Help on Tele2, tariffs, questions

The best way to get acquainted with classic Japanese gardens is, of course, in the Land of the Rising Sun itself. Let's first look at a couple typical examples, made albeit in different eras, but in traditional Japanese styles.

Classic sample

The rock garden of Reanji Temple, located on the territory of the monastery in Kyoto, is one of the most amazing and mysterious examples of Japanese gardening. It is believed that it was created in the 15th century by the then famous Zen Buddhist master Soami. This is a place for meditation, designed to create a special inner mood in a person. The garden is made in the so-called dry landscape technique (karesansui) and is a rectangular area measuring approximately 23 by 9 m, covered with white gravel. There are 15 stones on it, forming five independent groups. The shape of each of them is most similar to a scalene triangle. The concept of the garden was based on the ideas of Zen Buddhism, mainly wabi (asceticism, lack of excess). An atmosphere of unobtrusive simplicity and peace reigns here, full of mysterious understatement that lies in the depths of all things and allows everyone to find something of their own in it.

To this day, Zen Buddhists come to this temple to meditate. The garden can only be viewed from the terrace of the abbot's house - you cannot go down. Only a monk is allowed to walk on gravel, who regularly renews the stripes on the gravel with a rake and removes tree leaves that have been brought here. Contemplation of stones helps to concentrate, find peace and go deeper into oneself, and their outlines give rise to everyone’s own associations.

Source of inspiration

The gardens of the Buddhist temple complex Tofuku-ji in Kyoto are indecently young by Japanese standards: they were created in 1939 by the outstanding Japanese garden designer Mirai Shigemori (1896-1975).

This is interesting

Four different gardens appear to the viewer one after another as one moves along the wooden gallery around the temple.

The southern one consists of four stone groups, symbolizing the islands of bliss, located in a sea of ​​gravel. Stones different sizes- lying on its side, flat and installed vertically in the form of sharp peaks - create a feeling of movement frozen for a moment. On the right side of this garden are five gentle hills covered with green moss, symbolizing the main Zen monasteries of Kyoto. They are like a promised land in the harsh sea of ​​everyday storms, a promise of peace in the black and white reality of everyday life. Moreover, in spring these hills are not green, but red. The expression of the garden is amazing; it seems to pulsate with energy.

Eastern garden - seven cylindrical stones of gray color different heights, placed like stars in the constellation Ursa Major. They were originally used as foundation blocks in various temple buildings.

The western garden consists of azalea bushes trimmed into rectangular parallelepipeds, placed on a gravel bed. Squares of living greenery and gravel alternate like squares on a chessboard.

But the Northern Garden is especially good. This is a rectangular area on which moss and stone tiles are interspersed in the same checkerboard pattern, and low, hemispherical shrubs of small-leaved azalea are planted along the edges. The boundaries of the stone squares gradually blur into the moss, which closes more and more tightly and gradually absorbs them.

The minimalism of Tofuku-ji Gardens is stunning. Each of their elements is imbued with deep symbolism and philosophy, but even for a person absolutely far from it all, they create a feeling of harmony and absolute peace. Nothing but rocks, gravel, moss and bushes. So simple - and so expressive!

Principles

If you are so interested in Japanese gardens that you are even thinking about creating your own Japanese corner in your garden, then you need to familiarize yourself with the basic ideas and principles that guide the masters of the Land of the Rising Sun.

The Japanese worldview is unique: the inhabitants of this country are characterized by the ability to enjoy the variability of nature and the immutability of the world. Japanese seasonal traditions are widely known: admiring the first snow, which is considered not only a symbol of the cold season, but also a premonition of new life, the moon, symbolizing the eternity of the world, flowers in their endless transformation - sakura, azaleas, Japanese irises, peonies, chrysanthemums.

That is why the Japanese garden is an ambiguous, collective concept, combining different styles and philosophical directions. The most famous, perhaps, are three of them - a garden for the tea ceremony, for meditation and for walking. They differ significantly in size: they can be either tiny or spread over an area of ​​tens of hectares. This means that, having decided to create a Japanese corner, you can always choose an option that is ideal for your site.

Typically, a Japanese garden contains the following basic elements: stone, water and plants.

One of the classic Japanese gardens with a pond has its own name - “hill and pond garden”. ABOUTIt can be either large or small, but in its center there is always a pond with an island connected to the land by a bridge.

Plants in Japanese garden Usually there are few (and sometimes none at all). They should fit harmoniously into the composition, and, in addition, they can serve as a natural separator between the Japanese corner and its surroundings. For this purpose, you can plant large plants around the perimeter or behind the fence.

