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For the manufacture of textile materials, a wide variety of fibers are used, which should be classified taking into account their origin, chemical composition and other characteristics.

Depending on their origin, textile fibers are divided into natural and chemical. Chemicals, in turn, are divided into artificial and synthetic. Man-made fibers are obtained from natural fiber-forming polymers, such as cellulose. These include viscose, copper-ammonia, acetate, and protein fibers. Synthetic fibers are obtained by synthesis from low molecular weight compounds. The raw materials, as a rule, are petroleum products and coal. Synthetic fibers include polyamide, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, etc. Synthetic fibers have become widespread, and their balance in the overall production of textile fibers is increasingly increasing. The classification of textile organic fibers is shown in Fig. 3.

Synthetic fibers and threads are also divided into heterochain and carbon chain. Carbon chain fibers are fibers and threads that are obtained from polymers that have only carbon atoms in the main chain of macromolecules (polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyolefin, carbon).

Rice. 3. Classification of organic textile fibers

Heterochain fibers are formed from polymers, the main molecular chain of which, in addition to carbon atoms, contains atoms of other elements - O, N, S (polyamide, polyester, polyurethane).

Man-made fibers are mostly products of cellulose processing (viscose, polynose, copper-ammonium - cellulose hydrate; acetate, diacetane - cellulose acetate). Protein artificial fibers (zein, casein, collagen) are produced in small quantities from fibrillar proteins of milk, skin, and plants.

In the above classification (see Fig. 3), fibers and threads are classified as organic. They are mostly used for the production of textile materials for household use. In organic fibers, the macromolecules of the main chain contain atoms of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. In addition to organic fibers, there are inorganic fibers, the macromolecules of the main chain of which contain inorganic atoms (magnesium, aluminum, copper, silver, etc.). Inorganic natural fibers include asbestos fibers, chemical inorganic fibers include glass fibers and metal fibers made from steel, copper, bronze, aluminum, nickel, gold, silver in various ways (alunite, lurex).

In addition to those already listed, there are fibers made from natural inorganic compounds. They are divided into natural and chemical.

Natural inorganic fibers include asbestos, a fine-fibered silicate mineral. Asbestos fibers are fire-resistant (the melting point of asbestos reaches 1500° C), alkali- and acid-resistant, and non-thermal.

Elementary asbestos fibers are combined into technical fibers, which serve as the basis for threads used for technical purposes and in the production of fabrics for special clothing that can withstand high temperatures and open fire.

Chemical inorganic fibers are divided into glass fibers (silicon) and metal-containing ones.

Silicon fibers, or glass fibers, are made from molten glass in the form of elementary fibers with a diameter of 3-100 microns and very long lengths. In addition to them, staple glass fiber with a diameter of 0.1-20 microns and a length of 10-500 mm is produced. Fiberglass is nonflammable, chemical-resistant, and has electrical, heat, and sound insulation properties. Used for the production of tapes, fabrics, meshes, non-woven fabrics, fibrous canvases, cotton wool for technical needs in various industries economy of the country.

Metal artificial fibers are produced in the form of threads by gradually stretching (drawing) metal wire. This is how copper, steel, silver, and gold threads are obtained. Aluminum threads are made by cutting flat aluminum tape (foil) into thin strips. Metal threads can be given different colors applying colored varnishes to them. To give greater strength to metal threads, they are entwined with silk or cotton threads. When the threads are covered with a thin protective synthetic film, transparent or colored, combined metal threads are obtained - metlon, lurex, alunit.

Metal threads are produced the following types: round metal thread; flat thread in the form of a ribbon - flattened; twisted thread - tinsel; rolled meat twisted with silk or cotton thread - stranded.

The 19th century was marked important discoveries in science and technology. A sharp technical boom affected almost all areas of production; many processes were automated and switched to high-quality new level. The technical revolution did not bypass textile production - in 1890, for the first time in France, fiber made using chemical reactions. The history of chemical fibers began with this event.

Types, classification and properties of chemical fibers

According to the classification, all fibers are divided into two main groups: organic and inorganic. Organic fibers include artificial and synthetic fibers. The difference between them is that artificial ones are created from natural materials(polymers), but using chemical reactions. Synthetic fibers use synthetic polymers as raw materials, but the processes for producing fabrics are not fundamentally different. Inorganic fibers include a group of mineral fibers that are obtained from inorganic raw materials.

