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Among various types solid fuel of particular interest charcoal, consisting of 80-90% pure carbon. This makes it primarily an effective biofuel, virtually smokeless and environmentally friendly. Its scope of application is quite wide, both in various industries industry and for home use. In this article we will look at how you can burn charcoal with your own hands and how this happens in industrial production conditions.

Production technology

Coal from wood is consumed in large volumes by metallurgical enterprises, where it is used to produce high-purity alloys, as well as to saturate the metal with carbon, resulting in an increase in its physical properties.

In the chemical industry, this product is used in the manufacture of glass, various plastics and even paints. Coal has not bypassed the food industry; in food products it often acts as a natural coloring agent, which is displayed on their packaging under the code E153.

Such significant demand requires corresponding production volumes, so charcoal stoves are usually located near or on the territory of wood processing enterprises. This is understandable, because there in large quantities There are large waste wood of various species that serve as raw materials for charcoal.

To explain in simple words, then the charcoal production technology is designed to solve the problem of obtaining carbon from wood of the highest possible degree of purity. To do this, all other organic and inorganic substances must be removed, which is achieved using a pyrolysis reaction. Its essence lies in the separation of all unnecessary compounds from raw materials by thermal decomposition in the presence of insufficient oxygen. But let's go in order.

Total stages production process– four (not counting preliminary preparation raw materials):

• drying at temperatures up to 150 ºС. The pyrolysis process, which takes place at higher temperatures, requires minimum quantity moisture in raw materials;
• pyrolysis, which takes place at a temperature of 150-350 ºС and a lack of oxygen. Thermal decomposition of substances occurs and coal begins to form. Pyrolysis gases are released;
• combustion (calcination) when heated to 500-550 ºС. At this stage, tars and residues of substances are released from the coal in the form of gases;
• recovery (cooling).

In essence, a coal production plant is a furnace where all the above reactions take place. The figure below shows a diagram of the technological process:

Charcoal stove

The charcoal oven is quite complex, and it is very difficult to replicate its design at home. Body cylindrical or rectangular shape has a combustion chamber, on top of which 2 closed containers filled with raw materials are loaded - retorts. The wood is heated from the outside, through the walls of the retort, and uses the heat generated by the wood during the reaction process. The operation of the furnace in various modes is shown in the diagram:

An industrial furnace for the production of charcoal is designed in such a way that while pyrolysis is taking place in one container, drying is taking place in the second, the pyrolysis gases are burned and pass through a retort with wet raw materials. This sequence is followed further until the final product is obtained. It turns out that the internal volume of each vessel is divided into zones, in each of which a certain process occurs:

After calcination, the containers with coal are unloaded and new ones are placed in the oven. Before packaging and sending to the warehouse, the product undergoes a crushing operation until required size fractions, and, if necessary, briquetting. The apparatus where all operations are carried out using this technology is a continuous charcoal production furnace. However, there is another technology, but it is more complex and expensive, although it provides high performance.

Making charcoal at home

Information about home charcoaling is of interest to those people who are involved in metal forging in small workshops. Clean biofuel such as charcoal has long been considered the best for the forge. Well, everyone has long known how good charcoal is for kebabs and barbecues, but buying it in a store is a little expensive. Based on the fact that equipment for the production of charcoal is complex, expensive and cumbersome, we will offer two methods that have long been proven by home craftsmen:

• burning coal in a barrel;
• charcoaling in a pit.

The method of making coal in a barrel, as in a pit, assumes the same technological process pyrolysis in a confined space with a lack of oxygen. Only under such conditions the product is not so pure for obvious reasons. The skill of the performer also plays a big role; the first 2-3 portions can simply burn out (which happens more often) or, conversely, not burn out. But everything comes with experience.

