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Currently for formation high yields and maintaining soil fertility, summer residents everywhere use available mineral fertilizers, which contain elements removed from the soil by the harvest. You need to know that fertilizers provide only a short-term increase in crop yields, while simultaneously reducing the amount of humus in the soil, that is, the natural fertility of the soil.

IN last years The ranks of landowners who have switched to ecological farming are growing. The basis of ecology is in this case the use in everyday life only natural products, the obtaining of which is impossible without returning to Mother Earth those substances that were taken away by the harvest. A worthy substitute for “chemical well-being” are natural fertilizers - waste from animals that eat plant foods. Manure is such an organic fertilizer.

Mineral fertilizers are produced at chemical plants and, when applied to the soil, are a foreign substance for plants that must be converted into an accessible form of use.

• To become available to plants, elements of nutrient salts must be converted into chelate form.
• Mineral fertilizers contain only a narrow list necessary for plants chemical elements.
• Fertilizers are applied to the soil taking into account its parameters and the needs of plants.
• Mineral fertilizers do not contribute to the formation of humus, thereby reducing natural soil fertility.

Nutrients organic fertilizers are more accessible to plants, since they are a product of the vital activity of animals, and in the ecosystem they are its natural element. The only limitation in farming: due to improper agricultural practices, nitrites accumulate in fruits and vegetables. When processed, organic waste forms humus, which determines the level of soil fertility.

obtained from animals the following types manure:

• cow (mullein);
• horse;
• pork;
• avian (chicken);
• rabbit;
• sheep, etc.

Each type of manure has its own characteristics and composition, and differs in the duration of its effect on the soil.

Efficiency cow dung: it shows its greatest effectiveness within 2–3 years on light sandy and sandy loam soils and 4-6 years – on heavy clay soils.

Bird droppings decomposes within a year. This is the fastest acting organic fertilizer. It is convenient to use in fertilizing. However, the concentration of bird droppings is so high that its use as fertilizer is possible only when diluted 10-12 times.

Horse dung- one of the best. Porous structure and rich chemical composition, high decomposition temperature, it is most effective when used in open ground and greenhouses. Due to mechanization Agriculture the amount of horse manure on farms has decreased significantly. It has become less available than mullein.

Pig manure used by gardeners to a lesser extent. It contains a high nitrogen content (acrid ammonia odor), a large number of helminths. It cannot be used fresh. Usually mixed with horseradish, add dolomite flour, they are composted for a year for natural disinfection (from helminths) and only then applied to the soil. Pig manure is good because it has a high decomposition temperature. In combination with horse compost, high-quality compost is obtained after a year of fermentation.

If necessary, use manure from other animals and birds to improve soil indicators and increase soil fertility.

Beneficial properties of manure

The basis of manure is the excrement of various animals mixed with bedding (straw, grass, sawdust and other plant residues). Based on the degree of decomposition, manure can be divided into 3 categories:

• fresh manure, littered and without litter;
• slurry;
• half-rotted manure;
• rotted manure, or humus.

Fresh manure without bedding, not diluted with water - thick, non-flowing, with the consistency of homemade sour cream (can be cut with a knife like butter).

Fresh bedding manure easily holds its given shape, mixed with straw or other materials (sawdust, small shavings).

Slurry has a less concentrated composition than fresh manure. Basically, this is a nitrogen-potassium liquid fertilizer, which is used for fertilizing all garden and berry crops. vegetable crops. To avoid burning the plants, the slurry is diluted in a ratio of 1:5-6. Apply after watering. Used for moistening when laying compost.

Semi-rotten is one that has lain under open air some time (3-6 months), partially dried and decomposed. The litter is rotten and crumbles easily in your hands. It is used as the main fertilizer for digging, especially on humus-depleted soils.

Humus is a completely rotted granular mass in which the individual components of litter and other inclusions are not visible. The most common natural fertilizer used by summer residents.

Humus content of nutrients and nitrogen, compared to fresh manure, is 2-3 times less, which allows it to be used directly during the growing season of plants for feeding.

Content of basic nutrients in manure

Manure contains components that provide nutrition to plants and improve physicochemical characteristics soil, its structure. Being a source of organic matter, manure during fermentation forms humus compounds that increase the natural fertility of the soil.

Manure in any condition (fresh, semi-rotted, humus) is a source of macro- and microelements, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, magnesium, boron, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, molybdenum. Active microorganisms in manure are the main source of energy for soil microflora.