Cellulose hydrate, cellulose acetate and protein polymers are used as raw materials for artificial fibers; carbon-chain and heterochain polymers are used for synthetic fibers.

Due to the fact that chemical processes are used in the production of chemical fibers, the properties of the fibers, primarily mechanical, can be changed if different parameters of the production process are used.

Main distinctive properties chemical fibers, compared to natural ones, are:

• high strength;
• ability to stretch;
• tensile strength and long-term loads of varying strength;
• resistance to light, moisture, bacteria;
• crease resistance.

Some special types are resistant to high temperatures and aggressive environments.

GOST chemical threads

According to the All-Russian GOST, the classification of chemical fibers is quite complex.

Artificial fibers and threads, according to GOST, are divided into:

• artificial fibers;
• artificial threads for cord fabric;
• artificial threads for technical products;
• technical threads for twine;
• artificial textile threads.

Synthetic fibers and threads, in turn, consist of the following groups: synthetic fibers, synthetic threads for cord fabric, for technical products, film and textile synthetic threads.

Each group includes one or more subspecies. Each subspecies is assigned its own code in the catalog.

Technology for obtaining and producing chemical fibers

The production of chemical fibers has great advantages compared to natural fibers:

• firstly, their production does not depend on the season;
• secondly, the production process itself, although quite complex, is much less labor-intensive;
• thirdly, it is possible to obtain fiber with pre-established parameters.

From a technological point of view, these processes are complex and always consist of several stages. First, the raw material is obtained, then it is converted into a special spinning solution, then the formation of fibers and their finishing occurs.

Various techniques are used to form fibers:

• use of wet, dry or dry-wet solution;
• use of metal foil cutting;
• drawing from a melt or dispersion;
• drawing;
• flattening;
• gel molding.

Application of chemical fibers

Chemical fibers have very wide application in many industries. Their main advantage is their relatively low cost and long service life. Fabrics made from chemical fibers are actively used for sewing special clothing, and in the automotive industry for strengthening tires. In technology various kinds more often used nonwovens made of synthetic or mineral fiber.

Textile chemical fibers

Gaseous products of oil and coal refining are used as raw materials for the production of textile fibers of chemical origin (in particular, for the production of synthetic fibers). Thus, fibers are synthesized that differ in composition, properties and combustion method.

Among the most popular:

• polyester fibers (lavsan, crimplen);
• polyamide fibers (nylon, nylon);
• polyacrylonitrile fibers (nitron, acrylic);
• elastane fiber (lycra, dorlastan).

Among artificial fibers, the most common are viscose and acetate. Viscose fibers are obtained from cellulose, mainly from spruce trees. By using chemical processes this fiber can be given a visual similarity to natural silk, wool or cotton. Acetate fiber is made from waste from cotton production, so it absorbs moisture well.

Nonwovens made from chemical fibers

Nonwoven materials can be obtained from both natural and chemical fibers. Nonwoven materials are often produced from recycled materials and waste from other industries.

The fibrous base, prepared by mechanical, aerodynamic, hydraulic, electrostatic or fiber-forming methods, is bonded.

The main stage in the production of nonwoven materials is the stage of bonding the fibrous base, obtained in one of the following ways:

1. Chemical or adhesive (adhesive)- the formed web is impregnated, coated or irrigated with a binder component in the form of an aqueous solution, the application of which can be continuous or fragmented.
2. Thermal- This method takes advantage of the thermoplastic properties of some synthetic fibers. Sometimes the fibers that make up the nonwoven material are used, but in most cases, no special additives are added to the nonwoven material at the molding stage. a large number of fibers with a low melting point (bicomponent).

Chemical fiber industry facilities

Because the chemical production covers several areas of industry, all objects chemical industry are divided into 5 classes depending on the raw material and application:

• organic matter;
• inorganic substances;
• organic synthesis materials;
• pure substances and chemicals;
• pharmaceutical and medical group.

By type of purpose, chemical fiber industry facilities are divided into main, general plant and auxiliary.

Textile goods

Textile products are products made from fibers and threads. These include fabrics, knitted fabrics, non-woven and film materials, artificial leather and fur.

The factors that shape the consumer properties and quality of textile products include the properties, structure and quality of textile fibers, yarn and threads, production method, material structure and type of finishing.