The method of charcoaling in a barrel is considered more convenient and technologically advanced. So, to make charcoal yourself, you actually need metal barrel with a capacity of 200 liters, and even an old vacuum cleaner. Any other cylindrical metal container will do, preferably with thick walls; it will last longer. A hole is drilled at the very bottom of the container and a fitting is inserted. A hose from a vacuum cleaner is connected to it; this will supply primary air to the combustion zone.

It is important to find an airtight lid for the barrel. If there is none, you need to adapt a sheet of metal, asbestos cement or other material for this purpose. You will also need a long steel poker for scooping firewood. Regarding the latter, it is worth noting one important point. Since charcoal is made at home using improvised means, the technology is not always followed, but it is necessary to withstand the low humidity of the firewood.

Important! Freshly cut wood or wood saturated with moisture is not suitable for charcoaling; there will be a lot of smoke, and the pyrolysis process will not begin or will proceed very sluggishly. As a result, you will end up with ash or unburned firewood. The wood must be dry.

The bark is removed from the tree (it smokes a lot, and produces very little coal) and sawed into logs up to 40 cm long, so that they are tightly placed in a barrel. Then light a small fire at its bottom and turn on the vacuum cleaner, otherwise the fire will start to smoke heavily.

As the firewood flares up, you need to add another portion. It should be noted that the production of charcoal in this way is a delicate process; here you need to correctly catch the moment when the raw material has flared up well, but not let it burn to ash, but add new wood. If necessary, you can turn off the vacuum cleaner for a while, and when loading more than half of the container, it is better to insert the air supply pipe from above.

When the barrel is full, it is covered with a lid, the vacuum cleaner is turned off, and the fitting is closed with a plug. Now you need to wait until the processes inside the closed vessel are completed; you can open the lid only after the walls of the container have completely cooled. The convenience of the barrel is that you can simply turn it over and calmly sort the resulting product. Some of the wood will remain unburnt, but it doesn’t matter, it will go to the next load. The rest of the coal is sifted and put into bags.

Charcoaling in a pit

You can make charcoal yourself at home or right in the forest simply in a hole. To get 2 bags of coal, you need to dig a round hole approximately 80 cm in diameter and half a meter deep.

The bottom is trampled down with feet, and the walls are cleaned so that the fuel does not mix with the ground. The latter does not need to be thrown far, it will come in handy in the end. The difference with “barrel” burning is only in the absence of forced pressurization with a vacuum cleaner. Dry firewood is taken, 30 cm long and no more than 7 cm in diameter, and a small fire is built from it at the bottom of the pit.

Further actions - as in the case of a barrel, raw materials are added as needed. A pit full of firewood is covered with leaves or grass, then covered with earth and compacted. You can come back for coal in 2 days, by which time it will definitely have cooled down.

Conclusion

Of course, charcoal burned by yourself cannot be compared in quality to factory-made fuel. But the requirements at home are not as high as in production; coal is quite suitable for a barbecue or forge. You just need to take care not to harm others from smoke or start a fire in the forest.

You can make charcoal with your own hands in a less labor-intensive way than by digging a hole. In my case, I use a 200-liter barrel and a vacuum cleaner, which has a positive effect on the result.

I started making charcoal because of the current situation, when one could only dream of coal, and especially coke, in our area. But this did not negate the fact that for forging it was still necessary to look for something.

Therefore, I decided to go along two lines of search that could lead to an alternative fuel to coal. I tried to work with household gas ( gas forges), and was trying to get my charcoal since it would cost me big money. It helped that I had fruit trees were in sufficient quantity. My neighbors in the dacha began to actively build cottages; for this they freed up construction sites, cutting down and uprooting dozens of trees, and happily giving them to me. However, after studying the issue of coal, I learned that firewood from freshly cut trees is not suitable for burning - you need wood that is well dried. Therefore, as a test, I started burning scraps of dried linden boards - by chance I had plenty of them.