All types of manure are different alkaline properties, the alkalinity indicator reaches pH = 8-9 units. In cow manure it is 8.1, in horse manure - 7.8, in pig manure - 7.9 units. Naturally, their application alkalizes the soil, reducing acidity. The content of basic nutrients is presented in the average indicators in Table 1.

Table 1. Chemical composition of the main types of manure and litter

Use of manure.

Unlike mineral fertilizers, the nutrient content in organic fertilizers is much lower, but organics improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, loosen it, increase absorption capacity, enrich it with beneficial microflora, and provide plants with the necessary nutrients in an accessible, easily digestible form.

Table 2. Manure application rate

Rules for using fresh manure

Since fresh manure is the most concentrated fertilizer, it is applied to the soil in autumn and winter on a field free of fruit and vegetable plants. They are buried to a depth of 25-30, less often - up to 40 cm.

Spring application is provided only for mid and late crops. Under early cultures manure is applied only under autumn digging(Table 3).

Table 3. Frequency and rate of application of fresh cow manure

In winter, fresh manure is spread on the snow. After the snow melts, it falls on the soil and is dug up in the spring. The planting depth is the same as in the fall.

The application rate for snow is 1.5 times higher. This is due to the fact that during the winter some nutrients are lost (nitrogen). Usually, manure is left in a pile for 2-3 months before application. During this period, some of the weed seeds die from the high temperature of “manure burning.” If manure from the barn immediately ends up on the field, then it is better to leave it fallow, destroying weeds in the summer.

Remember that any crops, especially vegetables, overfed with organic matter sharply reduce their shelf life. Vegetables and especially root crops are more often affected by root rot, the incidence of late blight and powdery mildew. To avoid overfeeding the plants, use the data in Table 3.

Table 3. Volume of manure mass, kg/10 l bucket

Using fresh mullein for feeding

Mullein can be used to fertilize vegetable and garden crops for summer season. For fertilizing, low-concentrated aqueous fermented solutions are used.

Preparation of the solution: any container (a galvanized barrel is more convenient) is filled 1/3 with manure, topped up with water, and closed. Stir once a day. Fermentation lasts 1-2 weeks. This is the mother liquor.

For feeding berry fields and fruit trees Prepare a working solution: 1 bucket of mother liquor from the container is diluted with water 3-4 times. Fertilizing is carried out in the phase of young leaves. The working solution is applied after watering at the root at the rate of 10 liters of working solution per 1 m². Be sure to mulch.

For vegetable crops, the working solution is prepared at the rate of 8-10 liters of water per 1 liter of stock solution. Fertilizing is carried out during watering or after watering under mulching, 1-2 times during the growing season, alternating with mineral fertilizers(if necessary).

Application of semi-rotted manure

Semi-rotted manure is less concentrated and can be used directly in fertilizing or as mulch.

For fertilizing, prepare a solution in a concentration of one part fertilizer to 10 parts water. Stir and apply to garden and berry crops.

Trees are watered along the outer diameter of the crown on loosened soil or in furrows cut in 1-2 rows around the crown.

Fertilizer is applied to the bushes at a distance of 15-20 cm from the bushes.

For vegetable crops, in the furrows between rows (if they are wide) or in furrows cut along the bed.

You cannot pour a solution of half-rotted mullein under the roots of plants.

Top dressing is covered with soil, if necessary, watered and mulched.

The half-rotted mass is good fertilizer for cabbage, pumpkin, spinach. With this fertilizer, these crops will be excellent predecessors for root crops, sweet peppers, tomatoes, and eggplants.

Application of rotted manure

Formation of humus

Rotted manure, or humus, is the main source of humus in the soil. Humus is a homogeneous, free-flowing substance of dark brown color, with the spring smell of a healthy soil substrate. Formed by fermentation of manure under the influence of microorganisms. As a result, humus, humic acids and simpler mineral compounds are formed. The composition of the humus is light. 1 m³ contains 700-800 kg of humus. In a standard 10 liter bucket its quantity is 6-7 kg. Healthy ripe humus has no odor.

Properties of humus

Humus has the following agronomic properties:

• improves soil porosity;
• increases the ability to retain moisture;
• enhances photosynthesis, thereby increasing crop yields;
• activates the growth and development of plants;
• increases resistance to diseases and pest damage;
• populates the soil substrate with beneficial microflora;
• reduces the accumulation of heavy metals in products;
• improves the decorative effect of flower crops, etc.

