Help on Tele2, tariffs, questions

Introduction

1. The essence and signs of social anomie

2. Basic theories of social anomie

2.1 Theory of anomie according to E. Durkheim

2.2 Theory of anomie according to R. Merton

3. Features of anomie in modern Russian society

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Subject test work"Social anomie: essence and signs."

The concept of anomie expresses a historically determined process of destruction of the basic elements of culture, primarily in terms of ethical standards. With a sufficiently sharp change in social ideals and morality, certain social groups cease to feel their involvement in a given society, their alienation occurs, new social norms and values ​​(including socially declared patterns of behavior) are rejected by members of these groups, and instead of conventional means of achieving individual or social own goals are put forward (in particular, illegal ones). The phenomena of anomie, affecting all segments of the population during social upheavals, have a particularly strong effect on young people.

According to Russian researchers, anomie is “the absence of a clear system social norms, destruction of the unity of culture, as a result of which life experience people no longer conform to ideal social norms.”

The purpose of the test is to determine the essence and characteristics of the concept of social anomie.

1. The essence and signs of social anomie

Control social processes due to many factors, including special place Anomie occupies. The latent influence of social anomie on controllability in society has led to the fact that this problem often remains in the shadows. Meanwhile, social anomie reduces the efficiency of management and the effectiveness of social institutions and organizations. This was especially evident in the context of the political and socio-economic crisis in which Russian society in the 90s. Economic reforms in some regions caused an increase in unemployment and a sharp decline in living standards, leading to socio-political instability and high social tension. Destruction of the usual way of life, deterioration social infrastructure, the weakening of the role of social institutions negatively affected all aspects of the life of the population. Political and socio-economic reforms were accompanied by a change in value orientations and radical changes in legislation. The coexistence of the past normative value system and the emerging new moral and legal system norms was accompanied by conflicts, moral conflicts, and disorganization in society. Here one can find all the signs of deep social anomie.

The concept of “anomie” arose more than twenty centuries ago. The ancient Greek concept "anomos" means "lawless", "unruly". It is found even in Euripides and Plato. In modern times, we find the concept of anomie in the works of the 19th century English historian William Mabeird, the 19th century French philosopher and sociologist J.M. Guyot. This term was introduced into sociology by the outstanding French sociologist Emile Durkheim, and later significantly developed by the American sociologist Robert Merton.

Anomie (from the French anomie - literally “lawlessness, lack of norms”; from the Greek a - negative particle and nomos - law) is a state of society in which a significant part of its members, knowing about the existence of binding norms, treats them negatively or indifferently.

The phenomenon of social anomie was first described by the French sociologist Emile Durkheim. Anomie is the absence of law, organization, norms of behavior, their insufficiency. E. Durkheim noted that anomic conditions in society arise especially often in conditions of economic crises and dynamic reforms. “At the moment of social disorganization,” he believes, “will it occur due to a painful crisis or, conversely, during a period of favorable, but too sudden social transformation– society turns out to be temporarily unable to exert the necessary influence on a person...” 1

The concept of anomie characterizes a state of society in which disintegration and collapse of the system of norms that guarantee social order occur (E. Durkheim). Social anomie indicates that norms of behavior are seriously violated and weakened. Anomie causes this psychological condition personality, which is characterized by a feeling of loss of orientation in life that occurs when a person is faced with the need to fulfill contradictory norms. “The old hierarchy is broken, and the new one cannot immediately be established... Until social forces, left to themselves, reach a state of equilibrium, their relative value cannot be taken into account and, therefore, for some time all regulation turns out to be untenable.”

Later, anomie is also understood as a condition in society caused by an excess of norms, and contradictory ones at that (R. Merton). Under these conditions, the individual is lost, not knowing which norms to follow. Unity is being destroyed regulatory system, control systems public relations. People are socially disoriented, experiencing a feeling of anxiety and isolation from society. This naturally leads to deviant behavior, marginality, crime and other asocial phenomena.

