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My work is directly related to oil and gas production complexes in Russia, so I often have to fly to the east from the Central Federal District. Of course, I’ve also been to Western Siberia, let’s say, I’ve traveled far and wide :) Western Siberia is also full of life, there are large, famous cities, and there is its own city, traditional for Central Russia. I also had a chance to visit Kuzbass.

Cities in Western Siberia

On the territory of Western Siberia (occupies an area of ​​15% of the area of ​​the Russian Federation) there are eleven large cities, such as:

• Mound;
• Ust-Kamenogorsk;
• Surgut.

All of them are large centers with a relatively large population (14.6 million people throughout Western Siberia). Undoubtedly, these cities were formed due to the development of coal, oil and gas deposits. The population density of the region is 6 people per square kilometer.

Other settlements in Western Siberia

On the territory of Western Siberia there are also cities, territories, autonomous okrugs, partially located on the territory of this geographical region of Russia, such as:

Also, in the territory of the geographical area there are rivers belonging to the Kara Sea basin:

• Ob;
• Irtysh;
• Tom;
• Pelvis;
• Pur;
• Tobol;
• and others.

The West Siberian Plain in the southeast gives way to the foothills of nearby regions: Mountain Shoria, Altai, Salair and Kuznetsk Alatau.

I hope I have helped expand your knowledge of geography. It is necessary to know as much as possible about the country in which you live, especially about Russia, since it is a huge, little-studied country, I know from experience. Western Siberia is a source of heritage and natural wealth of our country;)

Included West Siberian region includes the following territories:

• Tyumen region (including the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs),
• Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions,
• Altai region,
• Altai Republic.

Almost half of the population (46%) of the Eastern macroregion is concentrated in the West Siberian region on an area of ​​2.4 million km2. The region occupies the territories of the West Siberian Lowland and the mountainous regions of Altai, Kuznetsk Alatau and Salair Ridge. The climate of Western Siberia is characterized by continental features, which intensify in the south of the plain. In winter, windless, sunny, frosty weather prevails. In summer, when arctic air masses collide with heated southern air, cyclones occur, accompanied by precipitation. The enormous extent in the meridional direction has led to a clear manifestation of latitudinal zoning in the nature of Western Siberia. There are only zones of broad-leaved and mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests here. The far north of Western Siberia is occupied by the tundra zone. Due to the widespread occurrence of swamps in the forest zone of Western Siberia, it is called the forest-swamp zone. Almost 40% of the region's territory is occupied by swamps. High swampiness complicates the development of the richest resources of this region. At the same time, Western Siberian swamps have large reserves of peat. The extreme south of Western Siberia is a steppe zone with plowed chernozem and chestnut soils.

The country's largest oil and natural gas fields are associated with the sedimentary cover of the West Siberian Plain. Over 60% of Russian oil reserves and up to 90% of natural gas are concentrated here. The most important oil fields are concentrated in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Samotlor, Megionskoye, Ust-Balykskoye), and natural gas fields are in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye fields). In the Kemerovo region, hard coal is mined (Kuznetsk coal basin). Iron ores are mined in the mountainous Shoria. The area has non-ferrous metals, salt reserves (Kulunda lakes), large forest reserves and water resources.

The population of this area is 15.1 million people. The main population is concentrated in the south. The highest population density is in the Kemerovo region (more than 32 people per 1 km 2). The average population density in the area is 6.2 people per 1 km2. The share of the urban population is 73%.

The main role in the economy of the region is played by the fuel and energy complex, metallurgical, chemical, forestry industries, and the agro-industrial complex (grain farming). Within the West Siberian region there are two large economic zones: northern and southern. In the northern economic zone (Tyumen region, northern Omsk and Tomsk regions), economic specialization is determined by the oil and gas industry, as well as the forestry industry. In the southern part of Western Siberia, the Kuznetsk-Altai complex was formed on the basis of coal and ore resources, and the agricultural development of forest-steppe spaces is being carried out. The center of metallurgy in Siberia is Novokuznetsk, the chemical center of the region is Kemerovo. In Kemerovo, due to the developed chemical industry, a difficult environmental situation remains.

In the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Western Siberia, mainly in river valleys, dairy farming has developed. On the drier interfluve uplands, spring wheat is grown, and meat and dairy farming and sheep breeding are developed. Antler reindeer husbandry and beekeeping are preserved in the Altai Mountains. In the north of Western Siberia, reindeer breeding is a traditional occupation of the local peoples - the Nenets, Khanty and Mansi.