How to prepare high-quality humus?

• allocate a place in the shade for storing components;
• fenced with improvised material so that the front wall is open;
• components are laid in layers, 10-15 cm apart; components – straw, straw cuttings, leaves, fresh and semi-rotted manure;
• each layer is spilled with water or a diluted slurry, mullein solution;
• cover the top with film or other material that does not allow water to pass through (from rain);
• air access through vents is required for film covering;
• periodically shovel and water in dry weather; humidity during fermentation is within 50-60%, temperature at +25...+30*C;
• To speed up fermentation, it is recommended to spill the layers of components with preparations (Baikal EM-1, Ekomik Harozhny, Siyanie-3 and others).

If all requirements are met, mature humus can be obtained within 1-2 months.

In addition to the one proposed, there are other methods for quickly processing manure into humus or compost, which is also used to fertilize and feed garden crops. For example, vermicomposting using California worms, aerobic and anaerobic composting.

The use of humus in summer cottages

Humus is used for:

• improving soil fertility;
• fertilizers and fertilizing of agricultural crops during the growing season;
• preparing soil mixtures for growing seedlings;
• preparation of soil mixtures for indoor flower crops, etc.

Rules for using humus

Humus contains minimal ammonia residues, which do not damage the root system of plants. Therefore, humus can be applied as the main fertilizer or used in fertilizing during the warm season.

At spring training soil for sowing/planting plants, humus in the recommended quantities is added to a 10-15 cm layer of soil for digging. On average, 10-15 kg of humus is used per 1 m² of area.

Humus is used for all crops as mulch, which, rotting during the summer, serves as an additional fertilizer for the plants being grown.

Humus is included in most soil mixtures for growing seedlings and flower crops. But if for seedlings the soil mixture can contain up to 50% humus, then a moderate amount of fertilizer is applied to flower bed crops. Excess humus can cause “fatification” of ageratum, eschscholzia, and cosmos. To the detriment of flowering, plants will increase vegetative mass.

For indoor plants The humus rate is up to 1/3 of the volume of the prepared substrate.

Raspberries and other shrubs can be mulched with a 5 cm layer of mulch from spring to July, without being buried in the soil.

In greenhouses, humus is applied to the beds (in addition to the main substrate) in the first year at the rate of 40-60 kg/m². In subsequent years, before changing the soil, 15-25 kg/m² are added annually.

In summer, humus is diluted with water for foliar and root feeding at the rate of no more than 1 part per 10-15 parts of water.

Humus, like fresh manure, is used to create warm beds.

A short list of the uses of manure and its processed types clearly highlighted the benefits of organic matter for land plot. By using organic fertilizers, you can solve many issues in home gardening and gardening, including the main one - increasing the natural fertility of the site.

Dear readers! Share your methods of processing and using manure, humus, compost for garden and berry crops. Share your experience of running natural farming with minimal use of fertilizers and other fertilizers that are not native to the soil. chemicals increasing soil fertility, increasing productivity, increasing crop immunity to diseases and pests.

Applying fertilizers to the soil requires certain knowledge. Everything matters here: the timing, the amount and type of nutrients, the needs of the plants that will be planted in the beds. An excess of fertilizers, as well as a deficiency, leads to a decrease in yield and deterioration in product quality. This applies not only to vegetable crops, but also to ornamental crops, the beauty of which largely depends on the composition of the soil. The first thing a novice gardener needs to know is the differences between organic and mineral fertilizers.

Organic fertilizers are waste products of plant and animal origin. This is, first of all, manure, bird droppings, infusions of mullein and nettle, compost and peat. They contain large quantities of phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and potassium, as well as other elements necessary for the normal development of plants. Any organic materials can be used as such fertilizers:

• sawdust;

  

• grass;

  

• river silt;

  

• green manure plants;

  

• vegetable and fruit peelings;

  

• straw;

  

• feces.

  

Before adding organic matter to the soil, it must be sufficiently rotted, so all waste should be composted in advance, and the duration of this process directly depends on the type organic materials. On average, it takes from 4 to 8 months to overheat. Slurry and bird droppings are first diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10, and only then used to feed plants.

Procurement of organic fertilizers requires virtually no material costs. For example, to make compost, you just need to choose a flat area on the plot, not large sizes(1x2 m, 1.5x1.5 m) and for convenience, fence it with slate or boards.