E. Durkheim considers anomie as part of his historical-evolutionary concept, based on the opposition of “traditional” and modern industrial society. The problem of anomie is generated by the transitional nature of the era, the temporary decline in the moral regulation of new capitalist economic relations. Anomie is a product of an incomplete transition from mechanical to organic solidarity, since the objective basis of the latter - the social division of labor - progresses faster than it finds moral support in the collective consciousness.

A necessary condition for the emergence of anomie is the contradiction between two series of socially generated phenomena (the first is needs and interests, the second is the possibility of satisfying them). Prerequisite whole personality serves, according to Durkheim, a stable and cohesive society. Under traditional social orders, human abilities and needs were provided for relatively simply, since the corresponding collective consciousness kept them at a low level, preventing the development of individualism, the liberation of the individual and establishing strict principles (boundaries) for what an individual in a given social position could legitimately achieve. Hierarchical traditional society(feudal) was stable because it put different goals different social layers and allowed everyone to feel their life meaningful within a narrow, closed layer. The course of the social process increases “individualization” and at the same time undermines the power of collective supervision, the firm moral boundaries characteristic of the old times. In the new conditions, the degree of individual freedom from traditions, collective mores and prejudices, and the possibility of personal choice of knowledge and methods of action are sharply expanding. But the relatively free structure of industrial society no longer determines the life activity of people and, as if with natural necessity and constantly reproduces anomie in the sense of the absence of solid life goals, norms and patterns of behavior. This puts many in an uncertain position, depriving them of collective solidarity, a sense of connection with a specific group and with the whole society, which leads to the growth of deviant and self-destructive behavior in it.

social anomie law norm desire

2. Basic theories of social anomie

2.1 Theory of anomie according to E. Durkheim

According to Durkheim, crime is insignificant in a society where human solidarity and social cohesion are sufficient. As a result social change, which can go both in the direction of economic collapse and in the direction of prosperity, favorable conditions are created for the division of labor and greater diversity of life, and integrating forces are weakened. Society is falling apart and splitting. Its individual fragments are isolated. When the unity of society is destroyed and the isolation of its elements increases, socially deviant behavior and crime increase. Society finds itself in a state of anomie. Durkheim argues this point as follows. French society in the last 100 years has deliberately eradicated the factors of self-government by human instincts and passions. Religion has almost completely lost its influence on people. Traditional professional associations such as craft guilds (guilds and corporations) were liquidated. The government firmly pursued a policy of freedom of enterprise and non-interference in the economy. And the result of this policy was that dreams and aspirations were no longer restrained. This freedom of aspiration has become driving force French industrial revolution; but it also gave rise to a chronic state of anomie with its accompanying high level suicides.

Anomie is a term derived from French word anomie, which literally translates to “absence of law and/or organization.” As a result, anomie in sociology and psychology is understood as a moral and psychological state of consciousness (both of the individual and of society), in which the destruction of the value system occurs. This collapse is caused by a social crisis, with it the impossibility of achieving set goals and the contradiction between expectation and reality are clearly visible.

Terminology

The concept of anomie was introduced in 1897 by Emile Durkheim, who first used it in his work entitled Suicide.

The term is also associated with the ancient Greek ἀνομία, which, however, also meant lawlessness, and the particle ἀ meant “absence, negation, etc.,” and νομία, respectively, “law.”

Anomie is a state of society in which most of its members ignore or even deny the norms accepted in it.

The theory of anomie was developed not only by Durkheim, but also by Merton and Srawl. Each scientist's concept of "anomie" is slightly different.

According to Durkheim

In his book, by “anomie,” Emile Durkheim meant, first of all, a contradiction. The one that arises between organic and mechanical solidarity.

What does it mean?

Organic solidarity is norms (of an individual or a group) created under the influence of the natural. During the development of society as a structure and/or the formation of personality as such.

Mechanical solidarity, in turn, represents inertial norms, and they are generated by an industrialized society.

Durkheim himself believed that anomie is the result of the formation of a capitalist society. After all, it was precisely during that period that traditional norms were losing their power, and bourgeois norms did not yet have sufficient influence on society.

According to Merton

Robert King Merton, developing the theory of the concept introduced by Durkheim, reached the following conclusions.

Firstly, that anomie is the inability to satisfy what the majority of society needs in ways that society itself accepts.