In large gardens for walking (kayushiki-teien), not only walking routes, but also water routes were carefully thought out: while riding a boat, one could enjoy the beauty of landscapes illuminated by moonlight, and for contemplating the water surface and changing reflections, platforms of simple shapes were built, most often square or rectangular.

A corner of Japan in your garden

Heated discussions about whether a Japanese-style garden is appropriate outside its historical homeland periodically flare up both among professionals and among amateur gardeners. Opinions on this matter are expressed very differently: from categorical denial of this idea to its equally furious promotion. As a rule, no arguments can shake the position of supporters of the creation of such gardens. Except, perhaps, common sense.

This is interesting

Oku, which means “depth,” is a relative concept. It is determined not by units of measurement, but rather by a special state, a feeling of something invisible, imaginary. Chu-cho is denoted by two hieroglyphs that can be translated as “to be gathered together.” This concept implies a complex structure of space - the so-called multi-layering. A person viewing a Japanese garden through the prism of these concepts seems to be involved in the process of its creation, although in reality this happened without his participation.

Contraindications

Is it worth setting up a Japanese garden in central Russia? Before you answer this question, you need to think carefully about whether it is right for you. After all, any garden should first of all suit your family and correspond to its lifestyle.

Character and lifestyle. If on weekends and holidays you usually spend time at your dacha surrounded by many friends and relatives listening to songs and barbecues, then you shouldn’t build a Japanese garden - that’s not what it’s intended for. The ascetic Japanese gazebo is absolutely not suitable for feasts. And the main thing in such a garden is the landscape, which serves for passive contemplation. After all, the philosophy of the Japanese garden is based on the idea of ​​recreating the natural landscape in miniature, designed to show the power of nature and its divine incorruptibility. Attitude to plants. You should also give up the idea of ​​​​creating a Japanese-style garden if you are a keen gardener who loves bright colors : it is simply contraindicated for you. The color scheme of Japanese gardens is very restrained; green is the predominant color, “diluted” only sakura and bright autumn foliage of maples. There are very few perennials - mostly trees and shrubs. And, therefore, lovers of phlox and roses, as they say, please do not worry. If for a European gardener or designer the main thing in a garden is still the plants, it doesn’t matter whether they are pruned for a regular garden or freely growing for a landscape garden, then the Japanese have different priorities. They create a world in miniature, where all the elements of nature are certainly present: stone, water and vegetation. Please note - she is in last place.

Ability to provide care. The Japanese garden is very demanding of its owner. It must always be in perfect condition. There can be no talk of slight neglect or elegant negligence here. landscape garden. So the Japanese corner is not suitable for those who take care of the area from time to time, when they have a free minute and the right mood happens. Although Japanese gardens are minimalist, they require maximum care.

Indications

Do you want to have your own Japanese garden, do you like this style, understand the language of symbols and are close to the philosophy underlying it? Are you (and other members of your family too) not lazy and at the same time prefer a leisurely meditative pastime, like to watch nature and do not strive to surround yourself with lush flowers of all imaginable and inconceivable shades? Perhaps a Japanese garden is just what you need.

If you have firmly decided that you simply need a Japanese corner, first decide on its location on the site. Surely, your house, outbuildings and fence are made in a completely different style, so the Japanese garden should be a separate composition. You shouldn’t give him the entire territory of the garden plot - let it be a special one. green room, which is not striking and from where, in turn, buildings are not visible. At the same time, a fence that does not suit the style can be decorated with vines (grapes, maidenhair or Amur, petiole hydrangea, wood pliers, aristolochia) or covered with ready-made bamboo screens.

Assortment of plants

Due to climatic differences, plants traditionally used in Japanese gardens do not always do well in the conditions of central Russia.

First of all, this concerns the famous Japanese maples. The mesmerizing autumn landscapes of the local gardens owe much of their splendor to them. They are distinguished by a spectacular openwork crown and graceful leaves of various shapes and colors. The most popular of them is the palm maple, or fan maple (Acer palmatum). Unfortunately, in our climatic zone it is uncomfortable: it freezes slightly, grows poorly and requires careful selection of the planting site and care.

Fortunately, as an alternative, you can choose species that are similar in decorative qualities, but unpretentious and stable in central Russia - Manchurian maples (A. mandschuricum) and pseudosieboldianum (A. pseudosieboldianum). They are small trees or large shrubs with carved small leaves that turn orange or purple in autumn.