After this, the space is gradually filled with plant debris - weeds, straw, peelings, fallen leaves. Periodically compost heap water it with water so that its contents rot and do not dry out in the sun, and shovel it once every 3-4 months. Thanks to such actions, the compost becomes homogeneous, beneficial worms and microorganisms multiply in it.

Nutrients entering the soil bind to humus particles and penetrate into root system during complex metabolic reactions. Thanks to this, plants absorb only what they need and grow strong, resistant to adverse weather and disease. The harvest in such conditions may not be maximum, but it is environmentally friendly, stores well, and the fruits are tasty and aromatic, with a high content of vitamins and microelements.

Inorganic compounds that contain nutritional elements have long been used in agriculture and in some ways surpassed organic matter. Depending on the composition, these fertilizers are usually divided into complex and simple. If they contain at least two main elements, these are complex fertilizers: ammophos, nitrophos, potassium nitrate and others. If there is only one nutrient element, the fertilizer belongs to the second type (urea, ammonium nitrate, phosphate rock, superphosphate).

Mineral fertilizers are sold in concentrated form - granules, powder, liquid solutions. This makes working with them much easier, but at the same time requires great care, because the slightest excess of the dosage can negatively affect the future harvest. The use of such fertilizers allows you to grow various crops not only on the ground, but also on soilless substrates - sawdust, coconut fiber, perlite, vermiculite and others. These substrates are more porous than soil, which means plant roots receive more oxygen and grow more easily.

When feeding, the roots gain quick access to nutrients that come with water. In this case, the plant cannot regulate absorption and absorbs everything that is given to it. If an excess of mineral salts forms in the tissues, it is compensated by increased growth of the aerial parts. That is why crops on mineral fertilizers develop much faster than on organic matter. At the same time, the plants become watery and very sensitive to various infections, which requires additional protective measures.

The use of mineral fertilizers allows us to collect record harvests not only in quantity, but also in size of fruits. Despite attractive appearance, such fruits contain less vitamins and are worse stored. If during cultivation the fertilizing norm is exceeded, mineral salts accumulate in the fruits and harm human health, causing severe poisoning. But if you follow the feeding technology negative consequences is not observed, and stable yields can be achieved even on poor soils.

If you select fertilizers depending on the needs of a particular crop and correctly calculate the dose, the plant will receive everything it needs. nutrients.

There is another type of fertilizer that successfully combines all the advantages of organic matter and mineral salts, and practically does not have their disadvantages. These are organomineral mixtures consisting of processed organic waste and enriched with potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen and other components. This composition allows you to improve the soil, promoting the development of microflora, as well as accelerate the ripening of fruits and increase the yield. Since the concentration of mineral salts in these mixtures is quite low, plants receive only necessary elements and do not accumulate harmful substances.

Combined fertilizers - description

Which fertilizer to choose is up to each gardener to decide for himself, depending on the desired results. But it’s best to be able to find a balance between chemistry and organics and know moderation in everything. Inept handling also makes its own adjustments, so before using fertilizers, carefully study how it is done.

Video - What is the difference between organic fertilizers and mineral fertilizers

Does everyone know what is meant by “organic products” and how they differ from conventional ones? Let's find out!

Organic food: find the differences

The first difference that catches your eye is the price. The question immediately arises - why does the same, at first glance, product cost more if it is labeled “organic”? How is flour for 50 rubles different from flour for 150?

Some will shrug their shoulders and simply choose what is cheaper.

And we will figure out what the difference is

First of all, products that are grown without the use of GMOs, synthetic pesticides and growth regulators, which pose the greatest health hazard, are considered organic.

For example, flour labeled “organic” will be made from grain grown without the use of synthetic fertilizers that accelerate growth and in a place where there are no plants with harmful emissions.

I would like to note that “organic food” is not a modern invention. All components of the product mature naturally, thanks to the sun, water and care in environmentally friendly conditions.

And to fertilize the soil and protect plants from diseases and pests, only organic biofertilizers and biological products are used.

Our ancestors practiced the same organic farming, but due to the pursuit of the quantity of harvest, we had to resort to various tricks, which do not always reflect well on the quality of the product.

The essence organic farming, unlike mass farming, is a complete rejection of the use of chemicals and other additives that can harm health and the soil. As a result, farmers receive an environmentally friendly harvest.