Classification, range and properties of fibers

Fiber is a flexible, durable body, the length of which is several times greater than its transverse dimensions. Textile fibers are used to make yarn, threads, fabrics, knitted fabrics, nonwovens, artificial leather and fur. Currently in production textile products widely used different kinds fibers that differ from each other in chemical composition, structure and properties.

The main features of the classification of textile fibers are the method of production (origin) and chemical composition, which determine the basic physical, mechanical and Chemical properties fibers, as well as products obtained from them. Based on their origin, all fibers are divided into natural and chemical.

Natural fibers are fibers of natural, i.e. plant, animal or mineral origin.

Chemical fibers are fibers manufactured in factories. Chemical fibers are either artificial or synthetic. Artificial fibers are obtained from natural high-molecular compounds. Synthetic fibers are obtained from low molecular weight substances as a result of polymerization or polycondensation reactions, mainly from petroleum and coal processing products.

Range and properties of natural fibers and threads

Natural high molecular weight compounds are formed during the development and growth of fibers. The main substance of all plant fibers is cellulose, animal fibers are protein: in wool - keratin, in silk - fibroin.

Cotton obtained from cotton bolls. It is a thin, short, soft, fluffy fiber that covers the seeds of annual cotton plants. It is the main raw material for the textile industry. Cotton fiber is a thin-walled tube with a channel inside. Cotton is characterized by relatively high strength, heat resistance (130-140°C), average hygroscopicity (18-20%) and a small proportion elastic deformation, as a result of which cotton products become heavily wrinkled. Cotton is highly resistant to alkalis and slightly resistant to abrasion. Latest discoveries in genetic engineering made it possible to grow colored cotton.

Linen- bast fibers, the length of which is 20-30 mm or more. Consist of elongated cylindrical cells with quite smooth surfaces. Elementary fibers are connected to each other by pectin substances in bundles of 10-50 pieces. Hygroscopicity ranges from 12 to 30%. Flax fiber is poorly dyed due to the significant content of fatty wax substances. In terms of resistance to light, high temperatures and microbial destruction, as well as thermal conductivity, it is superior to cotton. Flax fiber is used for the manufacture of technical (tarpaulin, canvas, drive belts, etc.), household (linen, suit and dress fabrics) and container fabrics.

Wool is the hair of sheep, goats, camels and other animals. Wool fiber consists of flake (outer), cortical and core layers. The share of keratin protein in chemical composition fiber accounts for 90%. The bulk of wool for textile industry enterprises is supplied by sheep farming. Sheep's wool There are four types: fluff, transitional hair, awn and dead hair. Down is a very thin, crimped, soft and durable fiber, without a core layer. Eider, goose, duck, goat and rabbit down are used. Transitional hair is a thicker, coarser fiber than fluff. The awn is a fiber that is stiffer than transitional hair. Dead hair is a very thick and coarse uncrimped fiber covered with large lamellar scales. Moger (angora) fiber comes from Angora goats. Cashmere fiber is obtained from Kashmir goats, which is soft, tender to the touch and predominantly white in color. A special feature of wool is its ability to felt and high heat protection. Thanks to these properties, wool is used to produce fabrics and knitted products for the winter range, as well as cloth, draperies, felt, felted and felted products.

Silk- these are thin long threads produced by the silkworm with the help of silk glands, and wound by it on the cocoon. The length of such a thread can be 500-1500 m. The highest quality type of silk is considered to be twisted silk made from long threads extracted from the middle of the cocoon. Natural silk is widely used in the production of sewing threads, dress fabrics and piece goods (head scarves, headscarves and scarves). Silk is especially sensitive to ultraviolet rays, so the service life of products made from natural silk is sunlight decreases sharply.

Range and properties of chemical fibers and threads

Man-made fibers

Viscose fiber- the most natural of all chemical fibers, obtained from natural cellulose. Depending on the purpose, viscose fibers are produced in the form of threads, as well as staple (short) fibers with a shiny or matte surface. The fiber has good hygroscopicity (35-40%), light resistance and softness. The disadvantages of viscose fibers are: a large loss of strength when wet, easy creasing, insufficient resistance to friction and significant shrinkage when moistened. These disadvantages are eliminated in modified viscose fibers (polinose, siblon, mtilon), which are characterized by significantly higher dry and wet strength, greater wear resistance, less shrinkage and increased crease resistance. Siblon, compared to conventional viscose fiber, has a lower degree of shrinkage, increased crease resistance, wet strength and alkali resistance. Mtilan has antimicrobial properties and is used in medicine as threads for temporary fastening surgical sutures. Viscose fibers are used in the production of clothing fabrics, underwear and outerwear, both in pure form and in a mixture with other fibers and threads.