It is impossible to imagine spring in a Japanese garden without sakura, which, unfortunately, also does poorly even in the Moscow region, not to mention the more northern regions. It can also be replaced, for example, with Sakhalin, Kuril or ordinary cherries. In the end, even ornamental or fruit apple and plum trees, as well as hawthorns, will do. Any lush bloom, even if not authentic, will be much more interesting than several flowers of real sakura, which are clearly suffering from us. In addition, in Japan, gray spirea, which is resistant to our country, is often planted. Her abundant flowering in the spring - a fantastic sight.

Among the classic “inhabitants” of the Japanese garden are small-leaved azaleas, trimmed in the shape of hemispheres. It is easier and much cheaper for us to replace them with Boumald and Japanese spirea.

On a note

Bamboo is often found in Japanese gardens, which grows quickly, forming continuous thickets. It is unusually expressive, but it will not survive in every Russian area. As alternative option Here you can plant Sakhalin buckwheat. By tearing off the lower leaves, you will achieve the desired illusion. You just need to take into account that it is growing quickly: subsequently it will have to be strictly controlled.

Are they needed in a Japanese kindergarten? stone lanterns and pagodas? This is not at all necessary, and getting too carried away with them is completely contraindicated. But if you absolutely want to “get” them, then do not buy a cheap imitation. A vulgar fake will not make your creation “Japanese,” but will easily destroy the calm, contemplative atmosphere of the garden.

When planning your own Japanese garden, try, like real creators, not to copy ready-made samples, created by recognized masters, and consider them as a source of inspiration, using only the elements you particularly like, as well as putting into practice the principles of placing stones and plants in compositions.

If, having realized all the difficulties, you have only become stronger in your desire to create simplicity and harmony, multiplied by perfection, on your few hundred square meters, do not give up your dream for anything. And may good luck accompany you!

Variations on a theme

Japanese-style gardens are found in many countries around the world.

One of the most famous in Europe is the Water Garden of the famous impressionist artist Claude Monet in Giverny. Although the painter had never been to Japan, he read a lot about the traditions of this country, its art and philosophy, and his passion for Japanese prints lasted his entire life.
The feeling of the East in his garden is created only by plants and water. There are no characteristic bridges or stone lanterns here, but there is a play of light and shadow, unsteady reflections, and a subtly changing color of the water. Monet ordered rare varieties of irises and nymphs from Japan, and willows were planted along the banks of the reservoir. “These landscapes, with water and reflections, became some kind of obsession,” the artist himself wrote.
There are many Japanese gardens in the UK, for example Kyoto Garden. It occupies a separate part of Holland Park, located in central London, and was created by a team of professional Japanese landscape designers and architects. This is a real masterpiece with ponds and a waterfall, attracting many visitors with its unique magical atmosphere.

One of the successful options for a Japanese garden can be seen in Holland: the fence was designed in a suitable manner, and a place was determined away from the rest of the garden. This is a separate green room with its own entrance, most of which is occupied by a pond with koi carp.

Muscovites and guests of our capital can visit the Japanese corner in Main botanical garden. It was created by professionals from the Land of the Rising Sun and is in no way inferior to the best European models.

The East has always attracted Europeans with its mysterious wisdom. Religion and philosophy permeate all spheres of cultural life. That’s why we are so interested in everything Japanese, from the tea ceremony to karate. And the Japanese style is landscape design immediately enchants with its unique originality and makes you want to create such a mysterious corner of nature on your site. But not everything is as simple as it seems. After all, the principles of creating a Japanese garden are radically different from European ones. We invite you to understand the peculiarities of Japanese garden art with us.

To understand the purpose and principles of creating a Japanese garden, it is necessary to look into the past.

Japanese garden art originated in the Middle Ages and, of course, was closely related to the religious beliefs of the time. The cult of nature was the basis of Shintoism. In those days, all nature surrounding man was deified. After all, she bestows harmony and beauty, although sometimes she is harsh and merciless.

It was the creation of the first stone altars that was the initial step towards the formation of Japanese garden art.

Buddhism, which spread later, adapted to local traditions and absorbed the beliefs of the ancient Japanese. This is how Zen Buddhism was formed. One of its principles: knowing the truth and achieving enlightenment by contemplating the beauty of nature.

Looking at natural harmony, a person feels like a part of it, finds peace of mind and balance, receives some kind of higher knowledge, and comprehends the meaning of existence.

Art was also highly valued in Zen Buddhism. Its symbolism artistic images gave a person the opportunity to find his own individual path to understanding the truth. Thus, in the fusion of religious philosophy and art, the basic principles of the Japanese garden were born.

The first gardens were laid out by monks and pilgrims on the grounds of temples, and since then, this art has developed and improved.

