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Participial turnover is a speech construction consisting of a gerund and dependent words. An adverbial phrase indicates an additional action that is performed by a noun or pronoun (represented by the subject of a sentence), and usually refers to a verb (predicate).

Answers the questions - Doing what? Having done what?

Example sentence: Without opening my eyes, I enjoyed the morning birdsong. The green line underlines participial turnover, and red is the predicate verb to which it refers.

The participle as a part of speech, as well as the rules for using participle phrases, are studied in the 7th grade.

What is an adverbial phrase in a sentence?

As a rule, in a sentence the participial phrase plays the syntactic role of an adverbial adverb and is separated by commas.

Examples:
Smoke, enveloping houses, rose up (went up - how? - enveloping houses).
I'm taking notes while reading a book (making notes - when? - reading a book).
I started thinking solving a problem (thought – when? – solving a problem).

Simple sentences with participial phrases are usually called sentences with a complicated isolated circumstance.

Spelling of participial phrases

In sentences, the participial phrase is highlighted by commas on both sides (isolated) regardless of what position it is in relative to the predicate verb. In addition, participial phrases in a sentence are always separated from conjunctions by commas.

Examples:
I took the book going to the closet.
After drinking water, I quenched my thirst.
We worked for a long time and finished with business, decided to rest.

Exception. If an adverbial phrase is a phraseological unit, then it is not separated by commas in the sentence. Examples: I ran headlong. They work carelessly.

Note! The participle phrase is used only in cases where it denotes an additional action of the same person (object, phenomenon) as the main verb. In other cases, the participial phrase is not used. An example of a violation when using an adverbial phrase: When choosing fruits, I liked red apples(subject – apples, predicate – liked it, participial turnover choosing fruits meaning refers to the secondary member of the sentence to me).

Example sentences

• He ran out, slamming the door behind him.
• The driver, noticing the prohibitory traffic light signal, pressed the brake pedal.
• Be sure to follow practical tasks preparing for the exam.
• When relaxing in the forest, remember about fire safety.
• When buying products, you should look at the expiration date.

An example of incorrect use of an adverbial phrase:

Approaching the apartment, rustling noises were heard behind the door.

The main action is performed by rustling noises (rustles were heard). But the action of the participial phrase (Approaching the apartment) is aimed at another object (for example, he or I). People often make mistakes here, because the main and additional actions are performed by different objects, and according to the rules, the adverbial phrase and the predicate verb must denote the actions of one person or object. This is a popular mistake when using adverbial verbs in a sentence.

Participial turnover

A phrase consisting of a gerund and dependent words. From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun(Korolenko). The participial phrase indicates an action related to the subject of the sentence. Deviations from this norm found among classical writers are either Gallicisms or the result of the influence of the popular language... Having the right to choose a weapon, his life was in my hands(Pushkin). Passing a familiar birch grove on the way back in the spring for the first time, my head began to spin and my heart began to beat with vague sweet anticipation.(Turgenev),

a) if it refers to an infinitive indicating the action of another person. His house was always full of guests, ready to entertain his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements(Pushkin);

b) if it refers to a participle or gerund, denoting an action, the subject of which does not coincide with the subject of the action expressed by the predicate. She did not answer him, thoughtfully watching the play of the waves running up the shore, rocking the heavy longboat.(Bitter). But Klim saw that Lida, listening to her father’s stories with her lips pursed, did not believe them(Bitter);

c) if used in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive. It would be nice now to lie naked, covering your head with an overcoat, and think about the village and about your(Kuprin). In these cases, the sentence has neither a grammatical nor a logical subject. If the latter is presented in the form of a dative subject, but there is no infinitive in the sentence to which the participial phrase could be attributed, then its use violates the norm (“Come to the forest, I felt cold”). Such constructions among writers have an individual character. Convinced that he could not understand this, he became bored(L. Tolstoy). Having read the story carefully, I think that there are no editorial amendments in it(Bitter). Participial phrases are mainly part of book speech. Their undoubted advantage compared to their parallel adverbial adverbial clauses lies in their brevity and dynamism. They are also characterized by great expressiveness, due to which they are widely used in knitting fiction.. This feature of adverbial constructions is visible from the following example. Writer D. I. Grigorovich, talking about his literary endeavors, recalls that his essay “Petersburg Organ Grinders” earned the approval of F. M. Dostoevsky, but the latter did not like one place in the chapter “The Organ Grinder’s Public.” “For me,” writes Grigorovich, “it was written like this: When the organ grinder stops playing, the official throws a nickel from the window, which falls at the feet of the organ grinder. “Not that, not that,” Dostoevsky suddenly spoke irritably, “not that at all!” You sound too dry: the nickel fell at your feet... You should have said: the nickel fell on the pavement, ringing and bouncing...” This remark - I remember very well - was a revelation for me. Yes, indeed, ringing and bouncing - it turns out much more picturesque, it completes the movement...”

Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “participial phrase” is in other dictionaries:

participial turnover- s. In syntactic stylistics: semi-predicative isolated phrase with the main member of the gerund. Formally, grammatically, the gerund is adjacent to the predicate (usually the conjugated form of the verb), and in meaning it also refers to the subject,... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

participial turnover - 1) Syntactic construction, containing a gerund and words dependent on it. 2) One of stylistic means, used in book styles of speech, in particular, in scientific speech. For example: Moreover, knowing this, you can also compose... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Turns, m. 1. Full circle of rotation, circular turn. Wheel revolution. The shaft makes 20 revolutions per minute. || Moving back and forth, returning to the starting place. Speed ​​up the turnover of wagons. 2. A separate stage, a completed process in a sequential... ... Dictionary Ushakova

Same as design. Participial turnover. Infinitive phrase. Participial … Dictionary of linguistic terms

TURNOVER, ah, husband. 1. see wrap, sya, turn, turn, turn, sya. 2. Consumption, use. Let into o. commemorative coin. Entered o. new word. 3. Separate part, separate link, what stage n. activities, development of what n... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

turnover- A; m. see also. negotiable, turnover 1) a) Full circle of rotation; circular turn. Revolution/t of wheel. Number of revolutions per minute. Turn the key two turns... Dictionary of many expressions

A; m. 1. Full circle of rotation; circular turn. O. wheels. Number of revolutions per minute. Turn the key two turns. // Special Turning from one side to the other, reverse. Plowing with formation turnover. // plural: revolutions, ov. Specialist. decomposition ABOUT… … encyclopedic Dictionary

participial- see participle; oh, oh. Participial phrase (adverbial expression expressed by a participle with words dependent on it) ... Dictionary of many expressions

Special circumstances

Special circumstances- 1. The participial phrase, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Walking next to him, she was silent, looking at him with curiosity and surprise (Gorky); Joy, entering one... A reference book on spelling and style

Books

• Set of tables. Russian language. Morphology. 15 tables, . Educational album of 15 sheets. Art. 5-8681-015. Morphological analysis

words as parts of speech. Identification of morphological features of nouns and adjectives by comparison...

In contact with

In the Russian language there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verbal forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

Morphological features Let's consider in detail, what are participles and gerunds

. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “involvement” in a noun or verb.

Participle

• checking notebooks (imperfect form) – the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checker (perfect form) – the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , time matters. This constant sign data having the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized Xia).

It is characterized by the presence of two voices - passive and active. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action (parcel received - parcel received). Real ones reflect the attribute of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).

From all of the above, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes an attribute of an object by action, manifested in time.

Participle

The term originated in the 18th century and means " attitude to action”, as indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, action). In modern grammar, this name has a part of speech that denotes additive action in relation to the main thing expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal characteristics:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• repayment(pretending sya).

Perhaps this is where the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration is limited, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of participles are their distinguishing feature.

The questions they answer will help you distinguish between these verb forms:

1. Full Communion(which (-th; -oe, -ies) ?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. Participle(what by doing? what by doing? how? in what way?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of an adverbial circumstance (Bending, winding, the river into the distance.). Short Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete one could be:

• definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
• part of a composite nominal predicate(The bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate that words belong to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming perfective forms, the suffixes -а, -я are not used: misuse: looking, correct: looking.

Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:

• ending in -ch (to take care of, burn the stove and others);
• having the suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
• run, stab, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

Condition the right choice vowel in the suffixes of present participles - knowledge of verb conjugation. Table 2.

note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms for the verbs: protect, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund s is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix nedo-, which means “less than it should be”, “poorly”, for example - having neglected to look after a child. Compare: without finishing watching the film, that is, without finishing watching the film.

The particle "not" should be written separately with the short form of the participles (not embroidered), as well as with the full form in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all, and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

Use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in suffixes full participles written if available:

• prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
• dependent words: steamed in the oven;
• suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, delighted;
• the word is formed from a perfect verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end of short forms there is always one -n-: founded, unpacked.