Secondly, that the ends not only do not justify the means, but also contradict them.

Thirdly, that the influence of norms established in society becomes less and less until it begins to tend to zero.

And fourthly, that adaptation to anomie occurs with the help of such life strategies as the acceptance of conformity as a goal and a means, but the rejection of innovation and reformism as a tool for achieving plans, and they are accepted as the end results themselves. And vice versa: ritualism can be a means, but cannot be a goal. Retreatism and rebellion are not accepted either as a method (way) to bring ideas to life, or as the ideas themselves.

According to Sroul

Previously, only social anomie had been considered, and only Leo Sroul first proposed positioning the term from a psychological point of view. It was with him light hand the definition began to include not only the state of society, but also an individual individual, among whose characteristics is the weakening or absolute destruction of social cohesion, the individual’s desire for self-destruction by various physical and moral means.

Factors in the development of social anomie

The essence of social anomie is the disruption of social order. Below are the factors “thanks to” which social anomie can develop as a phenomenon:

• Natural, political, economic or other types of shocks, which led to the fact that the majority of the population stopped focusing on established norms, rejected the usual statuses and roles in favor of physical survival.
• Corrosion of values, that is, blurring of the boundaries between good and evil, the foundations of moral norms. As a consequence - criticism towards things that were just recently important, rhetorical questions from society: “Are they as important as they thought?” Disintegration of social integrity.

Features and consequences of anomie

Anomie is a detrimental effect on society and the individuals in it. It alienates one thing from another, reduces the entire structure to “no.” Desociality, which is one of the features of anomie, leads to the loss of skills to regulate members of society with the help of norms and rules, traditions and attitudes. Connections and relationships - prerequisites existence of society, cease to reproduce and self-reproduce, which leads to its unambiguous collapse. Depending on the degree of penetration of anomie into social life it becomes more difficult to restore its structure.

Manifestation this process in the modern Russian Federation is closely related to the psychological mood of the population and its social condition: instability and uncertainty in tomorrow makes the situation precarious, the alternating dominance of attitudes very clearly characterizes anomie today. The unstable inconsistency is emphasized by the inability of the authorities to put in order the connections of social principles.

Anomie- this is a state of public or individual moral and mental consciousness, which is characterized by the corruption of moral norms, the collapse of the moral and value system. The concept of anomie was proposed by French sociologist Emile Durkheim to interpret deviant behavioral responses, for example, suicidal intentions, illegal acts. The state of anomie is inherent in society in times of unrest, revolutions, perestroika, social crisis, due to the contradiction between the promulgated goals and their impracticability for the prevailing part of the subjects, that is, in those periods when the majority of members of a particular society lose confidence in the existing moral values, moral guidelines and social institutions. The problem of anomie is closely related to professional degradation, disappointment in life and activities, and the alienation of the individual from society, which invariably accompanies the phenomenon described.

Social anomie

In the course of a rather abrupt change in the goals and morality of a certain society, certain social categories cease to feel their own involvement in this society.

The concept of anomie is a process of destruction of the fundamental foundations of culture, in particular ethical norms. As a result, such categories of citizens are alienated. In addition, they reject new social ideals, norms and morals, including socially proclaimed patterns of behavior. Instead of using generally accepted means of achieving individual or social goals, they put forward their own, often illegal ones.

The state of anomie, affecting all layers of the population during social upheavals, has a particularly strong impact on young people.

In sociology, anomie is any type of “deviation” in the value and normative system of society. Durkheim first introduced the term anomie. He considered anomie to be the absence of law, norms of behavior, or their insufficiency. Durkheim emphasized that the problem of anomie arises more often in conditions of dynamic reforms and during periods of economic crises. The described concept provokes a certain psychological state, characterized by a feeling of loss of life guidelines, which arises when the subject faces the need to implement contradictory norms. In other words, such a state arises when the old hierarchy is destroyed and the new one has not yet formed. Until social forces, which are left to themselves in times of crisis, come into balance, their comparative value cannot be taken into account, therefore, any regulation is found to be untenable for some time.