Similarities with Chinese style

Buddhism, which came from the mainland, brought with it examples of Chinese garden art to the Japanese islands. But their own traditions, peculiarities of beliefs and natural conditions brought dramatic changes into these samples. Therefore, the Japanese style in landscape design has more differences than similarities with the Chinese.

Let's note the main differences.

• In each of the gardens, the natural landscapes of their own country are copied. There are also national differences architectural styles garden buildings.
• The Chinese garden has clear axial symmetry. There must be a main composition in the center, around which all other elements are formed. Japanese is asymmetrical, there is no main composition in it, each of them is separate and equally important.

• Each of these gardens must have water. However, if Chinese is impossible without some kind of natural reservoir, then in Japanese symbolic dry reservoirs of pebbles or sand are often created; you can learn about streams of this type.
• These gardens also vary in size. Chinese always occupies a fairly large territory. And Japanese gardens can be very small in area. There are even miniature tabletop Japanese gardens.

• Chinese garden unlimited in color scheme, here you can use the brightest colors. Japanese is characterized by calm, soft tones that smoothly replace each other.
• The attributes of a Chinese garden are a semicircular bridge, many figurines of various animals, large stones of original shape or stone structures. And unusual shape window openings. The bridge in the Japanese garden is flat or has a zigzag shape. There are also small lanterns made of stone or metal, and a bowl for washing hands. The stone compositions are small, most often symbolizing islands.
• But perhaps the most important difference is in their purpose. In ancient times, the Chinese garden was supposed to activate and direct the emperor’s thoughts to solve important state affairs. And Japanese was created for meditation, man’s knowledge of himself and all things.

Components of a Japanese garden

In the landscape design of Japanese gardens, there are two types: flat (hira-niwa) and hilly (tsukiyama). They also have three forms of fullness. The more abbreviated the form, the more complex and symbolic the garden composition.

There are also a number important points. For example, it is desirable for a Japanese garden to have the shape of a square or rectangle and face east or southeast. And in the formation of compositions there should be a proportionate triangle (one main element and several subordinates). An interesting compositional feature of the Japanese garden is the opportunity to admire its beauty from any vantage point. Completely new natural scenes await you on each side.

What is important is the absence of repetitions in the compositions and the obligatory odd number of elements in them. Each of them must be a complete and independent element.

The components of a Japanese garden are stone, water, plants, auxiliary architectural forms and, of course, a spiritual idea. During its creation, there was always a harmony of two philosophical principles: yin - water and yang - stone.

The banks of reservoirs are decorated with exotic mossy stones or ornamental plants, imitating a wild natural coast. The reflection in the water should be as beautiful as the shore itself.

Contemplation real water or a platform reminiscent of water ripples, always has a calming effect. She undoubtedly contributes to the formation of the idea of ​​the garden.

Plants

The third most important element in a Japanese garden is various plants. There shouldn't be too many of them. The selection of plants is subject to important rules: natural combination with other elements of the garden, discreet color scheme and the beauty of the garden all year round.

Unlike gardens of other styles, the Japanese style of landscape design implies a special attitude towards color. The Japanese do not allow variegation and multicolor. The main color is green, but it is present in large quantities various shades. It is this play with halftones that creates amazingly beautiful color paintings. And dim flowers, like a single stroke of an artist’s brush, add additional accents.

It is necessary for a Japanese garden to be beautiful in any season of the year. This is where conifers and evergreens come to the rescue. Also pay attention to the original shape of the crown and branches, decorative painting foliage in different seasons.

It is possible to create a Japanese garden in our climatic conditions only using, for the most part, local plants. They should be the least variable, so flowers are used minimally. And of course, do not forget about the size of the garden than smaller area, the more compact the plants should be.

There are many coniferous plants growing in Japan. The most revered is the pine tree, a symbol of courage, courage, perseverance and longevity. Our types of conifers are perfect for placement in a Japanese garden. For example, Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) grows slowly and lends itself well to shaping. Elfin cedar (Pinus pumila) is a creeping coniferous plant, ornamental varieties: Glauca, Globe, Draijers Dwarf, Jeddeloh, Dwarf Blue. The relict plant microbiota cross-pair (Microbiota decussata) will fit perfectly into the Japanese style. This is a very beautiful and unpretentious creeping conifer, the shoots of which are arranged in even tiers. You can use various dwarf species other coniferous plants, thuja (Thuja occidentalis Holmstrup, T. o. Hoseria, T. o. Тeddy, T. o. Globosa), spruce (Picea abies Nidiformis, Picea abies Little Gem, Picea pungens Glauca Globosa, Pinus mugo Mors, Pinus mugo Gnom), junipers (Juniperus horizontalis Glauca, J. h. Hughes, J. h. Blue Pygmea, J. h. Wiltonii).