The largest cities in Western Siberia:

• Omsk is located on the Irtysh at the intersection with the Trans-Siberian Railway. Omsk is the former center of the Siberian Cossacks, a commercial and administrative city, a large industrial hub (petrochemicals, mechanical engineering).
• Tomsk is a scientific center with developed mechanical engineering and chemical industries.
• Tyumen is the first Russian city in Siberia (founded in 1586), a center of diverse industry, and the organizational center of the oil and gas industry in the region.
• Novosibirsk is the largest and at the same time the youngest city in Siberia (1.4 million people). Located near Kuzbass at the intersection of the Ob River and the railways, this city is a center of diversified mechanical engineering and science.

Western Siberia is one of the large territorial units of Russia. Its area is 2451.1 thousand km 2, which is 15% of the entire territory of the country.

The industrial development of the region is at a high level and increases in scale every year.

Population of the region

The population of the region is about 15 million, and this figure, thanks to active industrial development, is actively increasing. The average population density of Western Siberia is low and amounts to only 2 people per km 2. Such indicators are due to the characteristics of the natural landscape and climate of the region. The distribution of the population in the region itself is not uniform and the density of each region ranges from 0.5 people/km2 (in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) to 33 people/km2 (Kemerovo region). Most of the population lives in the riverine regions, as well as in the Altai foothills.

About 73% of the total population are urban residents living in 80 cities in the region. Also in Western Siberia there are 204 settlements that have the status of an urban village. Most of all Russians live in this territory, and only 10% of the total population are small nations, such as Komi, Evenki, Khanty and others.

Industry of Western Siberia

Many people have heard about the fuel and energy capacity of Russia, and in many ways, such popularity was achieved precisely thanks to the industry of Western Siberia. In the region, industrial sectors such as coal, gas, oil, metallurgy, electrical engineering and others are at a high level and continue to develop. Each of these areas produces high productivity results and increases production volumes, which affects the population growth of the region. In terms of the share of industry, each of the regions of the region shows its own indicators, but the leading places in this list belong to the Tyumen and Kemerovo regions.

Fuel industry

Western Siberia is rightly called the base of the country's fuel industry. After all, many enterprises for the extraction and transportation of coal and oil provide not only the country’s need for resources, but are also exported to many countries, thus replenishing the state treasury.

Today, the largest oil refining complex, which processes about 80% of the produced raw materials, is the oil refinery in the city of Omsk. Part of the volume is processed by the oil refinery in Tobolsk. BUT, since transportation from fields to processing sites is quite expensive, today the possibility of building economical mini-refineries is being considered. It is planned to build such industrial facilities in mining areas, thus reducing the cost of fuel.

Ferrous metallurgy

Another major industry in Western Siberia is ferrous metallurgy. Its main capacity is in the Kemerovo region. It is in this region that enterprises such as the West Siberian Full Cycle Plant, as well as the Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, successfully operate.

As for the production of finished rolled metal, a large enterprise in Novosibirsk is also working on this area.

Mechanical engineering

The mechanical engineering industry occupies a special place in the developed industry of Western Siberia. Its largest centers are Omsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, and the Altai Territory. It is in these regions that the largest engineering enterprises are located, which produce a wide variety of products, from weaving machines to large pieces of agricultural machinery and cars.

Agriculture of Western Siberia

Unlike other neighboring economic regions, the climate and landscape capabilities of Western Siberia have made it possible to develop various areas of agriculture quite widely. The area of ​​agricultural land located in this territory is quite large and amounts to 1/6 of all land allocated for agriculture by the state.

The main regions in which this direction is most developed are the Novosibirsk, Omsk and southern parts of the Tyumen region. In these territories, grain crops and vegetables are actively grown, and livestock farming is well developed.

In the northern regions of this region, reindeer husbandry, fur farming and fishing flourish. But on the territory of the Altai Territory, village residents make their living in beekeeping, antler reindeer husbandry, and also in the industrial procurement of medicinal plants.

In addition, work is currently underway to expand agricultural land in Western Siberia: the Barabinsk forest-steppe is being drained, as well as the Kulinda steppe is being irrigated.

Includes the West Siberian Lowland (90% of the territory) and the Altai Mountains. Composition: Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The EGP of Western Siberia is quite advantageous compared to other eastern regions. It borders on the industrial Urals, the raw material base of Eastern Siberia and Kazakhstan, and is located at the intersection of river and railway roads.