Acetate and triacetate fibers obtained from cotton pulp. Fabrics made from acetate fibers are very similar in appearance to natural silk, have high elasticity, softness, good drape, low creasing, and the ability to transmit ultraviolet rays. Hygroscopicity is less than that of viscose, so they become electrified. Fabrics made from triacetate fiber have low creasing and shrinkage, but lose strength when wet. Due to their high elasticity, the fabrics retain their shape and finishes (corrugated and pleated) well. High heat resistance allows you to iron fabrics made of acetate and triacetate fibers at 150-160°C.

Synthetic fibers

Synthetic fibers are made from polymer materials. The general advantages of synthetic fibers are high strength, resistance to abrasion and microorganisms, and wrinkle resistance. The main disadvantage is low hygroscopicity and electrification.

Polyamide fibers - nylon, anide, enant, nylon - are distinguished by high tensile strength, resistance to abrasion and repeated bending, have high chemical resistance, frost resistance, and resistance to the action of microorganisms. Their main disadvantages are low hygroscopicity, heat resistance and light resistance, and high electrification. As a result of rapid “aging”, they turn yellow, become brittle and hard. Polyamide fibers and threads are widely used in the production of household and technical products.

Polyester fibers - lavsan - are destroyed by the action of acids and alkalis, the hygroscopicity is 0.4%, therefore it is not used in its pure form for the production of household fabrics. It is characterized by high heat resistance, low shrinkage, low thermal conductivity and high elasticity. The disadvantages of the fiber are its increased rigidity, the ability to form pilling on the surface of products, low hygroscopicity and strong electrification. Lavsan is widely used in the production of fabrics, knitted and non-woven fabrics for household use in a mixture with wool, cotton, flax and viscose fiber, which gives the products increased abrasion resistance, elasticity and dimensional stability. In addition, the fiber is used in medicine to make surgical sutures and blood vessels.

Polyacrylonitrile fibers - nitron, dralon, dolan, orlon - resemble wool in appearance. Products made from it, even after washing, have high dimensional stability and wrinkle resistance. They are resistant to moths and microorganisms, and are highly resistant to nuclear radiation. In terms of abrasion resistance, nitron is inferior to polyamide and polyester fibers. It is used in the production of outer knitwear, fabrics, as well as artificial fur, carpets, blankets and fabrics.

Polyvinyl alcohol fibers- vinol, ralon - have high strength and resistance to abrasion and bending, exposure to light, microorganisms, sweat, various reagents (acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, petroleum products). Vinol differs from all synthetic fibers in its increased hygroscopicity, which makes it possible to use it in the production of fabrics for linen and outerwear. Staple (short) polyvinyl alcohol fibers are used in pure form or mixed with cotton, wool, flax or chemical fibers to produce fabrics, knitwear, felt, felt, canvas, tarpaulins, and filter materials.

Polyurethane fibers- spandex, lycra - have high elasticity: they can be stretched many times and increase in length by 5-8 times. They have high elasticity, strength, wrinkle resistance, resistance to abrasion (20 times more than that of a rubber thread), to light weather and chemical reagents, but low hygroscopicity and heat resistance: at temperatures above 150°C they turn yellow and become rigid. These fibers are used to produce elastic fabrics and knitted fabrics for outerwear, women's toiletries, sportswear, and hosiery.

Polyvinyl chloride fibers- chlorin - they are resistant to wear and the action of chemical reagents, but at the same time they absorb little moisture and are not sufficiently resistant to light and high temperatures: at 90-100°C the fibers “shrink” and soften. Used in the production of filter fabrics, fishing nets, knitted medical underwear.

Polyolefin fibers obtained from polyethylene and polypropylene. They are cheaper and lighter than other synthetic fibers and have high performance strength, resistance to chemicals, microorganisms, wear and repeated bending. Disadvantages: low hygroscopicity (0.02%), significant electrification, instability to high temperatures (at 50-60°C - significant shrinkage). Mainly used for making technical materials, carpets, raincoat fabrics, etc.