Cross-paired microbiota
Spruce "Glauca Globosa"

Sakura is considered to be the symbol of Japan; it is the personification of perseverance and purity. Its flowers do not wither, but fall, preserving their beauty even on the ground. In Japanese gardens, varieties of cherries and plums with double flowers are often used instead of sakura. In our climatic conditions, it is perfect as a replacement for classic sakura. felt cherry(Cerasus tomentosa). It looks decorative most of the year, as it has fluffy leaves that become brightly colored in the fall. Delicious fruits also decorate the tree. The crown is well formed when pruned.

Some types of spirea can also decorate a Japanese garden. For example, gray spirea (Spiraea cinerea) Graciosa or Grefsheim, as well as Japanese spirea Crispa (Spiraea japonica Crispa). Perfectly suitable shrubs include Japanese quince (Chaenomelis), weigela (Weigela), deutzia (Deutzia), Japanese kerria (Kerria japonica), Japanese dogwood (Cornus kousa), leather mackerel (Cotinus coggygria), euonymus (Euonymus), boxwood ( Búxus), lovely kolkwitzia amabilis, barberries (Bérberis), forsythia (Forsythia), rhododendrons (Rhododendron).

Japonica
Kolviktsia is lovely

Lianas will help in the design of various vertical elements. For example, different kinds maiden grape (Parthenocissus), honeysuckle honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium), Chinese lemongrass (Schisandra), actinidia kolomikta, hops (Humulus Lupulus).

Iwa matsudana

Among the trees, willow (Salix) best supports the Japanese style in landscape design. Matsudana willow (Salix matsudana) with its twisted branches and leaves is ideal for this. Maples are also good; among them you can choose suitable species and varieties. For example, sycamore (Acer platanoides) Drummondii, false sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) Leopoldii and Simon Louis Freres, ash leaf (Acer negundo) Flamingo. For a large garden, linden, oak, chestnut, and ash are also suitable.

The Japanese garden is bright in the spring, when sakura and azaleas bloom, and also when the leaves of the trees put on autumn outfits. The rest of the time he is modest, so flowers only complement some compositions.

If the garden area allows, you can use large flowers, such as tree peonies(Paeonia suffruticosa), chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum), irises (Iris). Asters, anemones, primroses, forest violets, saxifrage, and sedums are also suitable.

Japanese landscape design is also emphasized by perennials such as Rodgersia, Bergenia, Ligularia, and Hosta.

Among the ground cover plants, these are lambswort (Lamiastrum), periwinkle (Vinca), hoofed grass (Asarum), loosestrife (Lysimachia nummularia), ivy grass (Glechoma hederaceae), apical pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis).

Khosta
Budra ivy-shaped

Decorative mosses are a must in a Japanese garden. There is even a moss garden. The most common in our country are cuckoo flax (Polýtrichum commúne), viviparous polya (Pohlia cruda), and wavy atrichum (Atrichum undulatum).

Ferns and ornamental cereals are appropriate in the Japanese garden - miscanthus (Miscánthus), molinia (Molinia), fescue (Festuca), imperata (Imperata).

The pond will be decorated with water lily (Nymphaea) and egg capsule (Nuphar).

A Japanese garden cannot be complete without bamboo (Fargesia genus); it will add the desired color and serve as an excellent material for creating various arches and hedges. Although it is an eastern guest, it is quite winter-hardy.

It should be noted that the shaping of trees and shrubs in a Japanese garden is radically different from that in Europe. Instead of European geometric ones, the Japanese in their garden give trees a natural shape, but the plant looks as if it grew in complex natural conditions(exotically twisted branches, irregular shape crowns).

We have given many different plants as examples, but when choosing, you should not forget about the simplicity and laconicism of the Japanese garden, which does not tolerate excesses.

Auxiliary (small) architectural forms

An important element in Japanese landscape design are paths and bridges. Paths symbolize movement along the path of life and connect garden paintings into a single whole. They are our guides through the garden and should be comfortable, so using step-by-step paving, you can set the desired rhythm of movement. Paths are made of flat stones, should fit perfectly into the composition of the garden and have smooth curves.

Bridges in a Japanese garden symbolize the transition between life stages. They are made from flat stone blocks or wood (can be zigzag). They should be small and be in harmony with the main composition.