How to make charcoal at home

As for the barrel, it is advisable to take a 200 liter barrel with thick walls. In the lower part, near the bottom, we cut in a fitting. In my case, I received a barrel from a neighbor - it already had a squeegee screwed into it, since it was used for summer shower. Through the fitting I forced air into the barrel.

Here I used an old Soviet-made vacuum cleaner.

Connection to the barrel with a metal pipe.

As for the productivity and consumption of firewood: I use 3 barrels, the first is used for burning coal, the other two barrels are for ready-made chopped wood (when I fill the barrel with them, I shake it). This way I get a relative amount of firewood per batch of coal.

At the bottom of the barrel I make a small fire, and while it flares up, I add more wood.

Combustion should be monitored at all times. Over time, you will see when the moment comes where the firewood has flared up quite well through the blower, but has not burned down to ash - then you need to add the next portion of firewood. To maintain the required airflow, you should constantly turn the vacuum cleaner on and off. To look into the barrel, you may have to put something on the ground; due to the intense heat and smoke, you can’t really see anything. I made a stand out of a stack of rubber for the tracks.

To close the barrel, the easiest way is to take the original top lid - but I didn’t have one, so I adjusted a two-piece sheet for this. To cover all the holes through which air could enter the barrel, I used earth diluted with water until the solution was thick. I also sprinkled earth on the fitting at the bottom.

At the final stage of topping the firewood, there is always a risk that the lower layers of coal may be burned into ash, so I do not allow the wood in the upper layer to burn properly. Because of this, a certain amount of firewood goes to waste - for the next batch.

I do not open the barrel until it has cooled over the entire surface. If there are some barely warm places, it means something else is burning. Usually, when I seal the barrel hermetically in the evening, in the morning it will already be cold, which means it’s ready.

It is also convenient to receive coal in a barrel because it is convenient to unload it. To do this, you just need to turn the barrel over. After receiving the next batch of coal, the barrel ends up with a lot of ash and fine coal fractions. Before pouring coal into bags, I sift all the resulting coal.

Today, the issue of natural biofuel is very relevant. One type of biofuel is charcoal. Charcoal production can be produced as per large enterprises, and at home.

Charcoal is a natural biofuel, it is 90% pure carbon. This fuel is absolutely safe for humans and environment. Charcoal is used both in large enterprises, for heating and for production, and for home use. It can be used to light a stove or fireplace, be used in a forge, and also for cooking barbecue.
To make charcoal, you can use any type of wood, both hard and soft. It is important that the wood is dry, since wet wood will not burn and that it is cleared of bark, since the bark smokes heavily and reduces the quality of the resulting coals.

How to make charcoal?

Large enterprises use special equipment for charcoal, these are large stoves. At such enterprises they make it for sale, but it costs quite a lot. And if you are going to heat your house with charcoal, it will cost a pretty penny.
Therefore, the question arises: is it possible to make charcoal at home?
Definitely yes. Such coal, of course, will be of lower quality than factory-made coal, but it will cost you much less.
How is charcoal made? Charcoal production consists in the process of pyrolysis of wood, that is, combustion during high temperature, but without air access. This process prevents the tree from completely collapsing.
Making coal at home can be done in two ways:
- production of charcoal in a pit
- production of charcoal in a barrel
- production of charcoal in a furnace

This is one of the oldest known to man charcoaling methods. Our ancestors used this method. This method is quite simple.
How to make charcoal in a pit?
To do this, you need to dig a hole in the shape of a cylinder. The depth of the hole should be within half a meter, and the diameter should be approximately 70-80 centimeters. The bottom of the pit must be compacted tightly so that the coals do not mix with loose soil. From such a pit you will get up to two bags of coal and will spend approximately three hours of time. After the pit is ready at the bottom, you need to make a fire from thin, small branches and firewood.

The bottom of the pit should be densely covered with coal. Next, we put the prepared firewood into the fire. It is better to chop the firewood in advance into pieces no larger than 40 centimeters. As the firewood burns, it is necessary to place fresh wood on top. When the pit is completely filled with coals, it must be tightly covered with grass and leaves, sprinkled and compacted with earth. And leave in this state until it cools completely, for about two days. After this, the coal must be carefully sifted and placed in containers for further storage.