Inorganic threads and fibers

Glass fibers obtained from silicate glass by melting and drawing. They are non-flammable, resistant to corrosion, alkalis and acids, high strength, atmospheric and sound insulating properties. Used for the production of filters, fire-resistant internal lining airplanes and ships, theater curtains.

Metal fibers obtained from aluminum, copper, nickel, gold, silver, platinum, brass, bronze by drawing, cutting, planing and casting. They produce alunit, lurex and tinsel. In a mixture with other fibers and threads, it is used for the production and finishing of clothing, furniture and decorative fabrics and textile haberdashery.

In addition to those already listed, there are fibers made from natural inorganic compounds. They are divided into natural and chemical.

Natural inorganic fibers include asbestos, a fine-fibered silicate mineral. Asbestos fibers are fire-resistant (the melting point of asbestos reaches 1500° C), alkali- and acid-resistant, and non-thermal.

Elementary asbestos fibers are combined into technical fibers, which serve as the basis for threads used for technical purposes and in the production of fabrics for special clothing that can withstand high temperatures and open fire.

Chemical inorganic fibers are divided into glass fibers (silicon) and metal-containing ones.

Silicon fibers, or glass fibers, are made from molten glass in the form of elementary fibers with a diameter of 3-100 microns and very long lengths. In addition to them, staple glass fiber with a diameter of 0.1-20 microns and a length of 10-500 mm is produced. Fiberglass is nonflammable, chemical-resistant, and has electrical, heat, and sound insulation properties. It is used for the production of tapes, fabrics, meshes, non-woven fabrics, fibrous canvas, cotton wool for technical needs in various sectors of the country's economy.

Metal artificial fibers are produced in the form of threads by gradually stretching (drawing) metal wire. This is how copper, steel, silver, and gold threads are obtained. Aluminum threads are made by cutting flat aluminum tape (foil) into thin strips. Metal threads can be given different colors by applying colored varnishes to them. To give greater strength to metal threads, they are entwined with silk or cotton threads. When the threads are covered with a thin protective synthetic film, transparent or colored, combined metal threads are obtained - metlon, lurex, alunit.

The following types of metal threads are produced: rounded metal thread; flat thread in the form of a ribbon - flattened; twisted thread - tinsel; rolled meat twisted with silk or cotton thread - stranded.

In addition to metal ones, metallized threads are produced, which are narrow ribbons of films with a metal coating. Unlike metal ones, metallized threads are more elastic and fusible.

Metallic and metallized threads are used to produce fabrics and knitwear for evening dresses, gold embroidery products, as well as for decorative finishing fabrics, knitwear and piece goods.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

General information about fibers. Classification of fibers. Basic properties of fibers and their dimensional characteristics

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Lecture 1
Introduction. Fibrous materials 1. Goals and objectives of the course “Materials Science of Garment Production”. 2. General information

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Cotton fiber

Cotton is the fiber that covers the seeds of the annual cotton plant. Cotton is a heat-loving plant that consumes large amounts of moisture. Grows in hot areas.
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Natural fibers of animal origin
The main substance that makes up natural fibers of animal origin (wool and silk) are animal proteins synthesized in nature - keratin and fibroin. Difference in molecular structure

Natural silk
Natural silk is the name given to thin continuous threads secreted by the glands of silkworm caterpillars when curling the cocoon before pupation. The main industrial value is the silk of domesticated mulberry B. Chemical fibers The idea of ​​creating chemical fibers was embodied in

late XIX
V. thanks to the development of chemistry. The prototype for the process of producing chemical fibers was the formation of silkworm thread

Man-made fibers
Artificial fibers include fibers made from cellulose and its derivatives. These are viscose, triacetate, acetate fibers and their modifications.