Stone lanterns are a must in a Japanese garden to “illuminate the path through life.” Although they are different in appearance, their design necessarily includes three geometric shapes: a square, a triangle and a circle. They add warm charm and mystery to the garden.

In Japanese gardens, stone bowls with spring water for hand washing or tea ceremonies. They should also be as natural as possible.

Another additional element Japanese garden - stone pagodas, their tiers are located from the largest at the bottom to the smaller at the top. These are places of worship, symbolizing the temple.

Pay attention to the tranquil beauty that fills the landscape paintings of Japanese gardens in the photo.

We looked at the main features of a Japanese garden. Its creation has a deep spiritual meaning. If you want to recreate the Japanese style of landscape design on your property, then it’s worth a try. The main thing is to put a piece of your own soul into it, and, despite all the difficulties, you will definitely succeed!

A harmonious combination of human influence and natural elements is the goal of every park complex. This harmony is most fully reflected in the traditions of the Land of the Rising Sun, which is why the Japanese-style garden has survived centuries of change and is popular even today.

Deep into history

First written sources, in which the hieroglyph “niva” (garden) appears, dates back to the eighth century AD. At first, this term meant a certain space, without natural or artificial fences. Later, man-made elements appeared - fences, pebbled paths, small architectural structures.

The concept of a Japanese garden is related to painting. The stunning color schemes of Heian period gardens coincided with the rise of the Yamato-e school. The appearance of Buddhist monasteries and temples occurred during the era of samurai - pomp and decorativeness gave way to laconicism and monochrome, and the era of dry landscapes began.

The combination of incongruous elements also marks the so-called tea garden - another direction of Japanese park art, which arose already in the 16th century.

Japanese garden - principles of creating style

Three pillars on which the park complexes of temples and palaces are based:

• the indispensable combination of water and stone, symbolizing the masculine and feminine principles in Eastern philosophy;
• naturalness of plants, stone blocks, decorative design;
• asymmetry of the landscape with an emphasis on one or more individual details of the composition.

Additional conditions for the structure of a Japanese corner include the presence of an open area and the use of restrained, harmonious color shades.

Photo: landscape design of a summer cottage

Garden design styles

In modern landscape design, there are four types of Japanese-style garden design. These variations are successfully used to organize space.

1. - a small part of a yard or house with an open roof.
2. - a site with a minimum of plants. It is not difficult to create such a site, but the decorative effect of the design will be relatively small.
3. . This landscape complex differs from the European park tradition that is familiar to us. Characteristic - maximum use natural plants and forms, and following the seasons.
4. – characterized by the combination of two types of green spaces with different landscapes. In the shady corners there is certainly a pavilion - wabi, in which the tea ceremony - tyanoyu - takes place.

Let's take a closer look at each of these green corners and highlight the principles of their creation.

The garden appeared during the development of urban architecture in the early Middle Ages. The name itself speaks of miniature landscape composition– the word “tsubo” means a small area, 3.3 square meters. m.

Such a garden is located both in tiny areas of the yard outdoors and indoors.

Photo of a classic tsubo:

Main purpose of breakdown miniature garden– let light and nature into limited urban space. Plantings for a green corner are selected depending on the cardinal directions. For example, in the northern part sun-loving plants are not planted, and the lack of flowers is compensated for with moss.

The tsubo territory is lined with stones, leaving a small piece of land for planting. In the center of the composition are several plants that match the style of the building. The easiest way to create such a Japanese garden is summer cottage– install a tsukubai lantern, make paths from “flying stones” - tobiishi and harmoniously arrange several plants.

Thematic material:

The lack of light is compensated by lamps, lanterns or an ingenious gallery of mirrors that saturate the boring walls of a city house with bright and warm sunlight. Decorative lighting will be a small touch that completes the tsubo composition.

This is a poetic interpretation of an archaic motif - the search for islands of eternal youth and immortality. Ancient legends are reflected in the structure of the rock garden. Although landscape design does not pay enough attention to Japanese philosophy, it continues to use the age-old principles of constructing stone gardens.

For the Japanese, stone has never been a building material - only an object of worship and admiration. Echoes of the cult attitude towards stone blocks are presented in classical methods arrangement of compositions. When creating an oriental design, boulders are placed in the following ways:

• Mount Horai is a single stone in the middle of a pond as a symbol of this distant peak.
• Mount Sumi is a composition of three stones located in a pond or on a small hill.
• The Three Jewels is an arrangement method based on Buddhist traditions.
• Crane and turtle islands repeat folk tales and legends in the garden landscape.