Healthier and tastier

What does it mean for a product grown in environmentally friendly conditions?

And the fact that this product, first of all, is healthier, because it does not contain pesticides, nitrates and other harmful substances that our body does not need.

Of course, the result of the impact here is very delayed - all this affects our body gradually, until around the age of 50 problems with blood pressure, blood vessels, and so on begin. True, we attribute all this to age, but many factors influence our health. And what we eat is not the least of these factors! If not the first one.

The taste of organic products is much brighter and tastier, which is not surprising, because they grow in natural conditions.

Conservation of natural resources

After all chemical treatment sooner or later it depletes the land and it becomes simply unsuitable for harvest. As a result, hectares of land stand empty and the ecosystem is disrupted.

Since in organic farming it is prohibited to use herbicides and other chemical substances To kill weeds and pests, much more resources are required to care for the soil. This also explains the higher price of organic products.

Eco-friendly production

Certifying organizations monitor not only the quality of farming, the entire production cycle is under control. You will not find flavor enhancers in organic products. appearance, as well as additional additives that seem to make the cooking process easier, but in fact later affect our health.

Ecolabels for organic products

We have understood the advantages of organic products, now we will find out how to distinguish a truly high-quality product from the unfounded “organic” label, behind which unscrupulous manufacturers can hide ordinary mass-produced products.

There are organic certifications that are recognized throughout the world. The presence of such marks on the packaging guarantees that the product is truly grown in accordance with all the rules, without the use of pesticides, GMOs, or harmful chemical fertilizers.

One of these signs is “Eurosheet” () - sign European system certification of organic products. This label is required for all organic products sold in the European Union.

The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, IFOAM, also has its own certificate. The World Organic Mark was created to replace many other organic marks, the number of which confuses the consumer.

Some countries have their own national certification systems. One of these countries is Germany. The “Print-BIO” sign () places greater demands on product quality than the organic marks of European Union certificates, so German residents are more willing to buy eco-products with the “Print-BIO” sign.

By seeing one of the certification marks on the packaging, you can be sure of the quality of the product and that the “organic” mark is not an advertising gimmick!

In chemistry, it is traditional to distinguish 2 types of substances - organic and inorganic. What is their specificity?

What are organic substances?

The concept " organic matter"in chemistry corresponds to compounds that are mostly characterized by:

1. relatively complex molecular structure;
2. Not high temperatures melting;
3. degradability when exposed to high temperatures (with the formation in many cases carbon dioxide and water);
4. the presence of carbon and hydrogen in molecules;
5. in many cases - very high molecular weight;
6. biological origin.

Common organic substances are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids. In total, about 18 million corresponding compounds have been classified in modern chemistry. According to researchers, it is precisely because of the presence in molecules organic matter carbon, such a huge variety of them is possible. This chemical element is capable of forming the widest range of bonds with other elements.

Mainly, only organic substances are characterized by isomerism - the formation of compounds with the same set of atoms in the molecules, but their different arrangements, as a result of which they are actually formed various substances in terms of physical and chemical properties.

Thus, the most common isomers are glucose and fructose. They consist of molecules with the same set of atoms, but with different arrangements. The basic properties of glucose and fructose are the same, but there are also quite a lot of differences between them, and therefore they are considered as 2 different substances.

What are inorganic substances?

The concept of “inorganic substances” in chemistry corresponds to compounds that are characterized, in turn:

1. relatively simple molecular structure;
2. in some cases - very high melting temperatures;
3. in many cases - extremely difficult decomposition (for example, due to the initial simplicity of the structure);
4. relatively small molecular weight.

Carbon and hydrogen are not present in all inorganic compounds. The relevant substances are not always of biological origin.

In modern chemistry, there are significantly fewer inorganic compounds classified than organic ones - about 100 thousand. Isomerism is not typical for these substances.

One of the most common inorganic substances in the world is water. Its molecule consists of oxygen and hydrogen atoms, which individually - as gases - can also be considered as inorganic substances. Other commonly encountered types of relevant substances are metals, salts, and various binary compounds.

Comparison

There is more than one difference between organic substances and inorganic ones. The difference between them can be seen in terms of:

1. molecular structure;
2. melting temperatures, decomposition;
3. molecular weight;
4. the presence of carbon and hydrogen in the molecule;
5. origin.