Viscose fiber is produced from celluloses
Synthetic fibers

Polyamide fibers. Nylon fiber, which is most widely used, is obtained from coal and oil processing products.
Under a microscope, polyamide fibers are

Types of textile threads
The basic element of fabric or knitted fabric is thread. According to their structure, textile threads are divided into yarn, complex threads and monofilaments. These threads are called primary

Basic Spinning Processes
The fibrous mass of natural fibers, after collection and primary processing, enters the spinning mill. Here, relatively short fibers are used to produce a continuous, strong thread - yarn. This p

Weaving production
Fabric is a textile fabric formed by interlacing two mutually perpendicular systems of threads on a loom. The process of creating fabric is called weaving

Fabric finishing
Cleaning and preparation of linen fabrics is usually carried out in the same way as in cotton production, but more carefully, repeating the operations several times. This is due to the fact that flaxseed

Wool fabrics
Wool fabrics They are divided into combed (firestone) and horse-drawn. They differ from each other in appearance. Combed fabrics are thin, with a clear weave pattern. Cloth - more thick

Natural fibers of animal origin
Cleaning and preparation of natural silk is carried out in the following order: acceptance and sorting, singeing, boiling, bleaching, revitalizing bleached fabrics.

When when
Chemical fiber fabrics

Fabrics made from artificial and synthetic fibers do not have natural impurities. They may contain mainly easily washable substances, such as dressing, soap, mineral oil, etc. Eye method
Fibrous composition of fabrics

For the manufacture of clothing, fabrics made from natural (wool, silk, cotton, linen), artificial (viscose, polynose, acetate, copper-ammonium, etc.), synthetic (lavsa) are used.
Methods for determining the fiber composition of fabrics

Organoleptic is a method in which the fibrous composition of tissues is determined using the senses - vision, smell, touch. Evaluate the appearance of the fabric, its tint, creaseability
Weaving fabrics

Basic Spinning Processes
The location of the warp and weft threads relative to each other and their relationship determine the structure of the fabric. It should be emphasized that the structure of fabrics is influenced by: the type and structure of the warp and weft threads

The finishing that gives fabrics a marketable appearance affects such properties as thickness, stiffness, drapability, creasing, breathability, water resistance, shine, shrinkage, fire resistance
Fabric density

Density is an essential indicator of tissue structure. Density determines the weight, wear resistance, breathability, heat-shielding properties, rigidity, and drapability of fabrics. Each of
Phases of tissue structure

When weaving, the warp and weft threads mutually bend each other, resulting in a wavy arrangement. the degree of bending of the warp and weft threads depends on their thickness and rigidity, type
Fabric surface structure

Depending on the structure of the front side, fabrics are divided into smooth, pile, fleecy and felted. Smooth fabrics are those that have a clear weave pattern (calico, chintz, satin). In the process of
Properties of fabrics Plan: Geometric properties Mechanical properties Physical properties Technological properties

Geometric properties
These include the length of the fabric, its width, thickness and weight.

The length of the fabric is determined by measuring it in the direction of the warp threads. When laying fabric before cutting, the length of the piece
Mechanical properties

During the use of clothing, as well as during processing, fabrics are subjected to various mechanical influences. Under these influences, tissues stretch, bend, and experience friction.
Physical properties

The physical properties of fabrics are divided into hygienic, heat-protective, optical and electrical.
Hygienic properties are considered to be the properties of fabrics that significantly affect whom

Wear resistance of fabric
The wear resistance of fabrics is characterized by their ability to withstand destructive factors. In the process of using garments, they are affected by light, sun, moisture, stretching, compression, torsion

Technological properties of fabrics
During the production process and during the use of clothing, such properties of fabrics appear that must be taken into account when designing clothing. These properties significantly influence technologically

Padding materials
5. Adhesive materials.

1. RANGE OF FABRICS Based on the type of raw material, the entire range of fabrics is divided into cotton, linen, wool and silk. Silk includes
Adhesive materials Semi-rigid interlining fabric with dotted polyethylene coating is a cotton fabric (calico or madapolam) coated on one side with high-pressure polyethylene powder Selection of materials for garments

In the production of garments, a variety of materials are used: fabrics, knitted and non-woven fabrics, duplicated, film materials, natural and
artificial fur

, natural and art
Product quality

In the manufacture of clothing and other garments, fabrics, knitted and non-woven fabrics, film materials, artificial leather and fur are used. The entire collection of these materials is called assortment
Quality of clothing materials To make good clothes you need to use high quality materials. What is quality? Product quality is understood as a combination of properties that characterize the degree of suitability Grade of materials

All materials on
final stage has a definition of fabric grade. The fabric grade is determined by a comprehensive method for assessing the quality level. At the same time, deviations in indicators physical and mechanical properties

from the norms
Defects in the appearance of fabrics