The Japanese attach great importance to the choice of stones. Since boulders are often used in groups, it is not the shape that is important separate subject, but the harmony of the composition. The design of the Japanese garden welcomes interspersed ancient stones covered with mosses and lichens, with rounded outlines.

According to the beliefs of the Japanese, such blocks bring peace and harmony to the house; without them it is impossible to decorate a garden in the style of the Land of the Rising Sun.

It is not customary to place stones in an ascending or descending line - the Japanese do not like artificial symmetry. River, mountain and sea stones are not combined in one composition.

To keep the boulders stable, they are dug in. To hide defects and chips, low-growing shrubs or grass are planted near the stone composition. Plants for a Japanese rock garden are chosen in wild, modest colors.

The appearance of this territory is the most familiar to the European view: open space, water flow and a lot of green spaces. Both evergreens and deciduous trees– this is how the alternation of flowering of each seedling is achieved depending on the season.

A good addition to trees are trimmed bushes of boxwood, rhododendron, cotoneaster, etc. Such plants, if necessary, hide the walls of houses, garbage containers or composting facilities (if the garden is planned to be located in the country). Conversely, the decorated caps of bushes serve as a natural frame for the view of a river bank or an endless field.

Great importance in a tree garden is given to decorative elements - hedges, bridges, lanterns, gates... As a rule, internal barriers are made light and airy using wooden picket fence or bamboo. But external fences are made of stones and decorated with tiles.

Part of a traditional Japanese tea ceremony. Its main purpose is to create the necessary atmosphere of peace and tranquility. Its area is not large and imitates a fragment of a mountainous area where eastern sages settled.

At the far end of the garden there is a hut for the tea ceremony - chashitsu. This is a small ascetic house, reminiscent of the home of the sages. Both the appearance and interior decoration of this building are very laconic. It is believed that this is the only way to achieve true harmony and tune in to contemplation.

The garden itself seems to prepare a person for the ceremony, being the border between the busy world and the territory of spirituality.

It is decorated in a discreet style, close to nature. Plants and stones are arranged in a natural, seemingly chaotic order. The lighting should be low, barely enough to see the path.

Lanterns are an indispensable attribute of a Japanese garden; they are used both for decoration and for lighting the area. At first, decorative lamps were present only in tea gardens, but later they became business card any landscape design in Japanese style. As a rule, only one lantern made of stone is installed. Pedestal models - tachigata - brightly illuminate the surrounding area. The luminous flux of hidden lanterns - ikekomigata - is directed downwards.

Photo: the bridge serves a decorative function

Bridges in a Japanese garden do not always serve as a means of crossing to the other side; rather, they are used as another design element. Unlike Chinese or European designs, the Japanese bridge is flat, sometimes not intended for walking at all. The Yatsuhashi bridge is extremely decorative, composed of eight elements - stones or wide boards.

The parts of the structure are laid in a zigzag pattern, so walking along it can be difficult. Such bridges fit well into a landscape park; they are installed over artificial ponds, depressions with wet soil, or directly above the lawn.

Japanese gardens can tell a lot about the character of the inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun. And for Europeans it is a magnificent combination of light, greenery, stone and water, a kind of door to understanding the culture and traditions of the East.

Video: miniature Japan on site

The land of the rising sun is famous for its original culture and traditions. Here, each item has its own philosophical meaning and centuries-old history.

The main word that characterizes Japanese culture is harmony. She reigns in everything. The unity of man with nature creates an atmosphere of tranquility and makes one think about the eternal. That’s why the Japanese style has become quite popular in our country.

How to create on your site the original atmosphere of the land of philosophers and samurai?

Planning principle

The main accents in the formation of a Japanese garden: asymmetry in the arrangement of elements, smooth lines, the predominance of green, red, yellow, orange, purple shades, simplicity of design techniques.

Visually, such a garden is divided into two zones. In one zone, the main one, they install decorative elements, stones, plants are planted. The second zone, in contrast to the first, remains deserted.

In addition, in the main zone, the “visual distance” method is used to effectively reveal the landscape:

• large plants are planted in the foreground or voluminous stones are installed
• in the background - medium in size
• on the third - the smallest

Then, while walking around the garden, new elements of the landscape will be revealed to you with every step. Everything resembles the untouched, fascinating naturalness of nature.

Philosophy and symbols of the garden

"There can be a garden without flowers, but there cannot be a garden without stones." This is what the Japanese sages said.

The Japanese garden differs from the garden plantings we are used to and combines three main components - water, stone and vegetation, which are in harmony with each other. The harmony of the elements is especially important here.