The territory of the district is divided into two unequal parts. The largest part is occupied by the West Siberian Plain, located on a young Paleozoic platform. This is one of the largest accumulative plains in the world with heights of up to 200 m, monotonous, weakly rugged, and significantly swampy. In the south lies a country belonging to the Caledonian and Hercynian folds. This is the highest part of the area. The highest point is Belukha (4506 m).

Mechanical engineering produces products used in all regions of Siberia. They make metal-intensive mining and metallurgical equipment and machine tools. They produce heavy machine tools, presses and turbogenerators. In Rubtsovsk - Altai Tractor Plant. Instrumentation and electrical engineering are represented in Novosibirsk and Tomsk.

It produces nitrogen fertilizers, dyes, medicines, plastics, and tires. Petrochemistry is developing. Chemistry and petrochemistry are concentrated in the industrial hubs of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Omsk, Tomsk and other cities.

Oil and gas production and oil refining aggravate the environmental situation in the area.

Agro-industrial complex. In the north, reindeer husbandry, fishing and fur trading are developed. The south of the region is one of the main grain regions of the country. In addition, dairy and meat farming, sheep farming, and poultry farming are developing here.

The region's electric power industry is represented by numerous thermal power plants (powered by fuel oil and gas), the largest of which are the Surgut State District Power Plants, Nizhnevartovsk and Urengoy State District Power Plants. Kuzbass thermal power plants operate on coal.

Transport. The basis of the transport network was ( - Novosibirsk - ), laid in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Later, the South Siberian Railway (Magnitogorsk - Novokuznetsk - Taishet) was built, as well as meridional railways in the northern direction.

Pipeline transport is now developing faster than other types. Main oil pipelines:

• Ust-Balyk - Omsk - Pavlodar - - Chimkent - Kazakhstan;
• Shaim - Tyumen;
• Aleksandrovskoe - Nizhnevartovsk;
• Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Ufa - Almetyevsk;
• Nizhnevartovsk - Kurgan - Samara and others.

Dozens of gas pipelines have also been built, running mainly to the west, to and from.
The development of the resources of Western Siberia entailed many problems: disruption of the ecological balance in the tundra, pollution and metallurgy waste, and the creation of difficulties for the traditional activities of the indigenous population.

CHAPTER 19. WEST SIBERIAN ECONOMIC REGION

Composition: Altai Territory, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, Khanty-Mansiysk, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Altai Republic. The area of ​​the district is 2427.2 km 2, the population is 15 million people, the average population density is 6 people per 1 km 2. It is placed extremely unevenly. The most densely populated area is the narrow strip along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Kemerovo region (33 people per 1 km2). In the taiga, villages are found mainly along river valleys. In the Tomsk, Tyumen regions and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the population density is 2-3 people per 1 km 2. Even less often, the population is located in the tundra (in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the population density is 0.6 people per 1 km 2).

More than 90% of the population is Russian, and the proportion of Ukrainians is quite high. The indigenous population of the northern regions (peoples of the Ural language family) - the Nenets (about 30 thousand people) inhabit the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: the administrative center is the city of Salekhard, located near the Arctic Circle. The Khanty and Mansi peoples live in the middle reaches of the Ob. The indigenous population of the mountains (southern Western Siberia) is the people of the Jurassic language group - Altaians, Shors; Kazakhs live in the areas bordering Kazakhstan.

As a result of the industrial development of the region, the proportion of the urban population increased (71%). Large cities of the West Siberian region are located mainly at points where railroads cross navigable rivers. Novosibirsk and Omsk (millionaire cities) especially stand out. Many towns grew up in areas of mining, timber processing and agricultural production. In the highly urbanized Kemerovo region (87%), cities are located mainly along the railway line.

In recent years, the urban population in the Middle Ob region and in the north of the region has noticeably increased (the urbanization coefficient in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is 91%). Modern cities have grown here: Nadym - based on the Medvezhye oil field; Urengoy - near the Urengoy gas field, etc. The population of Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk approached a quarter of a million. Due to oil and gas production and industrial development, the population has grown in previous years, but in general the region lacks labor resources (rotational work is used).

The West Siberian economic region occupies a vast area east of the Ural Jurassic region, extending almost to the Yenisei. The length from north to south is especially great. This is one of the largest economic regions in Russia.

In the west, the region borders on the Northern and Ural economic regions, in the south - on Kazakhstan, in the east - on the East Siberian region. In the south of the region, the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the largest rivers Ob and Irtysh.