Later, this phenomenon is understood as a state of society caused by the redundancy of contradictory norms (Merton anomie). In such conditions, the individual is lost, not understanding exactly what norms need to be followed. The integrity of the normative system and the order of regulation of social relationships are collapsing. People in the described conditions are socially disoriented, they experience anxiety, a feeling of isolation from society, which naturally provokes reaction, crime, marginality and other asocial phenomena.

Durkheim saw the causes of anomie in the contrast between the “established” and modern industrial society.

The problem of anomie is caused by the transitional nature of the historical period, a temporary decline in the moral regulation of new economic-capitalist relations.

Anomie is a product of incomplete transformation from mechanical unity to organic unity, since the objective foundation of the latter (the social distribution of labor) progresses more intensively than it finds a moral basis in the collective consciousness.

Factors in the emergence of anomie: a collision of two categories of socially generated phenomena (the first is interests and needs, the second is a resource for their satisfaction). According to Durkheim, a prerequisite for personal integrity is a cohesive and stable society. Under generally accepted orders, the abilities of individuals and their needs were provided quite simply, since they were restrained at a low level by the corresponding collective consciousness, preventing the development of individualism, personal liberation, setting strict limits on what a subject could achieve legally in a given social status. The hierarchical feudal society (traditional) was constant, because it put before different layers different goals and allowed each of its members to feel their own existence meaningful within a limited closed layer. The development of the social process provokes the growth of “individualization” and at the same time undermines the strength of group supervision and the stable moral boundaries inherent in the old times. The degree of personal freedom from traditions, group mores, prejudices, the presence of individual choice of knowledge and means of action expands sharply in new conditions. The relatively free structure of industrial society ceases to determine the life activity of individuals and constantly recreates anomie, which implies the absence of stable life ideals, norms and patterns of behavior, which puts most people in a position of uncertainty, depriving them of collective unity, a sense of connection with a certain category and with the entire society in general. All of the above leads to an increase in deviant and self-destructive behavioral reactions in society.

Social norm and social anomie

One of the fundamental concepts of sociology is the social norm, which is considered as a mechanism for assessing and regulating the behavioral response of individuals, categories and social communities. Social norms are instructions, attitudes, and expectations of appropriate (socially approved) behavior. Norms are some ideal patterns that determine what individuals should say, think, feel and do under certain conditions. The system of norms that operate in a particular society forms an integral set of different structural elements which are interdependent.

Social norms are the responsibility of one individual in relation to another or the social environment. They determine the formation of a network of social relations of a group, society. Social norms also represent the expectations of groups of different sizes and of society as a whole. The surrounding society expects a certain behavioral response from each individual who adheres to the norms. Social norms determine the development of a system of social relationships, including motivation, ideals, aspirations of the subjects of action, expectations, and evaluation.

A social condition consisting in the loss by its members of the significance of social attitudes and ideals, which provokes an increase in deviant behavior, is called social anomie. In addition, it manifests itself:

• in the absence of standards of comparison among people, social assessment of their own behavior, which provokes an “lumpenized” state and loss of group unity;
• in the inconsistency of social goals with the approved methods of achieving them, which pushes individuals towards illegal means of achieving them if the goals set are unattainable through legal means.

Sociologists, comparing the concepts of anomie deviant behavior, considered the point of intersection of their non-compliance by members of society with the norms established by it. The main difference between the terms anomie and deviant behavior lies in the social scale of the factors that provoked their manifestation. The nature of anomie goes much deeper. It is caused by serious social transformations that affect society as unified system and on its individual members.

Anomie theory

Anomie is a state of absence of rules of law and lawlessness.

In sociology, anomie is a state of social abnormality, applicable to large communities and small groups. The foundation for the emergence of the theory of anomie, which explains the causes of crime, was laid by Durkheim.

Durkheim's theory of anomie. The French sociologist argued that socially deviant behavioral reactions and crime are completely normal phenomena. Because if there is no such behavioral response in society, then, consequently, society is painfully under control. When crime is eliminated, progress stops. Illegal acts are the price to pay for social transformation.