How to make charcoal in a barrel

Any metal barrel or container is suitable for making charcoal. cylindrical with dense walls. The size can be absolutely any depending on the amount of the final product you want to receive. The barrel may not be new, but it is clean.
The production of charcoal in bokeh can occur in two ways:
- the first method is not much different from producing coal in a pit. At the bottom of the barrel, bricks are placed among them, a fire is made, so that the burnt coals fill the space between the bricks, then a grate is installed on the bricks and firewood is placed on it. When the barrel is completely filled with firewood, you need to wait for flames to appear on the surface. As soon as they appear, cover the barrel with a lid or metal sheet leaving a small gap, waiting for the appearance of bluish smoke, the barrel should be closed hermetically and not touched until it cools completely. After the barrel has cooled over. All that remains is to package it. Some of the wood from the top of the barrel may remain unburned, this is not a big deal. These logs can be reused.
- The second method of producing charcoal in a barrel is a little more complicated in terms of process control. The fire is lit directly under the barrel, while the barrel itself is placed on a platform made of bricks. The wood is tightly packed into the barrel, after which it is hermetically sealed, leaving only holes for the outlets of the gas that is formed during the oxidation of wood. The barrel should be left on the fire for 2-3 hours, after which the fire should be extinguished and the barrel should be allowed to cool completely.

Making charcoal in a furnace

If you need a very small amount of charcoal, for example, to fertilize plants or cook barbecue, then you can use regular stone oven. To do this, firewood is placed in the oven, the dampers and ash are closed, allowed to burn for 10-15 minutes and transferred to a hermetically sealed container, preferably ceramic.

There is no doubt that at home the process is labor-intensive and there is no guarantee that everything will work out. After all, if you miss one moment, you can simply burn more than one batch of firewood. But be patient and after several, albeit unsuccessful, attempts, you will be satisfied with yourself by making good charcoal with your own hands.

Next, we bring to your attention a video on how to make charcoal with your own hands.

Irina Zheleznyak, Staff correspondent for the online publication "AtmWood. Wood-Industrial Bulletin"

The Village, with the help of experts, answers the most various questions Kiev residents about the life of the city. This time we learned how charcoal is made for barbecue.

• The Village Kiev 30 April 2013
• 27823
• 0

Even if a picnic is planned in the forest, many people prefer not to search for firewood on the spot and buy logs or special charcoal for barbecuing at the supermarket. Charcoal looks like burnt wood, which begs the question: why does it burn? For an answer, we turned to the founder of the company Grillbon, which produces charcoal and coal briquettes.

How is charcoal made for barbecue?

Ivan Bondarchuk

founder of Grillbon

To produce charcoal, hardwood trees are used - birch, oak, hornbeam, ash, cherry, and apple. The strongest and densest is obtained from birch and hornbeam. Barbecue charcoal is made using two technologies - lump and briquette.

Coal production from lump wood has several

stages. First, the raw materials are prepared: cut, crushed and dried. Then they are placed in a charcoal kiln, the temperature of which reaches 450°C. Here the process of wood pyrolysis occurs, that is, its thermal decomposition in a vacuum. After this, the coal must cool in the furnace, also without access to oxygen. Then it is taken out and left to cool for another 30 hours. If you do not do this, the coal may spontaneously ignite. The cooling process is called stabilization. Finally, the lump charcoal is packed into bags.

If you do not follow the production technology, the yield of coal decreases; it turns out fine, smelling of tar, and unburnt. The most common reason for a decrease in the amount of coal at the output is oxygen entering the furnace, which causes part of the mass to burn out.

