statement that the ending is inflectional morpheme, we conclude that in the Russian language unchangeable words do not have endings.

What can the ending express?

This morpheme does not participate in word formation, but only helps in creating new forms of words. The lexical meaning does not change when the ending is changed. In Russian, inflection expresses the following grammatical meanings:

• Gender, number, case – for nouns, adjectives, participles, pronouns, numerals. For example: music, bright, glowing, you, fifty seven.
• Person, number - for verbs in the present tense and future. For example: we think I will hear.
• Gender, number – for verbs in the past tense. For example: arrived, remade.
• Case – for pronouns and numerals. For example: you, forty-two.

When wondering which words have no endings, you should pay attention to unchangeable parts of speech, such as adverbs, interjections, as well as conjunctions, particles, and prepositions.

Let us consider in detail which parts of speech words or their forms do not have endings and give examples of words without endings:

1. borrowed indeclinable nouns

sconce, role, entertainer, dragee, penalty, blinds, maestro, graffiti, avocado, stew, kangaroo, aloe, avenue, interview;

some Russian compound indeclinable words, For example:

• head of the department (asked the head of the department, met with the head of the department, I remember the head of the department);
• gorono (met at the gorono, called the gorono, I’ll inquire about the work of the gorono);
• abbreviations - VDNKh, Moscow State University, State Traffic Inspectorate, UN, NATO, etc.;

2. indeclinable adjectives

• color (what?) indigo;
• sleeves (what?) raglan;
• rush hour (what?)
• language (what?) Hindi;

3. adverb

• from afar
• fast
• side by side
• scattered
• In my
• childish
• in Latin
• in Caucasian and;

4. auxiliary parts of speech (particles, prepositions, conjunctions) and interjections.

Have no endings immutable forms some parts of speech:

1. verb form- participle

• read it in the newspaper;
• I'm running in the park;
• pay attention;

2. simple form comparative degree of adjectives, For example:

• beautiful - more beautiful;
• strong - stronger, stronger;
• strong - stronger;

My handwriting (what?) is more beautiful than that of my little sister.

The child became (what?) stronger with age.

In the room the smell of a bouquet of lilacs became (what?) more and more stronger.

3. simple form comparative adverb, For example:

• tightly - stronger, tighter (hold);
• quickly - faster (run);
• strongly - stronger (hit);
• bad - worse (to feel)

Brew the tea (how?) stronger.

My brother runs (how?) faster than his classmates.

The sea is getting agitated (how?) more and more.

Due to the thickening fog, the road is visible (how?) worse than yesterday.

All other words in the Russian language are changeable and, accordingly, have in their composition inflectional morpheme- ending:

• tree - tree branches;
• lecture - at a lecture;
• sunny day - many sunny days;
• first entrance - at the first entrance;
• we walk - we walk.

We will learn to distinguish the listed unchangeable words from words and their forms that have a zero ending in their morphemic composition. By changing a word by gender, number, case or person, you can identify a materially designated ending in its composition, for example:

• bridge - construction of a bridge;
• painting - a direction of painting;
• put it on the shelf.

In addition to the usual variable words in the Russian language, there are words without endings. These words refer to unchangeable parts of speech, such as gerunds and adverbs. But before going into details, it is necessary to define what an ending is.

The ending is one of the significant parts of the word, a morpheme, with the help of which other forms of the word are formed, under the influence of gender, number, and case. Usually the ending stands at the end of a word and is a link for sentences and phrases. In some rare cases, the ending may appear in the middle. In order to highlight the ending, the word must be changed by number, case, etc. Words that do not change have no endings.

In the Russian language there are two types of parts of speech - independent and auxiliary. Interjections, particles, conjunctions and prepositions are auxiliary parts of speech; they have no lexical meaning, but only act as an addition and connection to independent parts of speech. That's why they have endings. There are words with a lexical base without an ending. For example, taxi, coffee, high. They are full-valued parts of speech, but they do not change over the course of historical circumstances and therefore have no endings. Prepositions complete these words.

To change the meaning of an unchangeable word, a dependent word is added to it, for example, black coffee is masculine, singular. This definition comes from the adjective (black) that complements the unchangeable word.

Unchangeable words also include those borrowed from other languages, for example, allegretto, rendezvous, puree. Adverbs are one of the unchangeable full-meaning words - quickly, highly. In such words, the last letter “o” is often mistakenly considered to be the ending, although this is a characteristic suffix for adverbs. The participle, like everyone else, is an unchangeable member of the sentence, because it has the grammatical connotation of an adverb: having restrained, having read.

Words ending in zero

Another example is words without an ending that, when changed, form it, for example, night, horse, door. When exposed to number, case, the ending appears - night - nights - nights, door - doors - doors. In Russian, philologists call such cases zero endings. In its initial form there is no ending.

The Old Church Slavonic language had a letter, which meant that the word had an ending when the form was changed, under the influence of cases and number. Col, table. Over time, the letter became obsolete and fell out of use, and words began to be written without it.

Words without endings in borrowed words

Borrowed words in many publishing houses are used as native words, for example, lie, safari, madam. But many such words never became full-fledged parts of the language: taxi, coat, subway. Words have vowels at the end; they are often perceived as endings. In fact, the entire word is the basis that we encounter almost every day. It is important to remember that such words do not change. Illiterate speaking: playing the piano, grandmother with a coat, a roll with coffee.

Examples of words without endings

Below are words that do not have endings:

1. Magneto.
2. Veto.
3. Sushi.
4. Variety show.
5. Bungalow.
6. Balance.
7. Libretto.
8. Milady.
9. Casino.
10. Pony.
11. Indigo.

Words without a part of the word ending and unchangeable parts of speech that do not have an ending can be distinguished. To do this, you need to know that words with a zero ending have endings when declensions and changes in number, etc., for example, the word “piano” is unchangeable, it has no endings under any circumstances. And the word has night, with plural the ending “and” appears - night.

In contact with

I'll start with the second part of the question. There are no first, second or third endings.
Remember: the first, second and third can only be declension for nouns and person for verbs.

The null ending is an ending that occurs in a number of inflected words. Its difference from other endings is that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters. Consider the words: table, horse. Null endings in these words are indicated by empty rectangles.
Zero endings in these words are the same indicator of grammatical form as “regular” endings in the same words in other forms, for example: table, horse.
Let's compare:

• Table: zero ending for masculine nouns of the 2nd cl. - this is an indicator of I.p.
• Table A: ending A at inanimate nouns masculine 2nd class. - this is the R.p. indicator.
• Horse: zero ending in feminine nouns of the 3rd cl. - this is an indicator of I.p. or V.p.
• Horses And:ending And Feminine nouns have 3rd cl. - this is an indicator of R.p., D.p. or P.p.

Attention:

IN different forms of one word the stem will be the same. In our examples these are the basics: table And horse.

It is a grave mistake to think that words table, horse there are no endings. Only unchangeable words, such as adverbs, do not have endings.
The last vowels in adverbs are suffixes, for example: tomorrow A, above at, left A.