Durkheim's theory of anomie is based on the postulate that a society without crime is unthinkable. Because if acts that are considered illegal in modern society cease to be committed, then some “fresh” variations in behavioral reactions will have to be included in the category of criminal acts. Durkheim argued that “crime” is ineradicable and inevitable. The reason for this is not weakness and natural people, but in the existence in society of an infinite variety of different types of behavior. Unity in human society is achieved only through the use of conformist pressure against such diversity in behavioral response. Such pressure can be ensured by punishment.

Durkheim argued that crimes will be few and small in a society in which there is sufficient human unity and social cohesion. When social solidarity is destroyed and its isolation constituent elements increases, deviant behavior and, consequently, crime increase. This is how anomie appears, Durkheim believed.

In the problem of maintaining the solidarity of society, according to Durkheim, the punishment of criminals is of great importance. A correct understanding of the “laws” of decency and honesty is the original and most important source of the unity of society. In order to preserve the love of this social structure of the ordinary citizen, it is necessary to punish the criminal element. In the absence of the threat of punishment, the average individual may lose his own deep attachment to a particular society and his willingness to make the necessary sacrifice to maintain such attachment. Also, the punishment of the offender serves as visible social confirmation of his “social ugliness.”

Anomie examples.

• Modern sociological science interprets anomie as a state characterized by the absence of self-identity, goals or moral and ethical guidelines in an individual subject or an entire society. Below are examples of situations indicating the presence of anomie phenomena in a particular society:
• state of public disorder;
• certain elements of society do not understand the meaning of life, for them the main problem is survival;

Overcoming anomie, for the most part, is characterized by dependence on the specific cause of anomie and the type of conflict that gave rise to it. In situations where society is unable to form a new normative value system or elevate any particular one to the rank of universally significant, it turns to the past, looking for grounds for solidarity in it.

In sociology, the phenomenon of anomie was studied not only by Durkheim; later it was significantly developed by the American sociologist Merton. According to his ideas, anomie is the orientation of individual citizens and social situations that do not correspond to the goals determined by the culture of society. According to Durkheim, the described phenomenon means the inability of society to control the natural impulses and aspirations of individuals. In turn, Merton believed that many of the aspirations of subjects will not necessarily be “natural”; they are often determined by the educational activities of society itself. Social system limits the ability of individual social groups to satisfy their own aspirations. It “presses” certain individuals in society, forcing them to act illegally.

Merton viewed anomie as a collapse of the system of control of individual desires, as a result of which the individual begins to desire more than he is able to achieve under the conditions of a particular social structure. He notes that the described phenomenon arises from the inability of many citizens to follow the norms that they fully accept, and not from the presence of freedom of choice.

Examples of anomie can be cited in the model of the structure of modern American society, where all citizens are striving for wealth, those of them who cannot legally achieve financial well-being, achieve it through illegal means. Therefore, deviations largely depend on the set of institutional means and the presence of cultural goals that a particular subject follows and uses.

The state of anomie is an absolute discrepancy between declared and civilizing goals and socially structured means of achieving them. When applied to an individual member of society, anomie is the eradication of her moral principles. In this case, the individual loses all sense of tradition, continuity, and loses all obligations. The connection with society has been destroyed. Thus, without updating spirituality and moral guidelines, a radical transformation of society, the development of new values ​​and norms, and overcoming anomie are impossible.

In sociology, anomie is understood as the absence of norms in society. A synonym for this word is the word alienation. If deviant behavior characterizes an individual or a group of people, then anomie is a state in which the entire society finds itself in a kind of “normative vacuum.”

This phenomenon was first described by E. Durkheim in his famous work “Suicide”. Durkheim identified anomic suicide as special variety this form of deviant behavior. Human desires generally do not know the limits, despite the fact that the possibilities of satisfying them are limited. Based on this, Durkheim concluded that people can be happy only if their needs coincide with their capabilities. It is for this purpose that society introduces normative restrictions, essentially telling a person what he can want and what he cannot. If such restrictions are destroyed, the person either begins to use all means available to him to achieve his goals, or falls into a state of alienation, which can lead to suicide.