Isolation of syntactic constructions

This is common punctuation error- incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, determine the boundaries of these structures, and find the word to which they refer.

Let's find out under what conditions they stand out adverbial and participial phrase. Let us present the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, is isolated if:

• personal: Lulled by his mother's tender words, he slept soundly. I, who knew every path in the surrounding area, was appointed senior reconnaissance group.
• stands after the noun being defined: The soldier, stunned by a shell, fell on the battlefield.
• has a circumstantial meaning of reason or concession: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued their journey. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult situation.

The children are in a difficult situation (why?) because they are left to their own devices.

Participial turnover

It denotes the additional action of the predicate verb, is a circumstance, and is always isolated: Rising waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exception is phrases that have become stable expressions, such as: holding your breath, headlong, sticking out your tongue, carelessly.

Compare two sentences:

1. Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (The dog stuck out his tongue).
2. The boy ran with his tongue hanging out (he ran quickly).

In the first case, the sentence contains an adverbial phrase. In the second, the expression “sticking out your tongue” has figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb “quickly”, therefore, is, which is not isolated.

Common grammatical errors

Most common mistake- incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man, completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle “submitted” explains another word - “man.” Correct option sounds like this:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man (what?), completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.

Passive and active participles are often confused:

Among lottery tickets was won.

From what is written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word won.

When using gerunds, it is important to take into account that both actions, main and additional, must refer to the same person. If this is not done, we will get phrases like this: Comprehending the depth of spiritual values, the hero’s worldview changed.

The additional action expressed by the gerund refers not to the hero who performs the action, but to the word “worldview.”

Correct option: Understanding the depth of the spiritual values ​​of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, you cannot use this part of speech in impersonal sentences that convey a state rather than an action: Having deceived the mother, the children felt bad.

Participle and gerund: what is the difference? Participial and participial phrases - a simple explanation

Participial

Conclusion

It is impossible to imagine the speech of an educated person without verb forms. The first help to comprehensively characterize the subject. The latter make it possible to simplify speech, to replace a number of homogeneous predicates that denote not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand participles, you will be able to make your speech beautiful, bright, and understandable, which is important for achieving success in life.

You have studied the section of morphology, which examines a special form of the verb - the gerund. In class you will be able to repeat morphological characteristics a participle that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb. You will also remember the rules for isolating and using participles, writing participles with the particle NOT and the stylistic use of participles.

An adverbial phrase may not denote the action of the subject:

a) if it refers to an infinitive indicating the action of another person: He asked to talk about the trip, giving as many details as possible.

b) if it is used in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive: When moving on to a new topic, you should start by explaining the basic concepts.

Rice. 2. Particle NOT with in different parts speech()

Participles are written with negative particle NOTapart, except in cases when the gerund is not used without NOT.

For example: perplexed, indignant, hating.

Participle despite written with NOT separately, but a pretext despite written with NOT together.

Compare:

He spoke without raising his eyes and despite on those present. He came out despite indignation of those present.

Participial phrases are mainly part of book speech. They are characterized by great expressiveness, due to which they are widely used in the language of fiction. This feature of adverbial constructions is visible from the following example:

Writer Dmitry Vasilyevich Grigorovich, talking about his literary endeavors, recalls a conversation with F.M. Dostoevsky. “I had it written like this: When the organ grinder stops playing, the official throws a nickel from the window, which falls at the feet of the organ grinder. “Not that, not that,” Dostoevsky suddenly spoke irritably, “not that at all!” You sound too dry: the nickel fell at your feet... You should have said: the nickel fell on the pavement, ringing and bouncing...” This remark - I remember very well - was a revelation for me. Yes, indeed, ringing and bouncing - it turns out much more picturesque, it completes the movement...”

Homework

№ 181; № 184; № 185 (Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook.- M.:Education, 2012 ) .

Exercise: Copy the text by inserting the missing commas and opening the parentheses. Underline the participial phrases.

That winter, a young she-wolf walked in the pack, having (not) forgotten her childish amusements. During the day, the wolves curled up into balls and dozed, and she jumped up, spun around, trampling the snow and waking up the old people. The wolves (reluctantly) got up and poked their cold noses at her, and she playfully snapped, biting their legs. The old she-wolves curled up and without raising their heads looked at the young prankster.

One night the she-wolf got up and ran into the field, and behind her, the old men, sticking out their tongues, began to shake. The wolves then remained lying down and they ran after the pack.