The total number of inorganic substances - 100 thousand - is noticeably inferior to the number of organic substances - 18 million, if you follow the classifications common in modern chemistry.

Having determined what the difference is between organic and inorganic substances, we will reflect the conclusions in a small table.

Table

Results of the Stanford study.

Recently, articles on the topic of “debunking the myth about the benefits of organic products,” based on the discovery of scientists at Stanford University, have appeared on the vastness of the Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian Internet space. What is behind all this? Having turned to the original source, we found out that the research and the excerpts from its results actually took place. However, unfortunately, many of the above-mentioned articles lack objective and complete coverage of the research results. Looks like a "damaged phone".

This study was not experimental in nature, but during it all available research materials on this topic conducted before 2012 were consolidated and thoroughly studied.

The duration of all studies ranged from two days to two years. Apparently, this is why they did not consider the aspect of human health when consuming organic or conventional food, but only the chemical composition of the products. The subject of consideration was the content of nutrients or the content of bacteria, fungi, pesticides in products (fruits, vegetables, grains, meat, milk, poultry and eggs were included under the magnifying glass).

According to the research results, scientists noted a small difference in health benefits when eating organic products instead of conventional ones. There is no difference in vitamin content. The only element whose amount is significantly higher in organic products is phosphorus, which can be significant for people with a deficiency of this substance. Amount of protein and fat, incl. omega-3 fatty acids in organic milk - contrary to assumptions - turned out to be comparable to the value of these indicators in regular milk. However, study leader Dr. Dena Bravata from the Center for Health Policy at Stanford University emphasizes that the difference in consumption of organic and non-organic food is really not significant - only if it concerns the nutrition of an adult who is guided solely by his own health. Those. no other environmental factors are taken into account here.

Scientists were also unable to identify any specific fruits and vegetables for which organicity in terms of usefulness would be fundamentally decisive. As a member of the research group, Dr., commented on the results Crystal Smith-Spangler"Some people believe that organic food is always healthier and more nutritious, and we were a little surprised when we didn't find that to be the case."

However, scientists have found that conventional products are at 30% greater risk of contamination with pesticides than organic products. It is noteworthy that organic origin vegetables and fruits, according to their conclusion, does not guarantee 100% absence of pesticides. They also noted that, in general, the content of pesticides in products does not exceed the permissible level.

Two studies on the effects of diet on children found more high level pesticides in the urine of children who ate intensively farmed products versus those who ate organic food. At the same time, the influence of this factor on children's health has not been studied. The same situation with the content in chicken meat and pork, antibiotic-resistant bacteria: the difference in rates is significant, but the health effects on people eating these foods have not been studied.

Thus, scientists have not discovered strict evidence that organic foods are more nutritious than conventional foods, or that consuming organic foods reduces health risks but that consuming organic foods does not reduces the risk of pesticide intoxication.

However, as Dr. Dena Bravata, voicing such research results does not aim to discourage people from buying organic products, their goal is to inform the population. At the same time, she notes that in addition to the figures included in the study, there are many other important factors influencing consumer preferences (in favor of organic products): these are the taste of products and the influence of intensive agriculture on changes environment, biodiversity, etc., which for many is the reason that determines their choice.

The researchers themselves emphasize the heterogeneity of the data they worked on (and these were more than 200 studies various methods), as well as failure to take into account factors physical impact on products (such as weather conditions or soil type), and the huge diversity in organic farming methods also greatly influences the chemical composition of the products grown.

“There is one fundamental mistake that stands out to me in this study: “nutrients” and “health benefits” - what are they? Science has an exhaustive list of substances contained in foods, which together give an idea of ​​nutritional value. In the same way, the chemical composition, which is uniquely determined, affects the taste of the product. Unfortunately, many studies are conducted without proper objectivity. They study individual substances and their effects instead of studying the effects and synergies of the chemical elements in the composition.” – David Brown, permaculture expert, Australia, comments on the study.

Let me also remind you that the studies were conducted in the USA, and the same indicators in other countries may differ. And the heterogeneity of the data reduces the objectivity of the conclusions. Although, due to the level of development of organic farming in Belarus, it is possible that this is exactly the situation in our country.

At the same time, these findings can hardly convince us that there is no alternative to our choice. Rather, they should spur us to a more intense desire to create everything in Belarus the necessary conditions for growing more environmentally friendly, healthy products. Moreover, intensive (traditional) farming, in addition to products, also “gives” us a worsening environmental situation.