Possessing rich natural resources, the region has favorable prerequisites for economic development, but the peculiar natural and climatic conditions greatly complicate the situation.

Most of the region's territory is occupied by the West Siberian Plain. The Altai mountainous country located in the southeast is the highest part of Western Siberia (Belukha -4506 m).

Most of Western Siberia is located in the continental climate of the temperate zone (more severe than in the European part of Russia), and its northern part is located within the subarctic and arctic zones. The nature of the far north is significantly influenced by the Arctic Ocean.

Due to the large extent from north to south and from west to east, differences in vegetation are noticeable even within the same climate zone. In the direction from north to south, the zone of arctic deserts and tundras gives way to the taiga zone (Western Siberia is a forest-abundant region). At the latitude of Tyumen and Tomsk, taiga forests give way to a narrow strip of deciduous forests, which turn into forest-steppe spaces. At the foothills of Altai, a small area is occupied by a steppe zone, drier than on the Russian Plain. The forest-steppe and steppe regions of Western Siberia with chernozem soils are plowed.

The main river of the region, the Ob, is navigable along its entire length and flows into the Kara Sea. The river has many tributaries, many of them navigable. The rivers of the region serve as transport arteries and for water supply. The hydropower potential of the rivers is small (flat territory). More than a third of the entire area of ​​Western Siberia is occupied by swamps. Swampiness makes it extremely difficult to lay transport routes and develop oil and gas fields.

The West Siberian region is rich in various minerals. In its depths there are huge reserves of oil and gas (especially important ones are in the remote taiga among swamps and swamps). The region accounts for more than 60% of Russian peat reserves. To the north of Altai, between the Salair ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) is located. Iron ores were mined in the south of the Kemerovo region (Gornaya Shoria), but they are almost exhausted. But the main reserves of iron ore, comparable to the reserves of the KMA, are located in the Ob region, in the Tomsk region (their development has not yet begun). There are reserves of polymetallic ores in the Salair Ridge. Mercury and gold were discovered in Altai.

In the foothills of Altai there is the Belokurikha resort with mineral springs. Dense forests, fast rivers, and the famous Lake Teletskoye attract numerous tourists to Altai.

19.2 Structure and characteristics of the leading industries of the West Siberian economic region

The sectors of specialization of the economy of Western Siberia are the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal production), ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, petrochemistry, mechanical engineering, as well as grain farming.

Thanks to large-scale development of natural resources, Western Siberia has become Russia's main base for oil and gas production. And in recent years, it has become the basis of the country’s financial stability. The oil produced here is of high quality, and its cost is the lowest in the country. Oil and gas occur in loose sedimentary rocks at a depth of 700-3000 m.

In the 90s, the role of this region intensified: due to the export of mineral resources and their processed products, more than two-thirds of the country’s foreign exchange earnings are provided. The West Siberian region produces more than 16% of GDP and industrial production, as well as more than 10% of agricultural products in the Russian Federation.

The most significant role is played by the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (in the fuel industry - more than 40% of Russian production volumes) and the Kemerovo region (in ferrous metallurgy and the fuel industry - more than 10% in Russia). However, an analysis of the dynamics of the industrial structure of this economic region shows that along with the increase in the importance of fuel and energy sectors (almost up to 70%), the share of mechanical engineering decreased three times, and light industry - nine times.

Oil production in years economic restructuring has noticeably decreased, but the region, nevertheless, is the main one for the extraction of fuel resources in the country. In 2001, 230 million tons of oil were produced here (in 1991 - 329 million tons). The largest deposits are located in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions (Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Surgutskoye). The deposits are aging and depleted; new ones are being explored.

Gas production produced in the north of the region. The largest deposits are Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye, Bovanenkovskoye, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. A new branch of the Yamal - Europe gas pipeline is currently being laid.

An oil refinery in Omsk and petrochemical plants in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, and Nizhnevartovsk operate on the basis of Tyumen oil. Oil is supplied through oil pipelines to Eastern Siberia, where refineries operate in Achinsk, Angarsk and Kazakhstan. The development of the petrochemical cycle occurs simultaneously with the expansion forestry industry(timber chemistry - Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk). The bulk of the fuel produced in the region is exported outside its borders (p. 168).