If you produce coal using briquette technology, then you need to use ready-made fine charcoal as a raw material. It is mixed with paste and starch, and briquettes are formed from the resulting mass using a press. The main advantage of charcoal briquettes is that they are denser, therefore they burn longer, 4–5 hours (regular charcoal - 1.5–3 hours). Transporting briquettes is also more convenient: they are heavier, but they take up less space. Plus, they provide even heat.

Charcoal is considered an ancient fuel on Earth. In a fairly short period of time, this term has become popular all over the world. Charcoal is a fuel that is produced from plant materials. Main feature this material is a small release of harmful substances into the air.

It is presented in the form of a porous product with increased carbon content. Charcoal supplies are not ending. Do not forget that you need to use PR correctly so that they do not disappear.

Charcoal

1. Charcoal has many advantages:
2. Has a high heat of combustion of fuel.
3. There is no tendency to spontaneous combustion.
4. There is absolutely no release of hazardous substances.
5. There is a large combustion surface.
6. The fire burns smoothly.
7. Quite light and little smoke.

Eco-friendly and clean for fuel. The use of such coal is quite large and extensive. It is used in ordinary cases for preparing barbecue outdoors, for lighting fireplaces, and also in industry. The composition of coal is deciduous trees

durable and hard woods such as birch, oak and pine.

1. Many professionals determine the degree of readiness by the color of the smoke: If the shade white
2. Many professionals determine the degree of readiness by the color of the smoke: , then steam is released., then other substances found in the wood begin to be released.
3. Many professionals determine the degree of readiness by the color of the smoke: of blue color, then charring is complete.

How to make charcoal at home in a pit with your own hands

Even in ancient times, this method was used by our ancestors. It's quite easy to make your own charcoal. First you need to dig a shallow hole. Then make it in the shape of a cylinder, carefully looking behind the vertical walls. Remember the following: if the diameter is 75-80 cm and the depth is 50 cm, then you will have about 2 bags of charcoal. The bottom must be compressed so that the soil does not mix with the finished products. Then you need to build a fire inside the pit and gradually add thin wood. It is necessary that the bottom of the pit is covered with firewood that will burn well. After they flare up, we burn the coal.

Charcoal in a pit

When the firewood begins to burn out, lay the next batch on top, move it with a pole, they must be laid very tightly. Fold so that the hole is completely filled. Remember, the amount of time it takes to burn wood depends on its size and density, as well as air humidity. It will take you 3 hours to completely fill the hole. Once the hole is full, cover it with green grass, then cover it with soil and compact it. Under such conditions, the fully created charcoal will cool down in two days, then sift and package it. So, the coal is completely ready.

How to make charcoal at home in a barrel with your own hands

How to make your own charcoal? There is another way to create charcoal. In this case, you will need a metal barrel.

Its size depends on the amount of coal you need. There are 2 ways to make such coal. In the first, we build a fire inside, and then the process is the same as in the pit. We lay bricks vertically on the bottom, build a fire between them and carefully add firewood. After this, place a grate on the bricks and then place the firewood using the same principle. Once the barrel is completely filled, cover it with a sheet of iron, but leave a small hole. As soon as everything has cooled down, remove the sheet of iron and take out the coals.

In the second method, cover the barrel, which is completely filled with firewood, with a non-hot lid. Close almost tightly. It is necessary to have small holes for gases to escape. Then we place the barrel on a surface without soil. For example, put several bricks, and lay a sheet of durable metal on them so that it can support a barrel. You need to make a fire between the bricks and begin to heat the barrel. Some time passes and a combustion process occurs and gas rises. As soon as gases have stopped coming out of the barrel, we leave it as it is. Then remove from heat and close the gap in the lid. Leave until completely cool. Your DIY charcoal is ready.

Charcoal stove

To make charcoal, special burning furnaces with different capacities are used. Usage large ovens brings more coal than mobile ones. But they are required high performance efficiency in terms of environmental safety. Mobile stoves produce little coal. They are often used where raw materials are available or on construction sites.