A representative of sociologically oriented psychoanalysis, E. Fromm, described the state of anomie as a loss of a sense of belonging to society and one’s own social group when an individual is deprived of his own identity and personal values, experiencing a feeling of alienation and loneliness. A person in this state becomes alienated from society, losing the need to establish contacts and achieve social success.

T Parsons described anomie as a state of society in which people are in a state of disintegration, and their behavior does not correspond to the requirements of social institutions. Parsons considered the main negative result of anomie to be a decrease in the integration of society, as well as an increase in feelings of insecurity and mental disorders.

R. Merton used the concept of anomie much more broadly, as a justification for any deviant behavior. He proceeded from the fact that in every society goals are in a certain relationship to the means of achieving them. First, goals can be both approved and disapproved by societies. Secondly, each goal has normative (that is, fixed by relevant social institutions, social norms and public opinion) means of achievement, as well as means of achievement that are prohibited.

At the same time, Merton noted that different societies place a stronger emphasis on either ends or means. If a society's goals are most important, it can be considered anomic. Indeed, in a society in which wealth is considered a value and there are no special restrictions on the choice of means to achieve it, people will choose the most effective means that lead to this state, regardless of whether they are acceptable from the point of view of social norms and morality or not. And vice versa, if a culture pays sufficient attention to the means of achieving the goal, then its bearers will also be more selective in the choice of means, and therefore, anomie will be inherent in society as a whole to a lesser extent.

Another reason for anomie, according to Merton, may be the limited availability of means of achieving a socially prestigious goal, associated with stratification within society. For example, in the USA, wealth is a generally recognized and even imposed manifestation life success. However, the means to achieve wealth are not available to all members of society. Not all people can get a good education, become qualified specialists and get a good, high paying job. Therefore, they have to resort to means that are not approved by society, that is, deviant behavior.

Anomie is a philosophical and sociological concept that expresses the state society(see), in which the absence or instability of social and moral imperatives and rules governing relations between individuals and society leads to the fact that a significant part of the population finds itself “outside” society and comes into confrontation with its normative prescriptions.

The problem of anomie was posed by E. Durkheim in his book “On the Separation social labor”, where, in the course of analyzing the “abnormal” forms of this division, he singled out anomie. According to Durkheim, the state of anomie arises from the fact that the division of labor does not produce solidarity, and thus a set of rules spontaneously established between social functions, are no longer able to regulate relations social structures. The state of anomie can also characterize an individual who is in a state of conflict with society. In his work, Durkheim identified three types of suicide: “egoistic,” “altruistic,” and “anemic.” The latter tend to increase during socio-economic crises and disasters, when individuals cannot adapt to a rapidly changing social situation. Durkheim considered anomie to be one of the factors of public health or ill health. Anomie, in his opinion, by generating systematic deviations from social norms, prepares and accelerates changes in society.

Durkheim's interpretation of anomie was developed by Merton, who introduced a system of concepts describing the phenomenon of “deviant” (or deviant) behavior. Among the elements of social and cultural structure, Merton identifies two main elements:

1. a system of goals, intentions and interests determined by a given culture;
2. elements that define, regulate and control acceptable ways of achieving these goals.

Very often, regulatory norms and moral imperatives do not coincide with socially standardized ways of achieving these goals, that is, the choice of appropriate means and methods is limited by social and cultural norms accepted in society. According to Merton, deviant behavior can be seen as a symptom of a mismatch between culturally determined aspirations and the socially organized means of achieving them. Merton identifies two possible types of inconsistency between elements of a sociocultural structure:

1. situation when choice alternative ways achieving goals is not limited in any way, any means and methods of achieving these goals are permitted;
2. a situation where activity to achieve goals becomes an end in itself.

In contrast to concepts that explain anemic behavior by biological drives, Merton believes that anomie “calls to life” not by some random goals, but by those generally accepted in society cultural values, which, in turn, is associated with different access to the possibilities of a legitimate, institutionally acceptable means of achieving culturally determined goals. The high degree of disintegration between means and ends and the existing social class structure (leaving the individual in an uncertain, “declassed” state, without a sense of solidarity with a specific group), taken together, contribute to more frequent manifestations of anomie. Thus, anomie, according to Merton, is the result of the separation of these elements of the social and cultural structure.