Ferrous metallurgy. Kuzbass is a coal and metallurgical base of republican significance. Kuznetsk coals are consumed in Western Siberia, the Urals and the European part of Russia, Kazakhstan. The main center of ferrous metallurgy is Novokuznetsk (ferroalloy plant and two full metallurgical cycle plants). The Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant uses copper ores from Gornaya Shoria, and the growing West Siberian Metallurgical Plant receives raw materials from Eastern Siberia - Khakass and Angaro-Ilim ores. There is also a metallurgical plant in Novosibirsk.

Non-ferrous metallurgy represented by a zinc plant (Belovo), an aluminum plant (Novokuznetsk) and a plant in Novosibirsk, where tin and alloys are produced from Far Eastern concentrates. The local nepheline deposit has been developed - a raw material base for the aluminum industry.

Mechanical engineering The district serves the needs of all of Siberia. Metal-intensive mining and metallurgical equipment and machine tools are made in Kuzbass. Novosibirsk produces heavy machine tools and hydraulic presses, and also has a turbogenerator plant. The Altai Tractor Plant is located in Rubtsovsk; in Tomsk - bearing; boiler room in Barnaul. Instrument engineering and electrical engineering are represented in Novosibirsk and Tomsk.

You are developing on the basis of coal coking in Kuzbass" chemical industry, which produces nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic dyes, medicines, plastics, tires (Novosibirsk and other cities). Petrochemistry is developing, using local hydrocarbon raw materials (oil, gas). The concentration of production with hazardous waste in the industrial hubs of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo and other cities seriously aggravates the environmental situation in the region.

In connection with the rapid development of oil and gas production in Western Siberia, the issue of the ecology of the regions of the North of Russia also becomes acute, as difficulties are created for the traditional activities of the indigenous population: huge areas of reindeer pastures are forever disabled after the passage of all-terrain vehicles and pipe layers. Oil spills and pipeline failures lead to water pollution in rivers and lakes and damage to fisheries resources. Forests also suffer from human activities. All these processes affect the reduction in the size of the territory where the indigenous population of Western Siberia can engage in hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding.

Agro-industrial complex. In the forest and tundra zones of the region, conditions for agriculture are unfavorable and the main role here is played by reindeer husbandry, fishing and fur farming. The south of Western Siberia (forest-steppe and steppe zone with chernozem soils) is one of the main grain-growing regions of Russia. Cattle, sheep, and poultry are also raised here. Creameries were created in the forest-steppe zone, meat processing plants, and wool washing plants were created in the steppe zone. In the Altai Mountains, along with sheep breeding, antler reindeer herding remains important; goats and yaks are also bred in the mountains.

Fuel and energy complex occupies a leading position in the region's industry. The region is provided with fuel resources and even exports them to other economic regions of Russia and abroad. Western Siberia accounts for a large share of all hydrocarbon production in Russia. New trunk pipelines have been laid and are being built to the west, east and south of the largest fields.

The energy supply of the West Siberian oil and gas complex is carried out through the operation of thermal power plants operating on fuel oil and gas - Surgut State District Power Plants, Nizhnevartovskaya and Urengoy State District Power Plants, etc. In Kuzbass, thermal power plants operate on coal. Power plants in Western and Eastern Siberia form the unified energy system of Siberia.

Transport. The Great Siberian Railway - Transsib (Chelyabinsk - Novosibirsk - Vladivostok) was built at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Later, the South Siberian Railway (Magnitogorsk - Novokuznetsk - Taishet) was built, connecting Kuzbass, Kazakhstan and Eastern Siberia, and a number of roads were laid to the north. The Asino - Bely Yar logging road was put into operation. The Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut, Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk railways were built.

Currently, several more railways have been built in the Ob North. One of them (from Vorkuta), having crossed the Northern Urals, reached the city of Labytnanga (not far from Salekhard), and the other (from Surgut) reached Urengoy and stretches to Yamburg. The construction of highways in the region is very expensive (especially in areas of permafrost and wetlands).

Pipeline transport is developing at a high rate. Oil pipelines have been built and are operating. Gas pipelines have been laid from production sites in the north of the region. From the Urengoy gas field alone, 6 strings of gas pipelines with a total length of more than 20 thousand km were laid to the west, and new routes are being built (with the participation of Poland and Germany) (the Yamal - Europe Gas Pipeline).

The uniqueness of the natural resource base of the West Siberian region in the future ensures the preservation of its role as a supplier of fuel and energy resources to both the domestic and world markets. The depth and multifaceted nature of the region's development problems will force us to think about creating high-tech mechanical engineering, chemical, petrochemical and other manufacturing industries in the near future.