The wolves ran along the road and shadows glided behind them, breaking in the snow. The snow sparkled like diamonds in the moonlight. The ringing of bells was heard from the village. It seemed as if the stars that had fallen from the sky began to ring as they rolled along the road. The wolves, stuck up to their bellies, retreated into the field and lay down with their muzzles turned to the village. (125 words) (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

Didactic materials. Section "Communications"

Rules of the Russian language. Participle.

Lectures and electronic textbooks. Participle.

4. Website about Russian language and literature ().

Stylistics of parts of speech. Participle.

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012

Participles and participial phrases- these are the same “book” constructions as participles and participial phrases. This syntactic phenomenon is more typical for literary and official business style. In colloquial and informal speech this phenomenon is not welcome; it is better to replace it and simplify it adverbial constructions, which greatly clutter up spoken language.

Still, sometimes you can’t avoid it use of participial phrases, as well as the use of an official business style (in statements, explanatory statements, etc.), so you need to be aware of the following features of the use of gerunds and participial phrases.

• An action that is expressed participial phrase, refers only to the active subject. This rule is often violated, and even classics have been seen making similar mistakes. Thus, A.P. Chekhov in one of his stories cites as an example Yarmonkin’s note: « Driving up to this station and looking to nature through the window, I have flew off hat". Due to the incorrect placement of the participial phrase, one may get the impression that it was the hat that was looking out the window, although this fact does not make sense, since Yarmonkin was looking out the window. The following sentence would be correct:

Driving up to the station and looking out the window, I lost hat.

Exception.

Sometimes participles may refer to the infinitive of a verb that expresses the action of another person:

His house was full of guests, ready amuse his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements. (A.S. Pushkin)

In this sentence the gerund is sharing refers to the infinitive amuse.

• When using the form “based on” participial turnover may also not refer to the subject, since this phrase is more perceived as a preposition rather than a gerund:

Findings about student success were done, based assessment results.

• Because of adverbial participle refers to the subject, the use of participial phrases in impersonal sentences is not possible:

Going for a morning run, I felt happy.

This sentence makes no sense and is grammatically incorrect. The correct version of the following sentence would be: When I went for a morning run, I felt happy.

• Also for the reason described above it is prohibited use of gerunds in passive constructions:

Coming out of the encirclement, the soldier was wounded in the leg.

In order to make this sentence correct, it is necessary to replace the passive construction with an active one: When leaving the encirclement, the soldier was wounded in the leg.

• It is not recommended to combine gerunds as homogeneous members of a sentence, or to combine them into homogeneous constructions with an adverbial or predicate:

She, wrapped up in a scarf and closing her face was veiled and looked like a frightened sparrow.

• Also, you should not use gerunds in sentences where the role of the predicate is performed by a future tense verb:

Returning to my hometown, the first thing I do is I'll meet you with classmates.

Although this design is not a serious mistake, but it is still better to simplify it: When I return to my hometown, the first thing I will do is meet my classmates.

The position of the participial phrase in the sentence.

Participial turnover can be positioned relatively freely in a sentence. Despite this, there are some trends in placing the gerund before or after the predicate in a sentence:

• After the predicate verb Usually a gerund is used, which has the meaning of a subsequent action: Elena slipped And fell, dislocated ankle(she first slipped and fell and consequently sprained her ankle).

• Before the predicate verb a gerund is placed, which indicates that the action was performed before the one expressed by the predicate verb. Sometimes such a gerund may also indicate the reason for the action expressed by the predicate:

Delivery passport, me held out to his inspector. Overjoyed, girl loud laughed.

Semantic relations of the gerund and the predicate verb.

Semantic relations between the gerund and the predicate verb- This important factor, which affects use of gerunds:

1. Perfect participles denote an action that preceded the action expressed by the predicate: Sighing out of relief, she opened eyes.
2. Imperfect participles are usually used to emphasize the simultaneity in which actions expressed by both the gerund and the predicate occur: Sobbing out of resentment, she climbed up on my lap.

At distinguishing between perfect and imperfect participles It is worth paying special attention to the order of words in a sentence, lexical connections and other nuances. Failure to comply with these norms will lead to semantic and grammatical inaccuracies:

Running up to me, the dog licked my nose. There is a mistake in this sentence because the dog first ran up and then licked its nose. But the gerund "running up" It has imperfect form, which should mean simultaneity of actions, which cannot be, based on the meaning of the sentence.