There are few or no plants. And the main elements, the basis of the garden, are stones skillfully installed on the territory.

No less important in landscape design is water - the “blood” of the garden. A waterfall, stream, spring or pond are essential elements of your Japanese corner.

Rock garden

The stone symbolizes perseverance and strength, and when collected in a composition, they symbolize the endless and unknowable Universe. That is why the stones are laid out so that no matter your location on the territory, you would not see all the stones at the same time.

We begin laying out the composition of stones (necessarily an odd number) from the left corner of the site diagonally. Try to use stones in the same color scheme or in groups different colors, without any processing, just as they are in nature. Overgrown with moss, the boulders will look even more natural. Compositions of large and small stones are also possible. We plant plants with attractively colored or unusually shaped foliage nearby.

Smooth winding paths paved with stone are exactly what makes a Japanese garden calm, balanced and fills the atmosphere with harmony. A path of smooth flat stones symbolizes a journey through life without obstacles or problems. What will the path in your garden look like?

Using river pebbles, sand or pea gravel (all of which traditionally represent water), you can create a "dry stream" or small waterfall.

Sandstone and natural slates are also used to decorate the garden.

Plants for the Japanese garden

Each of the plants carries a philosophical meaning:

• pine is a symbol of long life, courage, strong character, longevity
• weeping willow - modesty and obedience
• plum tree represents the beauty of the soul
• maple - a symbol of wisdom, knowledge
• bamboo - assertiveness, fortitude, striving forward
• bindweed - poetry of life
• moss, lichen - personify maternal kindness and love, protection and reliability

Therefore, when choosing plants for your garden, take this aspect into account.

Niwaki, plants grown in a special way with a beautiful extravagant crown, can become an extraordinary decoration for your garden. They are also called “garden bonsai” for their strong similarity to these plants. The main principle in landscaping the area is the “wave principle”: plants are selected in such a way that you can admire something at any time of the year.

Shrubs and low-growing trees, such as rhododendron, juniper, Karelian birch, dwarf spruce, are combined with tall ones - oak, pine, elm. Fruit trees (cherry, apricot) can easily replace Japanese sakura and will also delight you during flowering.

Among herbaceous plants, you should choose large-leaved species, such as hosta, fern, chrysanthemums, and Rogers.

Bamboo and baobab are heat-loving and may not take root in our area. An alternative to bamboo can be black alder "Imperialis" or Sakhalin buckwheat.

If the area of ​​your garden is in the shade, plants such as rhododendrons, Japanese primrose, three-row polygonum, and light rose will be suitable. On sunny side good: Japanese spirea, dwarf Weymouth pine, Ginnala river maple. Bright periwinkle or Siebold's hoofweed will also be appropriate in your flowerbed.

Water

Water is a symbol of vital energy, purification, prosperity, positive energy. A Japanese-style garden is unthinkable without a water feature. This is a waterfall (symbolizes the beginning human life), stream (streams of water - the river of our life), fountain, small pond. You can plant moisture-loving plants along the banks of your pond.

An alternative could be a “dry stream” or “dry pond”, as well as wavy lines drawn on sand or shallow fill.

An irreplaceable interesting element in your garden will be tsukubai - this is a stone bowl for washing your face and hands (symbolizing purity and innocence). Water is collected from tsukubaya using a bamboo ladle. Usually tsukubai are placed near the house or at the entrance to the garden.

The space around the tsukubai is filled with the “sea” - black pebbles. Tsukubai can be combined with the Oribs lantern (no other lanterns are suitable for this role). This type of blowing will perfectly highlight the style of your garden and fill it with the melody of rushing water.

We can talk endlessly about Japanese culture, it is so interesting and fascinating. And you can't go wrong if you decide to decorate your garden in Japanese style. After all, it is here that you will feel on the same wavelength with nature, which is so important in our modern dynamic pace of life.

Relief

Depending on the characteristics of the site, you can create a garden in flat or mountainous terrain.

Reanlzi Garden- an example of a planar composition. For this design you will need sand, small stones and moss. Draw transverse stripes-waves on the sand with a rake - they will symbolize the water area, a “dry pond”. Arrange moss and stones randomly.

For hilly terrain, sand, pebbles and large structural rocks are useful. Place a large elongated stone vertically - this is your mountain peak. Make flat rocks into the sides of your hill.

Bridge in Japan - a symbol life path Therefore, it is made from valuable tree species. For harmonious combination lay a stone path to your bridge. You can also lay stones on both sides of the bridge or plant a flower bed. Sitting on the bridge with a cup of tea, you can think about the main values ​​of life.